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{{redirect|Manilal|other people with this name|Manilal (disambiguation)}}<!--this article is primary with twice as many views as all others combined--> | {{redirect|Manilal|other people with this name|Manilal (disambiguation)}}<!--this article is primary with twice as many views as all others combined--> | ||
{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name | | name = Manilal Gandhi | ||
| image | | image = ManilalGandhiImage.jpg | ||
| birth_date | | birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|10|28|df=yes}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Rajkot State]], [[British India]] | | birth_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Rajkot State]], [[British Raj|British India]] | ||
| death_date | | death_date = 5 April 1956 (aged 63) | ||
| death_place = [[Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal|Phoenix]], [[ | | death_place = [[Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal|Phoenix]], [[Natal Province]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] | ||
| parents | | parents = [[Mahatma Gandhi]] <br>[[Kasturba Gandhi]] | ||
| spouse | | spouse = Sushila Mashruwala (1927–1956) | ||
| children | | children = {{flatlist| | ||
*Sita | |||
*[[Arun Manilal Gandhi|Arun]] | |||
*[[Ela Gandhi|Ela]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Manilal Mohandas Gandhi''' (28 October 1892 – 5 April 1956)<ref>{{Cite web|url= | }} | ||
'''Manilal Mohandas Gandhi''' (28 October 1892 – 5 April 1956)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lccn.loc.gov/n90712835|title=Library of Congress LCCN Permalink n90712835|website=lccn.loc.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref><ref>Dhupelia-Mesthrie: ''Gandhi’s Prisoner? The Life of Gandhi’s Son Manilal'', p. 384</ref> was the second son of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Kasturba Gandhi]]. | |||
== | ==Biography== | ||
Manilal was born in [[Rajkot]], [[British India]] | Manilal was born in [[Rajkot]], [[British India]], the second of four sons of Mohandas Gandhi and Kasturba Gandhi. He had an older brother, [[Harilal Gandhi|Harilal]], and two younger brothers, [[Ramdas Gandhi|Ramdas]] and [[Devdas Gandhi|Devdas]]. | ||
Manilal's early years were spent in Rajkot, and it was in 1897 that he traveled to South Africa for the first time (his father having moved there several years previously). The family lived for a time in Durban and Johannesburg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Dhupelia-Mesthrie|first=Uma|date=2007|title=Gandhi's South African Family|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=34|issue=2|pages=34–45|jstor=23006303}}</ref> Between 1906 and 1914, he lived at the [[Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal|Phoenix Settlement]] (in KwaZulu-Natal) and [[Tolstoy Farm]] (in [[Gauteng]]), both settlements established by his father.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
After a brief visit to India (accompanying his parents), Manilal returned to South Africa in 1917 to assist in printing the ''[[Indian Opinion]]'', a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-[[English language|English]] weekly publication, at Phoenix, [[Durban]]. By 1918, Manilal was doing most of the work for the press, and in 1920, he took over as editor. He remained editor of ''Indian Opinion'' until 1956, the year of his death.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manilal Gandhi Dead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560406&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=19 February 2018|agency=Press Trust of India|publisher=The Indian Express|date=6 April 1956|pages=1, 8}}</ref> Manilal died from a [[cerebral thrombosis]] following a [[stroke]]. | |||
Like his father, Manilal was also sent to prison several times by the [[British India|British colonial government]] after protesting against what he perceived as unjust laws. He was one of the initial 78 marchers to accompany Gandhi on the [[Salt March|1930 Salt March]], for which he was imprisoned.<ref name=":0" /> | Like his father, Manilal was also sent to prison several times by the [[British India|British colonial government]] after protesting against what he perceived as unjust laws. He was one of the initial 78 marchers to accompany Gandhi on the [[Salt March|1930 Salt March]], for which he was imprisoned.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
==Personal life== | |||
