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{{Short description|Munda language of eastern India}}
{{redirect|Korali|the ship|Empire Ford}}
{{redirect|Korali|the ship|Empire Ford}}
{{Short description|Munda language of eastern India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Koda
| name            = Koda
| nativename      =  
| nativename      = {{lang|cdz-Beng|কোডা}}
| states          = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]
| states          = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]
| speakers        = 47,268
| speakers        = 47,268
| date            = 2011 census
| date            = 2011 census
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html |access-date=2018-07-07 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Austro-Asiatic
| familycolor      = Austro-Asiatic
| fam2            = [[Munda languages|Munda]]
| fam2            = [[Munda languages|Munda]]
Line 19: Line 20:
}}
}}


'''Koda''', also known as '''Kora''', '''Kaora''', '''Korali''', '''Korati''', '''Kore''', '''Mudi''', or '''Mudikora''',<ref>Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). (2018). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition''. Dallas, Texas: SIL International</ref> is an endangered [[Munda language]] of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] spoken by the [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]]. The Kora mainly live in West Bengal, in the districts of [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] and [[Bankura district|Bankura]], with a few in neighbouring [[Odisha]] and [[Jharkhand]]. In 2005, there were 1,300 speakers in the [[Rajshahi Division]] of Bangladesh, though many said that [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was their best language. Koda is closely related to the [[Kol language (Bangladesh)|Kol language]].
'''Koda''', also known as '''Kora''', '''Kaora''', '''Korali''', '''Korati''', '''Kore''', '''Mudi''', or '''Mudikora''',<ref>{{e21}}</ref> is an endangered [[Munda language]] of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] spoken by the [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]]. The Kora mainly live in West Bengal, in the districts of [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] and [[Bankura district|Bankura]], with a few in neighbouring [[Odisha]] and [[Jharkhand]]. In 2005, there were 1,300 speakers in the [[Rajshahi Division]] of Bangladesh, though many said that [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was their best language. Koda is closely related to the [[Kol language (Bangladesh)|Kol language]].
 
Kim et al. (2010)<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www-01.sil.org/SILESR/2010/silesr2010-006.pdf |title=The Santali Cluster in Bangladesh: A Sociolinguistic Survey |last1=Kim |first1=Seung |last2=Kim |first2=Amy |date=April 2010 |volume=2010-006 |last3=Ahmad |first3=Sayed |last4=Sangma |first4=Mridul |access-date=2014-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809124318/http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2010/silesr2010-006.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-09 |url-status=dead |series=SIL Electronic Survey Report}}</ref> considers Koda and Kol to be Mundari cluster languages. Koda-speaking villages include Kundang and Krishnupur in [[Rajshahi Division]], Bangladesh, while [[Kol language (Bangladesh)|Kol]] villages include Babudaing village.
 
Koda verbs are inflected for tense-aspect-mood and person, number, finite/infinite, subject/object, possessor, animacy and transitivity. In recent times Koda is code-mixing with Bangla: including vocabulary replacement and greater adoption of Bengali syntax. These processes are seen more in younger speakers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Bornini |title=Queries in Structure of Language |isbn=9788194649977 |pages=131–137 |chapter=Effect of Bangla on Koda verbs |date=2020 |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages & Linguistic Society of India |oclc=1419790634 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344713421}}</ref>
 
Shamim (2021){{sfn|Shamim|2021}} presents a description of the phonology and morphology of Koda. It also presents a study of Koda in the context of language contact.
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Consonants{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=52}}
!colspan=3| !![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] !! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] !! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan=4|[[Plosive]] !! rowspan=2|<small>voiceless</small> || <small>unaspirated</small>
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t̪}} || {{IPA link|ʈ}} || {{IPA link|c}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| ({{IPA link|pʰ}}) || ({{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}) || ({{IPA link|ʈʰ}}) || ({{IPA link|cʰ}}) || ({{IPA link|kʰ}}) ||
|-
! rowspan=2|<small>voiced</small> || <small>unaspirated</small>
| {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d̪}} || {{IPA link|ɖ}} || {{IPA link|ɟ}} || {{IPA link|g}} ||
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| ({{IPA link|bʱ}}) || ({{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}) || ({{IPA link|ɖʱ}}) || ({{IPA link|ɟʱ}}) || ({{IPA link|gʱ}}) ||
|-
! colspan=3|[[Fricative]]
| || || || {{IPA link|ʃ}} || || {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan=3|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} ||
|-
! colspan=3|[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
| || {{IPA link|ɾ}} || || || ||
|-
! colspan=3|[[Approximant]]
| || {{IPA link|l}} || || || ||
|}
 
* The non-labial aspirated consonants ({{IPA|/t̪ʰ, d̪ʱ, ʈʰ, ɖʱ, cʰ, ɟʱ, kʰ, gʱ/}}) are found primarily in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] loanwords.{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=55}}


Kim (2010)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-01.sil.org/SILESR/2010/silesr2010-006.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809124318/http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2010/silesr2010-006.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> considers Koda and Kol to be Mundari cluster languages. Koda-speaking villages include Kundang and Krishnupur in [[Rajshahi Division]], Bangladesh, while [[Kol language (Bangladesh)|Kol]] villages include Babudaing village.
===Vowels===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Vowels{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=46}}
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} || {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPA link|ɑ}}
|}


