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{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
'''Yadavs in Bihar''' refers to the people of [[Yadav]] community of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yadav |first1=Kripal Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn3aAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir+yadav+bihar |title=India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes |last2=Singh |first2=Rajbir |date=1994 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-069-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&dq=majraut+goria&pg=PA34 |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |language=en}}</ref> They are also known as [[Ahir]], [[Gopa (caste)|Gope]] and, Rai etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Shish Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PaAAAAMAAJ&q=Ahir+gope+rai+ |title=Protective Discrimination: Other Backward Classes in India |date=2002 |publisher=Raj Publications |isbn=978-81-86208-23-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&dq=gope+rai+yadav&pg=PT112 |title=Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar |date=2015-10-09 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-85436-42-0 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Yadav]]s form nearly 14% of the state's population and are included in the [[Other Backward Class]] category in the [[Bihar]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Elections 2015: In Yadav strongholds, Lalu's charm still endures|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-bihar-elections-2015-in-yadav-strongholds-lalu-s-charm-still-endures-2141744|access-date=2022-02-24|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox caste
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name=Bihari Yadav|languages={{unbulleted list|[[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri]], [[Bajjika]], [[Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] & [[Angika]]}}|religions=[[Hindu]]|state=[[Bihar]]|region=[[East India]]}}
|caste_name=Bihari Yadav|languages={{unbulleted list|[[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bajjika]], [[Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] & [[Angika]]}}|religions=[[Hindu]]|state=[[Bihar]]|region=[[East India]]}}
'''Yadavs in Bihar''' refers to the people of [[Yadav]] community of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yadav |first1=Kripal Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn3aAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir+yadav+bihar |title=India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes |last2=Singh |first2=Rajbir |date=1994 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-069-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&dq=majraut+goria&pg=PA34 |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |language=en}}</ref> They are also known by other names such as [[Ahir]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vCaEAAAQBAJ&dq=ahirs+in+bihar&pg=PT197 |title=Indian Movements: Some Aspects of Dissent Protest and Reform |date=2022-11-08 |publisher=DK Printworld (P) Ltd |isbn=978-81-246-1123-4 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Yadav]]s form nearly 14.26 % of the state's population and are included in the [[Other Backward Class]] category in the [[Bihar]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Elections 2015: In Yadav strongholds, Lalu's charm still endures|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-bihar-elections-2015-in-yadav-strongholds-lalu-s-charm-still-endures-2141744|access-date=2022-02-24|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>


==Origin and History==
==Origin and history==
===Origin===
=== Origin ===
The Yadavs claim to be descended from lord [[Krishna]] of ancient Yadu tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinch|first=William R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&pg=PA91|title=Peasants and Monks in British India|date=1996-06-18|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91630-2|language=en}}</ref>
In the [[Census in British India|1931 census of India]], the Ahirs and several other pastoral and cow-keeping communities such as Goalas and Gopas began to adopt the collective identity of ''Yadav'' or ''Yadubansi'', claiming descent from the ancient [[Yadava|Yadu tribe]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinch|first=William R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&pg=PA91|title=Peasants and Monks in British India|date=1996-06-18|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91630-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&pg=PA1551 |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |pages=1551 |language=en |quote=These Ahir of past, now identify themselves as Yadav or Yadubansi and to support this claim use the surname, Yadav, and thus try to distinguish themselves from other constituent groups forming the large Ahir caste.}}</ref><ref name="Hutton1969"/> Anthropologist J. H. Hutton noted that this process involved an attempt to project a noble origin, which he regarded as "of extremely doubtful authenticity".<ref name="Hutton1969">{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=John Henry|author-link=John Henry Hutton|title=Caste in India: its nature, function and origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_YNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|year=1969|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=113|quote=In a not dissimilar way the various cow-keeping castes of northern India were combining in 1931 to use the common term of Yadava for their various castes, Ahir, Goala, Gopa, etc., and to claim a Rajput origin of extremely doubtful authenticity.}}</ref>