In 1926, Manilal informed his father [[Mahatma Gandhi]] about Fatima Gool, with whom he had fallen in love in [[South Africa]]. Fatima was a Muslim of Gujrati descent. But Gandhi conveyed his disagreement because of the different religions of the two and wrote:<blockquote>''If you stick to Hinduism and Fatima follows Islam it will be like putting two swords in one sheath; or you both may lose your faith. And then what should be your children's faith? ... It is not dharma, only adharma if Fatima agrees to conversion just for marrying you. Faith is not a thing like a garment which can be changed to suit our convenience.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramchandra |title=Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World |publisher=Penguin Allen Lane |year=2018 |isbn=978-0670083886 |pages=240}}</ref></blockquote>In 1927, Manilal married Sushila (24 August 1907 – 1988), a woman from his own community and similar background, in a match arranged by their families in the usual Indian way.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhiforchildren.org/remembering-sushila-gandhi/|title=Remembering Sushila Gandhi 1907-1988|last1=Prasad|first1=Archana|date=21 August 2013|publisher=gandhiforchildren.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519175828/http://www.gandhiforchildren.org/remembering-sushila-gandhi/|archive-date=19 May 2016|access-date=19 February 2018}}</ref> Sushila was the daughter of Nanabhai Mashruwala of [[Akola]], [[Bombay State]], and the niece of Kishorlal Mashruwala, a close associate of Gandhi and a resident of [[Sevagram]] ashram. It was Mahatma Gandhi who sought her hand for his second son; the match was arranged, and after the wedding, Sushila duly joined her husband in South Africa. They had three children: | |||
*Sita Dhupelia (b. 1928), elder daughter | |||
*[[Arun Manilal Gandhi]] (1934–2023), son | |||
*[[Ela Gandhi|Ela Gandhi Ramgobin]] (b. 1940), younger daughter | |||
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
Manilal's children Arun and Ela | Manilal's children Arun and Ela were also social-political activists. Uma D. Mesthrie, Sita's daughter, published a biography on Manilal.<ref>Uma Dhupelia Mesthrie, ''Gandhi’s Prisoner? The Life of Gandhi’s Son Manilal''. (Permanent Black: Cape Town, South Africa, 2003).</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
* Mesthrie, Uma Dhupelia. '' | * Mesthrie, Uma Dhupelia. ''Gandhi's Prisoner? The Life of Gandhi's Son Manilal''. Permanent Black: Cape Town, South Africa, 2003. | ||
* [https://archive.today/20121225043228/http://www.history.ukzn.ac.za/ojs/index.php/jnzh/article/viewArticle/300 Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Uma, "Writing the Life of Manilal Mohandas Gandhi," ''Journal of Natal and Zulu History'' 24 & 25 (2006-2007): 188-213.] | * [https://archive.today/20121225043228/http://www.history.ukzn.ac.za/ojs/index.php/jnzh/article/viewArticle/300 Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Uma, "Writing the Life of Manilal Mohandas Gandhi," ''Journal of Natal and Zulu History'' 24 & 25 (2006-2007): 188-213.] | ||
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{{Refbegin}} | {{Refbegin}} | ||
*[https://archive.today/20120728122533/http://www.cofchrist.org/peaceaward/archive/gandhi-intvw2002.asp Interview of Ela Gandhi] | *[https://archive.today/20120728122533/http://www.cofchrist.org/peaceaward/archive/gandhi-intvw2002.asp Interview of Ela Gandhi] | ||
* The [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/ African Activist Archive Project] website has an [ | * The [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/ African Activist Archive Project] website has an [https://africanactivist.msu.edu/audio.php?objectid=5 Interview with Manilal Gandhi] conducted in South Africa in September 1954 by George M. Houser. At the time he was editor of newspaper Indian Opinion and ran the [[Phoenix Settlement]], both established by his father. There is also a 1947 photograph of [https://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=467 Manilal Gandhi at the Community Church of New York], a September 1954 photograph of [https://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=394 Mr. and Mrs. Manilal Gandhi at Phoenix Settlement] and a 1954 photograph of [https://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=455 Chief Albert Luthuli and Manilal Gandhi.] Four issues of the newsletter Bulletin: Americans for South African Resistance has information about him: [https://africanactivist.msu.edu/document_metadata.php?objectid=1784 September 1952 issue], the [https://africanactivist.msu.edu/document_metadata.php?objectid=1775 14 January 1953 issue], the [https://africanactivist.msu.edu/document_metadata.php?objectid=1777 27 February 1953 issue], and the [https://africanactivist.msu.edu/document_metadata.php?objectid=1781 1 March 1954 issue.] | ||
{{Refend}} | {{Refend}} | ||
| Line 50: | Line 58: | ||
[[Category:1892 births]] | [[Category:1892 births]] | ||
[[Category:1956 deaths]] | [[Category:1956 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi | [[Category:Family of Mahatma Gandhi|Manilal]] | ||
[[Category:Gandhians]] | [[Category:Gandhians]] | ||
[[Category:Anti-apartheid activists]] | [[Category:Anti-apartheid activists]] | ||
Latest revision as of 09:19, 22 November 2025
Manilal Gandhi | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 28 October 1892 |
| Died | 5 April 1956 (aged 63) |
| Spouse(s) | Sushila Mashruwala (1927–1956) |
| Children | |
| Parent(s) | Mahatma Gandhi Kasturba Gandhi |
Manilal Mohandas Gandhi (28 October 1892 – 5 April 1956)[1][2] was the second son of Mahatma Gandhi and Kasturba Gandhi.
