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| {{About|the medieval kingdom of [[Assam]]|the community|Chutia people}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Chutia kingdom]] |
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| {{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}} | | {{R from move}} |
| {{use Indian English|date=November 2016}} | | {{R from other disambiguation}} |
| {{Infobox Former Country
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| |conventional_long_name = Chutia Kingdom
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| |common_name = Sadiya
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| |era = [[History of Assam|Medieval Assam]]
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| |event_start =
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| |year_start =
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| |event1 =
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| |date_event1 = 1210–1250
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| |event2 = Ahom-Chutiya conflict
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| |date_event2 = 1513 – 17th century
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| |event3 = Siege of Sadiya
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| |date_event3 =
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| |year_end = 1523-24
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| |p1 = Kamarupa
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| |s1 = Ahom kingdom
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| |flag_s1 = Ahom_insignia_plain.svg
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| |today = [[India]]
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| |image_coat =
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| |image_map =
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| |image_map_caption = The Chutia Kingdom {{circa|13th century}} during the reign of King Gaurinarayan.
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| |capital = [[Sadiya]] {{small|(–1523-24)}}
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| |common_languages = [[Deori language]], [[Assamese language]]
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| |religion = Kechai Khaiti, [[Hinduism]]
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| |government_type = Monarchy
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| |leader1 = Dhirnarayana {{small|(last)}}
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| |year_leader1 = Unknown–1524
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| |title_leader = Monarch
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| }}
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| {{Chutiya Dynasty}}
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| {{Assam History}}
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| The '''Chutia Kingdom'''<ref name="chutia-tiora"/> (also '''Sadiya'''<ref>"Their kingdom called Sadiya..." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=20}}</ref>) was a [[Medieval_India#Late_medieval_era|late medieval state]] that developed around [[Sadiya]] in present [[Assam]] and adjoining areas in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>"(T)he Chutiyas seem to have assumed political power in Sadiya and contiguous areas falling within modern Arunachal Pradesh." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=51}}</ref> It extended over almost the entire region of present districts of Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Tinsukia and some parts of Dibrugarh.<ref name="gogoi-main">"Their kingdom called Sadiya extended in the north over the entire region from the Sisi in the west to the Brahmaputra in the east. The hills and the river Buri Dihing formed its norther and southern boundaries respectively. Thus the Chutiya territory extended over almost the entire region of present districts of Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Tinsukia and some parts of Dibrugarh." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|pp=20-21}}</ref> The kingdom fell in 1523-24 to the [[Ahom Kingdom]] after a series of conflicts and the capital area ruled by the Chutia rulers became the administrative domain of the office of ''Sadia Khowa Gohain'' of the Ahom kingdom.<ref>"The Chutiya power lasted until 1523 when the Ahom king Suhungmung, ''alias'' Dihingia Rāja (1497–1539), conquered their kingdom and annexed it to his sphere of influence. A new officer of Ahom state, known as Sadiya Khowa Gohain, was appointed to administer the area ruled by the Chutiyas." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=52}}</ref>
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| The Chutia kingdom was one among other ethnic groups ([[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]], [[Dimasa kingdom|Dimasa]], [[Koch dynasty|Koch]], [[Jaintia kingdom|Jaintia]] etc.) in the region that had emerged by the 13th century after the fall of the [[Kamarupa kingdom]] and had crystallised into rudimentary states by the 15th century.<ref>"The period from the 13th to the 16th century saw the emergence and development of a large number of tribal political formations in north-east India. The Chutiya, the Tai-Ahom, the Koch, the Dimasa (Kachari), the Tripuri, the Meithei (Manipuri), the Khasi (Khyriem) and the Pamar (Jaintia)—all these tribes crystallised into rudimentary state formations by the 15th century." {{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=5}}</ref> Among these, the Chutia kingdom was the most advanced,<ref>"The most developed of the tribes in the 15th century were the Chutiya{{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=5}}</ref> with its rural industries,<ref>"The growth of a number of professions among the people of this kingdom like ''tanti'' (weaver), ''kahar'' (bell-metal worker), ''sonari'' (goldsmith) ... indicates the growth of some rural industries among the Chutiyas." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=22}}</ref> trade<ref>" the Chutias, who held power by regulating the easterly trade and migration of people to and from Tibet, Southern China and Assam." {{harvcol|Saikia|2004|p=8}}</ref> surplus economy and advanced [[Sanskritisation]].