===History===
===History===
According to [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Abhira tribe|Abhiras]] (modern day [[Ahir|Ahirs]]) conquered [[Magadha]] and regained there for several hundred years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Asiatic Society (Kolkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f20yAQAAMAAJ&dq=abhira+magadha&pg=PA169 |title=Journal |date=1902 |language=en}}</ref>
The Ahir tribe was the dominant group in the Bihar section of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic valley]] during the later prehistoric period. The Ahiri country extended from around [[Varanasi|Banaras]] eastward to the [[Kosi River]], primarily lying north of the Ganges.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Haraprasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsvpAAAAIAAJ&q=ahiri |title=Internal Migration in India: A Case Study of Bengal |date=1987 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Company |isbn=978-81-7074-008-7 |pages=531 |language=en}}</ref>  
 
====List of dynasties, chieftaincy and zamindari====
====List of chieftain and zamindari====
In [[Bihar]], there were many zamindars belonging to [[Yadav]] (Ahir) community.<ref name=":1" /> These [[Zamindar|zamindars]] belonged to the difficult geographical regions, mostly diara land of the rivers. In the diara regions their rule continued with the help of their militia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barik |first=Radhakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Militia+Kurmi |title=Land and Caste Politics in Bihar |date=2006 |publisher=Shipra Publications |isbn=978-81-7541-305-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfltAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir+ |title=Proceedings |date=1997 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDUjw2kFwvIC&q=%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5 |title=Bihar men samajik parivartan ke kuchh ayam |date=2001 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7055-755-5 |language=hi}}</ref>
In [[Bihar]], there were many zamindars belonging to [[Yadav]]/Ahir community. These [[Zamindar|zamindars]] belonged to the difficult geographical regions, mostly diara land of the rivers. In the diara regions their rule continued with the help of their militia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barik |first=Radhakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Militia+Kurmi |title=Land and Caste Politics in Bihar |date=2006 |publisher=Shipra Publications |isbn=978-81-7541-305-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfltAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir+ |title=Proceedings |date=1997 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref> The Ahir zamindars were predominantly found in northern and eastern parts of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC&q=eastern+Bihar+landholders |title=People of India: India's communities |date=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDUjw2kFwvIC&q=%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5 |title=Bihar men samajik parivartan ke kuchh ayam |date=2001 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7055-755-5 |language=hi}}</ref>