Biography[edit | edit source]
Manilal was born in Rajkot, British India, the second of four sons of Mohandas Gandhi and Kasturba Gandhi. He had an older brother, Harilal, and two younger brothers, Ramdas and Devdas.
Manilal's early years were spent in Rajkot, and it was in 1897 that he traveled to South Africa for the first time (his father having moved there several years previously). The family lived for a time in Durban and Johannesburg.[3] Between 1906 and 1914, he lived at the Phoenix Settlement (in KwaZulu-Natal) and Tolstoy Farm (in Gauteng), both settlements established by his father.[3]
After a brief visit to India (accompanying his parents), Manilal returned to South Africa in 1917 to assist in printing the Indian Opinion, a Gujarati-English weekly publication, at Phoenix, Durban. By 1918, Manilal was doing most of the work for the press, and in 1920, he took over as editor. He remained editor of Indian Opinion until 1956, the year of his death.[4] Manilal died from a cerebral thrombosis following a stroke.
Like his father, Manilal was also sent to prison several times by the British colonial government after protesting against what he perceived as unjust laws. He was one of the initial 78 marchers to accompany Gandhi on the 1930 Salt March, for which he was imprisoned.[3]
Personal life[edit | edit source]
In 1926, Manilal informed his father Mahatma Gandhi about Fatima Gool, with whom he had fallen in love in South Africa. Fatima was a Muslim of Gujrati descent. But Gandhi conveyed his disagreement because of the different religions of the two and wrote:
If you stick to Hinduism and Fatima follows Islam it will be like putting two swords in one sheath; or you both may lose your faith. And then what should be your children's faith? ... It is not dharma, only adharma if Fatima agrees to conversion just for marrying you. Faith is not a thing like a garment which can be changed to suit our convenience.[5]
In 1927, Manilal married Sushila (24 August 1907 – 1988), a woman from his own community and similar background, in a match arranged by their families in the usual Indian way.[6] Sushila was the daughter of Nanabhai Mashruwala of Akola, Bombay State, and the niece of Kishorlal Mashruwala, a close associate of Gandhi and a resident of Sevagram ashram. It was Mahatma Gandhi who sought her hand for his second son; the match was arranged, and after the wedding, Sushila duly joined her husband in South Africa. They had three children:
- Sita Dhupelia (b. 1928), elder daughter
- Arun Manilal Gandhi (1934–2023), son
- Ela Gandhi Ramgobin (b. 1940), younger daughter
Legacy[edit | edit source]
Manilal's children Arun and Ela were also social-political activists. Uma D. Mesthrie, Sita's daughter, published a biography on Manilal.[7]
Notes[edit | edit source]
- Mesthrie, Uma Dhupelia. Gandhi's Prisoner? The Life of Gandhi's Son Manilal. Permanent Black: Cape Town, South Africa, 2003.
- Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Uma, "Writing the Life of Manilal Mohandas Gandhi," Journal of Natal and Zulu History 24 & 25 (2006-2007): 188-213.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Library of Congress LCCN Permalink n90712835". lccn.loc.gov. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
- ↑ Dhupelia-Mesthrie: Gandhi’s Prisoner? The Life of Gandhi’s Son Manilal, p. 384
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Uma (2007). "Gandhi's South African Family". India International Centre Quarterly. 34 (2): 34–45. JSTOR 23006303.
- ↑ "Manilal Gandhi Dead". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 6 April 1956. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ↑ Guha, Ramchandra (2018). Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World. Penguin Allen Lane. p. 240. ISBN 978-0670083886.
- ↑ Prasad, Archana (21 August 2013). "Remembering Sushila Gandhi 1907-1988". gandhiforchildren.org. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ↑ Uma Dhupelia Mesthrie, Gandhi’s Prisoner? The Life of Gandhi’s Son Manilal. (Permanent Black: Cape Town, South Africa, 2003).
External links[edit | edit source]
- Interview of Ela Gandhi
- The African Activist Archive Project website has an Interview with Manilal Gandhi conducted in South Africa in September 1954 by George M. Houser. At the time he was editor of newspaper Indian Opinion and ran the Phoenix Settlement, both established by his father. There is also a 1947 photograph of Manilal Gandhi at the Community Church of New York, a September 1954 photograph of Mr. and Mrs. Manilal Gandhi at Phoenix Settlement and a 1954 photograph of Chief Albert Luthuli and Manilal Gandhi. Four issues of the newsletter Bulletin: Americans for South African Resistance has information about him: September 1952 issue, the 14 January 1953 issue, the 27 February 1953 issue, and the 1 March 1954 issue.