Koda verbs are inflected for tense-aspect-mood and person, number, finite/infinite, subject/object, possessor, animacy and transitivity. In recent times Koda is code-mixing with Bangla: including vocabulary replacement and greater adoption of Bengali syntax. These processes are seen more in younger speakers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lahiri|first=Bornini|title=Effect of Bangla on Koda verbs|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344713421|journal=Queries in Structure of Language|pages=131–137|via=ResearchGate}}</ref>
* Vowel length and nasalization are not contrastive.{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=22}} Nasal vowels in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] loanwords lose their nasality.{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=50}}
* Non-open vowels {{IPA|/ɛ, i, ɔ, u/}} become [[semivowels]] {{IPA|[ɛ̯, i̯, ɔ̯, u̯]}} between vowels.{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=47}}
* {{IPAslink|ɛ}} and {{IPAslink|ɔ}} raise to {{IPAblink|e}} and {{IPAblink|o}} when the next syllable contains a close vowel.{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=47}}


Shamim (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shamim|first=Ahmed|title=A Description of the Phonology and Morphology of Koda, An Endangered Language of Bangladesh|url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/4413/|via=CUNY Academic Works, City University of New York, NYC}}</ref> presents a description of the phonology and morphology of Koda. It also presents a study of Koda in the context of language contact.
==Notes==
{{reflist}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Shamim |first=Ahmed |title=A Description of the Phonology and Morphology of Koda, An Endangered Language of Bangladesh |date=June 2021 |degree=PhD |publisher=City University of New York |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/4413}}
 
{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}
{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Munda languages]]
[[Category:Munda languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
{{AustroAsiatic-lang-stub}}
{{AustroAsiatic-lang-stub}}
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]

Latest revision as of 16:55, 1 January 2026


"Korali" redirects here. For the ship, see Empire Ford.
Koda
কোডা
Native toIndia, Bangladesh
Ethnicity2.5 lakh Kora
Native speakers
47,268 (2011 census)[1]
Austroasiatic
  • Munda
    • North
      • Kherwarian
        • Mundaric
          • Koda
Language codes
ISO 639-3cdz
Glottologkoda1236

Koda, also known as Kora, Kaora, Korali, Korati, Kore, Mudi, or Mudikora,[2] is an endangered Munda language of India and Bangladesh spoken by the Kora. The Kora mainly live in West Bengal, in the districts of Paschim Medinipur and Bankura, with a few in neighbouring Odisha and Jharkhand. In 2005, there were 1,300 speakers in the Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh, though many said that Bengali was their best language. Koda is closely related to the Kol language.

Kim et al. (2010)[3] considers Koda and Kol to be Mundari cluster languages. Koda-speaking villages include Kundang and Krishnupur in Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh, while Kol villages include Babudaing village.

Koda verbs are inflected for tense-aspect-mood and person, number, finite/infinite, subject/object, possessor, animacy and transitivity. In recent times Koda is code-mixing with Bangla: including vocabulary replacement and greater adoption of Bengali syntax. These processes are seen more in younger speakers.[4]

Shamim (2021)[5] presents a description of the phonology and morphology of Koda. It also presents a study of Koda in the context of language contact.

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Consonants[6]
Bilabial Dental/
Alveolar		 Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless unaspirated p t̪ ʈ c k ʔ
aspirated (pʰ) (t̪ʰ) (ʈʰ) (cʰ) (kʰ)
voiced unaspirated b d̪ ɖ ɟ g
aspirated (bʱ) (d̪ʱ) (ɖʱ) (ɟʱ) (gʱ)
Fricative ʃ h
Nasal m n ŋ
Tap ɾ
Approximant l
  • The non-labial aspirated consonants (/t̪ʰ, d̪ʱ, ʈʰ, ɖʱ, cʰ, ɟʱ, kʰ, gʱ/) are found primarily in Bengali loanwords.[7]

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Vowels[8]
Front Back
Close i u
Mid ɛ ɔ
Open ɑ
  • Vowel length and nasalization are not contrastive.[9] Nasal vowels in Bengali loanwords lose their nasality.[10]
  • Non-open vowels /ɛ, i, ɔ, u/ become semivowels [ɛ̯, i̯, ɔ̯, u̯] between vowels.[11]
  • /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ raise to [e] and [o] when the next syllable contains a close vowel.[11]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. ↑ Simons, Gary F; Fennig, Charles D, eds. (2018). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (21st ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  3. ↑ Kim, Seung; Kim, Amy; Ahmad, Sayed; Sangma, Mridul (April 2010). The Santali Cluster in Bangladesh: A Sociolinguistic Survey (PDF) (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Report. Vol. 2010–006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  4. ↑ Lahiri, Bornini (2020). "Effect of Bangla on Koda verbs". Queries in Structure of Language. Central Institute of Indian Languages & Linguistic Society of India. pp. 131–137. ISBN 9788194649977. OCLC 1419790634.
  5. ↑ Shamim 2021.
  6. ↑ Shamim 2021, p. 52.
  7. ↑ Shamim 2021, p. 55.
  8. ↑ Shamim 2021, p. 46.
  9. ↑ Shamim 2021, p. 22.
  10. ↑ Shamim 2021, p. 50.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Shamim 2021, p. 47.

References[edit | edit source]

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