*Rati Raut, an Ahir chief of Rati Paragana in north Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Sachchidanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us08AAAAMAAJ&q=Rati+Raut+Ahir |title=Caste System: Myths, Reality, Challenge |date=1982 |publisher=Intellectual Publishing House |isbn=978-0-8364-0791-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Sachidanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_1DLeE9DnMC&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0&pg=PA102 |title=Jati Vyavstha |date=2009-09-01 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-1414-8 |language=hi}}</ref>
*Rati Raut, an Ahir chief of Rati Paragana in north Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Sachchidanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us08AAAAMAAJ&q=Rati+Raut+Ahir |title=Caste System: Myths, Reality, Challenge |date=1982 |publisher=Intellectual Publishing House |isbn=978-0-8364-0791-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Sachidanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_1DLeE9DnMC&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0&pg=PA102 |title=Jati Vyavstha |date=2009-09-01 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-1414-8 |language=hi}}</ref>
*Daso Ahir, Raja of Bhojpur.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAO2AAAAIAAJ&q=ahir++rajas |title=Historical Researches Series |date=1963 |language=en}}</ref>
*Daso Ahir, Raja of Bhojpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Durga Shanker Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snR8pvl5siEC&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0 |title=Bhoja, Bhojapura aura Bhojapurī pradeśa |date=1964 |publisher=Nava Sāhitya-Mandira |language=hi}}</ref>
*Ahir chief of Ruidas-Patna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=R. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&dq=ahir+chief+ruidas&pg=PA129 |title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes |date=1996 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-298-3 |language=en}}</ref>
*Ahir chief of Ruidas-Patna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=R. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&dq=ahir+chief+ruidas&pg=PA129 |title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes |date=1996 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-298-3 |language=en}}</ref>
*Ahir Rajas of Gawror Fort, Patna.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAO2AAAAIAAJ&q=ahir++rajas |title=Historical Researches Series |date=1963 |language=en}}</ref>
*Ahir Rajas of Gawror Fort, Patna.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAO2AAAAIAAJ&q=ahir++rajas |title=Historical Researches Series |date=1963 |language=en}}</ref>
*Ahir Chieftain of [[Murho Estate]] (Madhepura).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=Bengal (India) Revenue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6s-AQAAMAAJ&q=murho+estate |title=Report on the Administration of the Wards, Attached and Trust Estates |date=1909 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A village that symbolises Bihar |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
*Ahir chieftain of [[Murho Estate]] (Madhepura).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śāstrī |first=Mahendra Nārāyaṇa Paṅkaja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdpGAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F |title=Apamāna |date=1994 |publisher=Tūlikā Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A village that symbolises Bihar |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
*Kishnaut Ahir zamindars of Parasadi Estate and Parsauna (Saran).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP4sAQAAIAAJ&q=kishnaut+ahir+zamindar |title=The National Geographical Journal of India |date=1975 |publisher=National Geographical Society of India. |language=en}}</ref>
*Kishnaut Ahir zamindars of Parasadi Estate and Parsauna (Saran).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP4sAQAAIAAJ&q=kishnaut+ahir+zamindar |title=The National Geographical Journal of India |date=1975 |publisher=National Geographical Society of India. |language=en}}</ref>
*Babu Girwar Narayan Mandal, Zamindar of Ranipatti (Madhepura).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Shashi Shekhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVTMNbEDp8EC&q=ranipatti+ |title=Political Elite in Bihar |date=1972 |publisher=Vora |isbn=9780842603652 |language=en}}</ref>
*Babu Girwar Narayan Mandal, Zamindar of Ranipatti (Madhepura).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Shashi Shekhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVTMNbEDp8EC&q=ranipatti+ |title=Political Elite in Bihar |date=1972 |publisher=Vora |isbn=9780842603652 |language=en}}</ref>
*Zamindars of Pipra estate in erstwhile [[Munger district]] (Now in Shambhuganj block of [[Banka district]], Bihar).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Jayaprakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s8-AQAAIAAJ&q=pipra+zamindar |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: 1946-1948 |date=2000 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-518-9 |language=en}}</ref>
*Zamindars of Pipra estate in erstwhile [[Munger district]] (Now in Shambhuganj block of [[Banka district]], Bihar).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Jayaprakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s8-AQAAIAAJ&q=pipra+zamindar |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: 1946-1948 |date=2000 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-518-9 |language=en}}</ref>
*Kanaujia Ahir landlords of Mohan Tola, [[Saran division|Saran]], Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rana P. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py-UTg8GaJIC&q=Kanaujia+Ahir |title=Clan Settlements in the Saran Plain (Middle Ganga Valley): A Study in Cultural Geography |date=1977 |publisher=National Geographical Society of India, Banaras Hindu University |language=en}}</ref>


===Occupation===
===Occupation===
At one time the main occupation of the Yadavs of Bihar was rearing cattle, but now most of them are cultivator.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Shiva Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iWcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Majhraut%22+-wikipedia |title=Educational Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1206 A.D. with Special Reference to Mithilā |date=1998 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |isbn=978-81-85205-71-7 |language=en}}</ref> While majority of Yadavs were peasants with minor landholdings in the Northern and Central parts of [[India]], a few Yadavs had taken over large tract of land in the newly reclaimed portion of Eastern Bihar ([[Purnia|Purnea]] and [[Saharsa]]) and had become big landholders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC&q=eastern+Bihar |title=People of India: India's communities |date=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |language=en}}</ref>
At one time the main occupation of the Yadavs of Bihar was rearing cattle, but now most of them are cultivator.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Shiva Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iWcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Majhraut%22+-Bharatpedia |title=Educational Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1206 A.D. with Special Reference to Mithilā |date=1998 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |isbn=978-81-85205-71-7 |language=en}}</ref>  
 