<ref>"(T)he Chutiyas were one of the earliest tribes to be Hinduised and to form a state, may point to their surplus economy." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|pp=21-22}}</ref><ref>(At the time of annexation by the Ahoms) caste system had become prevalent in (the Chutiya) society." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=21}}</ref> After the Ahoms annexed the kingdom, the Chutia state was absorbed into the Ahom state—the nobility and the professional classes were given important positions in the Ahom officialdom<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=186}}</ref> and the land was resettled for wet rice cultivation.<ref>"[T]he Chutiya kingdom consisted of a vast plan level and fertile territory which provided for the Ahoms possibility of easy extension of wet rice culture in the region." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=22}}</ref>
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| ==Foundation and Polity==
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| {{Further|Chutia people}}
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| Though there is no doubt on the Chutia polity, the origins of this kingdom is obscure.<ref>"The origin of the Chutiya state is obscure." {{harvcol|Buragohain|2013|p=120}}</ref> It is generally held that the Chutias originally had their habitat in the hills and that they established a state in the plains around Sadiya in the 13th century before the advent of the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]]s in 1228.<ref>"According to the present day Deori Chutiyas, the priests of the Chutiya people, they are originally inhabitants of the hills to the north of the Brahmaputra, perhaps the northwestern portion of the Dibang valley. Moving down from the hills to the plains of upper Assam, at some point of time before the entry of the Shans, a Tai ethnic group of Southeast Asia, the Chutiyas seem to have assumed political power in Sadiya and contiguous areas falling within modern Arunachal Pradesh." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=51}}</ref><ref>"(T)he Chutiyas formed a state earlier than the Ahoms in the thirteenth century." {{harvcol|Nath|2013|p=25}}</ref> The earliest Chutia king in the epigraphic records is Nandin or Nandisvara from the later half of the 14th century<ref>"On the basis of these records, Neog reconstructed a line of kings ruling this region as follows: Nandin (or Nandīśvara), Satyanārāyaṇa (or Ratnanārāyaṇa), Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa, Durlabhanārāyaṇa, Dharmanārāyaṇa, Pratyakṣanārāyaṇa and Yaśanārāyaṇa (or Yamanārāyaṇa). Furthermore, it is fairly certain from the dates available in the inscriptions that Nandin and Satyanārāyaṇa ruled Sadhayāpurī in the latter half of the fourteenth century." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=52}}</ref> mentioned in a grant by his son Satyanarayana who nevertheless draws his royal lineage from his maternal uncle<ref>"The epigraphic record of Satyanārāyaṇa, whose lineage is named in reference to his maternal uncle, is therefore significant. It may constitute evidence of matrilineality of the Sadiya-based Chutiya ruling family, or that their system was not exclusively patrilineal. {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=54}}</ref> to ''asura'' origins.<ref>"Auspicious Satyanārāyaṇa had his origin in Daivakī’s womb, ‘forming part of the lineage of the enemy of the gods’ (''suraripu-vaṃśāṃśa-bhūto''), making the uplift of the burden of the earth. Neog interprets ‘the lineage of the enemy of the gods’ as the ''asura'' dynasty. The reason for his ''asura'' lineage is not explicitly explained in the inscription; but the two statements that his mother is ‘Daivakī’ and he has ‘the shape of maternal uncle (who was) given the name of Daitya’
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| (''daityanāmāttamāmāmatiḥ'') can be seen as an indirect reference to his lineage." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=53}}</ref> On the other hand a later king Durlabhnarayana mentions that his grandfather Ratnanarayana (identified with Satyanarayana) was a [[Kamata kingdom|Kamata]] king.<ref>"Ratnanãrãyana is called king of Kamatãpura and his grandson Durlabhanãrãyana is described as giving lands under the administration of the Governor of Häbunga province." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=818}}</ref> In these early inscriptions the kings are said to be seated in Sadhyapuri, identified with the present-day [[Sadiya]];<ref>"Furthermore, it is fairly certain from the dates available in the inscriptions that Nandin and Satyanārāyaṇa ruled Sadhayāpurī in the latter half of the fourteenth century, while Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa belonged to the beginning, and Dharmanārāyaṇa to the middle of the fifteenth century. It is also nearly clear that Sadhayāpurī (or Svadhayāpurī) mentioned in the inscriptions is the same as Sadhiyā or Sadiya of later times." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=52}}</ref> which is why the kingdom is also called ''Sadiya''. The [[Buranji]]s written is the [[Ahom language]] language called the kingdom ''Tiora'' whereas those written in the [[Assamese language]] called it ''Chutia''.<ref name="chutia-tiora">"In the past, there was a kingdom in Upper Assam that the Ahom chronicles called Tiora and the Assamese chronicles called Chutiya." {{harvcol|Jaquesson|2017|p=100}}</ref>