==Subdivision==
There are four main sub-castes of Yadav/Ahirs in Bihar, [[Krishnaut|Kishnaut]], [[Majhraut (Ahir)|Majhraut]], '''Kannaujia''' or '''Kanyakubja'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx8NAQAAMAAJ&q=kanyakubja+ahir |title=Indian Journal of Physical Anthropology and Human Genetics |date=2006 |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P. |language=en}}</ref> and '''Goria'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&dq=majraut&pg=PA34 |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Ramdin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgIcAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+ |title=Palāmū kā itihāsa |date=1979 |publisher=Pāṇḍeya |language=hi}}</ref> Apart from these four, Ahir sub-caste like [[Hindu Ghosi|Ghoshi]], [[Dhadhor]], [[Gwalvanshi|Gwal]] and [[Sadgop]] are also found in small numbers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Shyam Manohar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJhjAAAAMAAJ&q=Gval |title=The Hindi oral epic Canainī: the tale of Lorik and Candā |date=1982 |publisher=Sahitya Bhawan |language=hi}}</ref> Among them the first three never sell either milk, ghee or butter, and have, to a large extent, became cultivator.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Sir William Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qW5DAAAAYAAJ&q=krishnaut+never+sell+milk |title=A Statistical Account of Bengal: Districts of Bhágalpur and the Santál Parganás |date=1976 |publisher=D. K. Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>
 
===Title===
The titles generally used by the Yadav/[[Ahir|Ahirs]] community in Bihar are the Rai/Ray, [[Roy]], [[Chaudhary]], Gope, Mandal, [[Singh]], Raut, Bhagat, Mahto etc.<ref name=":0" />


==Culture==
==Culture==
=== Caste deities ===
=== Caste deities ===
In [[Kosi division]] of Bihar, people of the Yadav/[[Ahir]]  caste worship their caste deity Bisu Raut, whose temple is situated on the banks of the Gogri river.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bihar (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DStuAAAAMAAJ&q=bisu+raut|title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Saharsa|last2=Choudhury|first2=Pranab Chandra Roy|date=1965|publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Byrne|first=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddsA_RIgg78C&dq=bisu+raut&pg=PA48|title=Bhagalpur|date=2011|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-203-3|language=en}}</ref>
In [[Kosi division]] of Bihar, people of the Yadav caste worship their caste deity Bisu Raut, whose temple is situated on the banks of the Gogri river.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bihar (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DStuAAAAMAAJ&q=bisu+raut|title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Saharsa|last2=Choudhury|first2=Pranab Chandra Roy|date=1965|publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Byrne|first=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddsA_RIgg78C&dq=bisu+raut&pg=PA48|title=Bhagalpur|date=2011|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-203-3|language=en}}</ref> Baba Karu Khirhari, who was born among Yadavs, is another folk god revered by people not only in Kosi but also in the parts of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1cdp3hsUXgC&q=karu+khirhari |title=Monuments of Bihar |date=2011 |publisher=Department of Art, Culture & Youth, Government of Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBoMAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0 |title=Kathā-kośī |date=1997 |publisher=Racanākāra Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref> His temple is located in Mahpura village of [[Saharsa district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=संत बाबा कारू खिरहरी मंदिर, मह्पुरा {{!}} सहरसा जिला {{!}} India |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/hi/tourist-place/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%82-%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>
 
Gobanai Baba is worshipped by Yadav/[[Ahir]] families of [[Darbhanga district]]. His temple is situated in village Mahulia.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm4LAAAAIAAJ&q=gobanai+baba+darbhanga |title=Folk-lore |date=1974 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vidyarthi |first1=Lalita Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veAiAAAAMAAJ&q=gobanai+baba+darbhanga |title=Bihar in Folklore Study: An Anthology |last2=Chaubey |first2=Ganesh |date=1971 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Sankar Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20GBAAAAMAAJ&q=gobanai+baba+darbhanga |title=Folklore and Folklife in India ; an Objective Study in Indian Perspective |date=1975 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}</ref>


===Ballad song===
Gobanai Baba is worshipped by [[Ahir]] families of [[Darbhanga district]]. His temple is situated in village Mahulia.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm4LAAAAIAAJ&q=gobanai+baba+darbhanga |title=Folk-lore |date=1974 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vidyarthi |first1=Lalita Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veAiAAAAMAAJ&q=gobanai+baba+darbhanga |title=Bihar in Folklore Study: An Anthology |last2=Chaubey |first2=Ganesh |date=1971 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Sankar Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20GBAAAAMAAJ&q=gobanai+baba+darbhanga |title=Folklore and Folklife in India ; an Objective Study in Indian Perspective |date=1975 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}</ref>
[[Lorikayan]] is sung by Yadav/[[Ahir]] community of [[Bihar]], it is a folk song of veer rasa where events from the life of Lorik, a [[Ahir]] hero are described. This epic is more popular in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Magahi language|Magahi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rannjan (IAS) |first=Dr Manish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQqMEAAAQBAJ&dq=lorik+ahir+maithili&pg=PA98 |title=Bihar General Knowledge 2023 |date=2022-09-26 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5488-490-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Arihant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BrzDwAAQBAJ&dq=maithil+ahir&pg=PA331 |title=Know Your State Bihar |date=2019-11-19 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-131-9975-5 |language=en}}</ref>


==Politics==
==Politics==
Line 49: Line 40:
In the post Mandal phase Kurmi, Koeri and Yadav, the three backward castes who constitute the upper-OBC due to their advantageous position in the socio-economic sphere of agrarian society became the new political elite of the state.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27|title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|date=2018-02-19|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5280-586-0|language=en}}</ref>
In the post Mandal phase Kurmi, Koeri and Yadav, the three backward castes who constitute the upper-OBC due to their advantageous position in the socio-economic sphere of agrarian society became the new political elite of the state.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27|title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|date=2018-02-19|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5280-586-0|language=en}}</ref>


===Notable politician===
==Notable people==
*[[B.P. Mandal]], ex-cm of Bihar.
===Politics===
*[[Daroga Prasad Rai]], ex-cm of Bihar.
* [[B.P. Mandal]], ex-CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal Biography In Hindi : बिन्देश्वरी प्रसाद मंडल की जीवनी |url=https://www.newstrend.news/339989/bindeshwari-prasad-mandal-biography-hindi/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]], former M.P
* [[Bali Ram Bhagat]], ex-Speaker of Lok Sabha and MP.
*[[Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav]], ex-deputy cm of Bihar.
* [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal]], Indian politician
*[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], ex-cm of Bihar
* [[Daroga Prasad Rai]], ex-CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzQPEAAAQBAJ&dq=daroga+prasad+rai&pg=PA137 |title=JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish |date=2020-12-01 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5388-667-7 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rabri Devi]], ex-cm of Bihar.
* [[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav|Hukumdev Narayan Yadav]], Indian politician
*[[Tejashwi Yadav]], deputy cm of Bihar.
* [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], ex-CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yadav |first1=Laloo Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzdgxgEACAAJ |title=Gopalganj to Raisina: My Political Journey |last2=Verma |first2=Nalin |date=2019 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-93-5333-313-3 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Nityanand Rai]], M.P of BJP
* [[Nityanand Rai]], BJP leader, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India) |Union Minister of State for Home Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&dq=Nityanand+Rai&pg=PT215 |title=JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish |date=2020-12-01 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5388-666-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pappu Yadav]], Independent MP from [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Jyotindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XESHDwAAQBAJ&dq=Pappu+Yadav&pg=PA126 |title=My Date with Editors |date=2019-02-28 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 {{!}} Independent Pappu Yadav wins Purnia in Bihar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-independent-pappu-yadav-wins-purnia-in-bihar-3052558 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]], former MP<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rMW03l_gx0C&dq=Ram+Lakhan+Singh+Yadav&pg=PA235 |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |date=2003 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-85065-398-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav]], ex-Deputy CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Committee |first=Indian National Congress All India Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gxa2AAAAIAAJ&dq=Ram+Jaipal+Singh+Yadav&pg=PA14 |title=Report of the General Secretaries |date=1971 |publisher=All India Congress Committee |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rabri Devi]], ex-CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S.H |first=Patil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34akDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rabri+Devi&pg=PA474 |title=The Constitution, Government and Politics in India |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-93-259-9411-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tejashwi Yadav]], ex-Deputy CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Aaku |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tejashwi+Yadav&pg=PT106 |title=Sensex Of Regional Parties: Sensex Of Regional Parties by Aaku Srivastava: Understanding the Dynamics of Regional Politics in India |date=2022-09-06 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5521-236-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tej Pratap Yadav]], former Cabinet Minister and MLA.


==Present circumstances==
=== Military ===
It is shown in the Bengal Census Report that 80 per cent of the Ahirs in Bihar are engaged in agriculture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=V. Kannu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAVHffwgzW4C&dq=ahirs+in+bihar&pg=PA45 |title=Caste: Observation of I.C.S. Officers and Others Since 1881 |date=2007 |publisher=Gautam Book Center |isbn=978-81-905583-6-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* Air Marshal [[Awadhesh Kumar Bharti|AK Bharti]]<ref>{{Cite news |title="World Knows Whose Son Made India Proud": Air Marshal Bharti's Mother |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ak-bharti-awadhesh-kumar-bharti-operation-sindoor-india-pakistan-bihar-world-knows-whose-son-made-india-proud-air-marshal-bhartis-mother-8405427 |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en|date=13 May 2025|last=Kumar|first=Prabhakar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-15 |title=Small-town roots, sky-high valour: Bihar's sons at the helm of Operation Sindoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/small-town-roots-sky-high-valour-bihars-sons-at-the-helm-of-operation-sindoor/articleshow/121170360.cms |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|last=Pandey|first=Jainarain}}</ref>


According to a report of Institute Of Human Development Studies, among the upper-backwards, castes like  [[Kushwaha]]s and [[Kurmi]]s earn Rs 18,811 and Rs 17,835 respectively as their average per capita income, which is slight lesser than those earned by upper-caste, who earn 20,655 as their average per capita income. In contrast, [[Yadav]]s’ income is one of the lowest among OBCs at Rs 12,314, which is slightly less than the rest of [[Other Backward Class|OBC]]s (Rs 12,617). According to this report, the economic benefits of the [[Mandal Commission|Mandal politics]] could be seen as affecting only few backward castes of agrarian background leading to their upward mobilisation. Yadavs, who are considered as politically most dominant caste in Bihar have failed to translate their upward mobilisation in other fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bihar-elections-caste-obc-mandal-6929329/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122091426/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bihar-elections-caste-obc-mandal-6929329/ |title=Lower castes in Bihar have got political power, not economic progress|editor1=[[Christophe Jaffrelot]]|editor2=Kalaiyarasan A|website=Indian Express|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
===Others===
*[[Rash Bihari Lal Mandal]], zamindar of Madhepura, philanthropist and leader of freedom movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ambastha |first=Gouri Shankar P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Freedom Movement and Role of Congress Leaders |date=1995 |publisher=Classical Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7054-163-9 |language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 17:42, 23 February 2026


Bihari Yadav
ReligionsHindu
Languages
Original stateBihar
RegionEast India

Yadavs in Bihar refers to the people of Yadav community of the Indian state of Bihar.[1][2] They are also known by other names such as Ahir[3] The Yadavs form nearly 14.26 % of the state's population and are included in the Other Backward Class category in the Bihar state of India.[4]

Origin and history

Origin

In the 1931 census of India, the Ahirs and several other pastoral and cow-keeping communities such as Goalas and Gopas began to adopt the collective identity of Yadav or Yadubansi, claiming descent from the ancient Yadu tribe.[5][6][7] Anthropologist J. H. Hutton noted that this process involved an attempt to project a noble origin, which he regarded as "of extremely doubtful authenticity".[7]

History

The Ahir tribe was the dominant group in the Bihar section of the Gangetic valley during the later prehistoric period. The Ahiri country extended from around Banaras eastward to the Kosi River, primarily lying north of the Ganges.[8]

List of dynasties, chieftaincy and zamindari

In Bihar, there were many zamindars belonging to Yadav (Ahir) community.[9] These zamindars belonged to the difficult geographical regions, mostly diara land of the rivers. In the diara regions their rule continued with the help of their militia.[10][9][11]

  • Rati Raut, an Ahir chief of Rati Paragana in north Bihar.[12][13]
  • Daso Ahir, Raja of Bhojpur.[14]
  • Ahir chief of Ruidas-Patna.[15]
  • Ahir Rajas of Gawror Fort, Patna.[16]
  • Ahir chieftain of Murho Estate (Madhepura).[17][18]
  • Kishnaut Ahir zamindars of Parasadi Estate and Parsauna (Saran).[19]
  • Babu Girwar Narayan Mandal, Zamindar of Ranipatti (Madhepura).[20]
  • Zamindars of Pipra estate in erstwhile Munger district (Now in Shambhuganj block of Banka district, Bihar).[21]
  • Kanaujia Ahir landlords of Mohan Tola, Saran, Bihar.[22]

Occupation

At one time the main occupation of the Yadavs of Bihar was rearing cattle, but now most of them are cultivator.[23]

Culture

Caste deities

In Kosi division of Bihar, people of the Yadav caste worship their caste deity Bisu Raut, whose temple is situated on the banks of the Gogri river.[24][25] Baba Karu Khirhari, who was born among Yadavs, is another folk god revered by people not only in Kosi but also in the parts of Nepal.[26][27] His temple is located in Mahpura village of Saharsa district.[28]

Gobanai Baba is worshipped by Ahir families of Darbhanga district. His temple is situated in village Mahulia.[29][30][31]

Politics

Around 1933–1934, the Yadavs joined with the Kurmis and Koeris to form the Triveni Sangh, a caste federation that by 1936 claimed to have a million supporters. This coalition followed an alliance for the 1930 local elections which fared badly at the polls. The new grouping had little electoral success: it won a few seats in the 1937 elections but was stymied by a two-pronged opposition which saw the rival Congress wooing some of its more wealthy leading lights to a newly formed unit called the "Backward Class Federation" and an effective opposition from upper castes organised to keep the lower castes in their customary place. Added to this, the three putatively allied castes were unable to set aside their communal rivalries and the Triveni Sangh also faced competition from the All India Kisan Sabha, a peasant-oriented socio-political campaigning group run by the Communists. The appeal of the Triveni Sangh had waned significantly by 1947[32][33] but had achieved a measure of success away from the ballot box, notably by exerting sufficient influence to bring an end to the begar system of forced unpaid labour and by providing a platform for those voices seeking reservation of jobs in government for people who were not upper castes.[34] Many years later, in 1965, there was an abortive attempt to revive the defunct federation.[35]

In the post Mandal phase Kurmi, Koeri and Yadav, the three backward castes who constitute the upper-OBC due to their advantageous position in the socio-economic sphere of agrarian society became the new political elite of the state.[36]

Notable people

Politics

Military

Others

See also

References

  1. ↑ Yadav, Kripal Chandra; Singh, Rajbir (1994). India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-069-6.
  2. ↑ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7533-034-4.
  3. ↑ Malik, S. C. (8 November 2022). Indian Movements: Some Aspects of Dissent Protest and Reform. DK Printworld (P) Ltd. ISBN 978-81-246-1123-4.
  4. ↑ "Bihar Elections 2015: In Yadav strongholds, Lalu's charm still endures". DNA India. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  5. ↑ Pinch, William R. (18 June 1996). Peasants and Monks in British India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91630-2.
  6. ↑ People of India: Uttar Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. 2005. p. 1551. ISBN 978-81-7304-114-3. These Ahir of past, now identify themselves as Yadav or Yadubansi and to support this claim use the surname, Yadav, and thus try to distinguish themselves from other constituent groups forming the large Ahir caste.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hutton, John Henry (1969). Caste in India: its nature, function and origins. Oxford University Press. p. 113. In a not dissimilar way the various cow-keeping castes of northern India were combining in 1931 to use the common term of Yadava for their various castes, Ahir, Goala, Gopa, etc., and to claim a Rajput origin of extremely doubtful authenticity.
  8. ↑ Chattopadhyaya, Haraprasad (1987). Internal Migration in India: A Case Study of Bengal. K.P. Bagchi & Company. p. 531. ISBN 978-81-7074-008-7.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Congress, Indian History (1997). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.
  10. ↑ Barik, Radhakanta (2006). Land and Caste Politics in Bihar. Shipra Publications. ISBN 978-81-7541-305-4.
  11. ↑ Bihar men samajik parivartan ke kuchh ayam (in हिन्दी). Vani Prakashan. 2001. ISBN 978-81-7055-755-5.
  12. ↑ Sinha, Sachchidanand (1982). Caste System: Myths, Reality, Challenge. Intellectual Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-8364-0791-4.
  13. ↑ Sinha, Sachidanand (1 September 2009). Jati Vyavstha (in हिन्दी). Rajkamal Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-267-1414-8.
  14. ↑ Singh, Durga Shanker Prasad (1964). Bhoja, Bhojapura aura Bhojapurī pradeśa (in हिन्दी). Nava Sāhitya-Mandira.
  15. ↑ Prasad, R. R. (1996). Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-298-3.
  16. ↑ Historical Researches Series. 1963.
  17. ↑ Śāstrī, Mahendra Nārāyaṇa Paṅkaja (1994). Apamāna (in हिन्दी). Tūlikā Prakāśana.
  18. ↑ "A village that symbolises Bihar". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  19. ↑ The National Geographical Journal of India. National Geographical Society of India. 1975.
  20. ↑ Jha, Shashi Shekhar (1972). Political Elite in Bihar. Vora. ISBN 9780842603652.
  21. ↑ Narayan, Jayaprakash (2000). Jayaprakash Narayan: 1946-1948. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-518-9.
  22. ↑ Singh, Rana P. B. (1977). Clan Settlements in the Saran Plain (Middle Ganga Valley): A Study in Cultural Geography. National Geographical Society of India, Banaras Hindu University.
  23. ↑ Mishra, Shiva Kumar (1998). Educational Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1206 A.D. with Special Reference to Mithilā. Ramanand Vidya Bhawan. ISBN 978-81-85205-71-7.
  24. ↑ Bihar (India); Choudhury, Pranab Chandra Roy (1965). Bihar District Gazetteers: Saharsa. Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar.
  25. ↑ Byrne, Joseph (2011). Bhagalpur. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7268-203-3.
  26. ↑ Monuments of Bihar. Department of Art, Culture & Youth, Government of Bihar. 2011.
  27. ↑ Kathā-kośī (in हिन्दी). Racanākāra Prakāśana. 1997.
  28. ↑ "संत बाबा कारू खिरहरी मंदिर, मह्पुरा | सहरसा जिला | India" (in हिन्दी). Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  29. ↑ Folk-lore. Indian Publications. 1974.
  30. ↑ Vidyarthi, Lalita Prasad; Chaubey, Ganesh (1971). Bihar in Folklore Study: An Anthology. Indian Publications.
  31. ↑ Gupta, Sankar Sen (1975). Folklore and Folklife in India ; an Objective Study in Indian Perspective. Indian Publications.
  32. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India (Reprinted ed.). C. Hurst & Co. pp. 197–198. ISBN 978-1-85065-670-8.
  33. ↑ Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
  34. ↑ Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
  35. ↑ Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
  36. ↑ Kumar, Sanjay (19 February 2018). Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5280-586-0.
  37. ↑ "Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal Biography In Hindi : बिन्देश्वरी प्रसाद मंडल की जीवनी". 10 April 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  38. ↑ Singh, Santosh (1 December 2020). JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5388-667-7.
  39. ↑ Yadav, Laloo Prasad; Verma, Nalin (2019). Gopalganj to Raisina: My Political Journey. Rupa. ISBN 978-93-5333-313-3.
  40. ↑ Singh, Santosh (1 December 2020). JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5388-666-0.
  41. ↑ Prasad, Jyotindra Nath (28 February 2019). My Date with Editors. Educreation Publishing.
  42. ↑ "Lok Sabha Elections 2024 | Independent Pappu Yadav wins Purnia in Bihar". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
  43. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-398-1.
  44. ↑ Committee, Indian National Congress All India Congress (1971). Report of the General Secretaries. All India Congress Committee.
  45. ↑ S.H, Patil. The Constitution, Government and Politics in India. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 978-93-259-9411-9.
  46. ↑ Srivastava, Aaku (6 September 2022). Sensex Of Regional Parties: Sensex Of Regional Parties by Aaku Srivastava: Understanding the Dynamics of Regional Politics in India. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5521-236-8.
  47. ↑ Kumar, Prabhakar (13 May 2025). ""World Knows Whose Son Made India Proud": Air Marshal Bharti's Mother". NDTV. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
  48. ↑ Pandey, Jainarain (15 May 2025). "Small-town roots, sky-high valour: Bihar's sons at the helm of Operation Sindoor". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
  49. ↑ Ambastha, Gouri Shankar P. (1995). Freedom Movement and Role of Congress Leaders. Classical Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7054-163-9.
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