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| Vaishnava brahmins were instrumental in the sanskritisation of the rulers with references to [[Krishna]] legends but placed them lower in the Brahminical social hierarchy because of their autochthonous origins.<ref>"Vaiṣṇava brahmins seemed to play an important role in the making of both the royal lineages defined as ‘demonic’; and ... this demonic maternal ancestry was the way to accommodate the local ruling families in the Brahmanical social hierarchy, but only in a lower position." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=55}}</ref> Though ''asura'' lineage of the Chutia rulers have similarities with the [[Narakasura]] lineage created for the three [[Kamarupa]] dynasties, the precise historical connection is not clear.<ref>"Though it is not clear whether the asura lineage of Chutiya ruling family had a historical connection with this earlier tradition of Kāmarūpa, there are some common points between the two genealogical claims..." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=54-55}}</ref> Though a majority of the brahmin donees of the royal grants were Vaishnavas<ref>"Most names of brahmin donees have Vaiṣṇava affiliation." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=55}}</ref> the rulers patronized the non-brahmanised ''Dikkaravasini'' too.<ref>" The Pãyã-Tãmresvari (Dikkaravãsiní) temple inscription announces that King Dharmanãrãyana raised in 1364 Šaka a wall (prãkãra) around the temple of Dikkaravãsiní, popularly known as Tãmresvari." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=817}}</ref> ''Dikkaravasini'' (also ''Tamresvari'' or ''Kesai-khaiti''), was either a powerful tribal deity, or a Buddhist deity adopted for tribal worship.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|pp=235-236}}</ref> This deity, noticed in the 10th century [[Kalika Purana]] well before the establishment of the Chutia kingdom, continued to be presided by a Deori-Chutia priesthood well into the Ahom rule and outside brahminical influence.<ref>'According to E.A. Gait, "The religion of the Chutiyas was a curious one. They worshipped various forms of Kali with the aid not of the Brahmanas but of their own tribal priests or Deoris. The favorite form in which they worshipped this deity was that of Kesai-khati 'the eater of raw flesh' to whom human sacrifices were offered. After their subjugation by the Ahoms, the Deoris were permitted to continue their ghastly rites; but they were usually given for this purpose, criminals who have been sentenced to capital punishment..."' {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|236}}</ref>
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| ===Spurious accounts===
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| Unfortunately, there are many manuscript accounts of the origin and lineage that do not agree with each other or with the epigraphic records and they have no historical moorings.<ref>"There are various accounts and succession lists of the rulers of the Chutiyãs (I do not call them Chutiyã kings precisely because in these accounts they are not described as Chutiyãs except the last one of them) with dates also assigned to their reign ; but these accounts are too much at variance with one another to deserve serious consideration as being of proper historical value." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=814}}</ref><ref>"The legends relating to the origin of the Chutiyas is full of absurdities without any historical moorings." {{harvcol|Buragohai|2013|p=120}}</ref> One such source is ''Chutiyar Rajar Vamsavali'' first published in ''[[Orunodoi]]'' in 1850 and reprinted in ''Deodhai Asam Buranji''.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|2013|p=27}}</ref> Historians consider this document to have been composed in the early 19th century—to legitimize the Matak kingdom around 1805—or after the end of Ahom rule in 1826.<ref>"[T]his so called ancient chronicle might have been a later work of some members of the Chutiya aristocracy, as is possibly an attempt to legitimize the claims of the Chutiyas over a part of Assam during the establishment of the Matak kingdom in the beginning of the 19th century (1805) or after the Ahom power was abolished." {{harvcol|Nath|2013|p=27}}</ref> This document relates the legend of Birpal. Yet another Assamese document, retrieved by [[Ney Elias]] from Burmese sources, relates an alternative legend of Asambhinna.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|2013|pp=29-30}}</ref> These different legends suggest that the genealogical claims of the Chutias have changed over time and that these are efforts to construct (and reconstruct) the past.<ref>"What can be said for sure is that the genealogical claims of the Chutiyas changed in the course of time, and the related legend reflects a difference in the way the Chutiyas construct (or reconstruct) their past." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|pp=58-59}}</ref>
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| ==Rulers==
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| Only a few recently compiled [[Buranji]]s provide the history of the Chutia kingdom;<ref>"Only a few chronicles of comparatively recent date, including the ''Deodhai Asam Buranji'', ''Ahom Buranji'', ''Satsari Asam Buranji'', ''Purani Asam Buranji'' and the ''Asam Buranji'' obtained from the family of Sukumar Mahanta, preserve only a small part of their history." {{harvcol|Shin|p=52}}</ref> though some sections of these compilations are old, the sections that contain the list of Chutiya rulers cannot be traced to earlier than 19th century<ref>"The following list of rulers of the Chutiyãs is given in one of the two short chronicles of them incorporated by Dr. S. K. Bhuyan in his Deodhäi Asam Burañji from an old manuscript published by William Robinson in the Baptist journal, Orunodoi, December, 1850. It very nearly corroborates a similar list in the vamsävali obtained by Kellner from Amrtanãrãyana of a Chutiyã princely family. Even Kellner considered this chronology apocryphal (Brown, op. cit., p. 83 ). It is not yet known for certain when at all such lists were prepared; but at the moment it is not possible to ascribe them to a date earlier than the 19th century. The dates given in the lists do not thus have historical moorings." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|pp=817-818}}</ref> and scholars have shown great disdain for these accounts and legends.<ref>" It is not known for sure when the story of Birpal was made nor when the list of kings was prepared; but at the moment, it is not possible for a scholar like Neog to ascribe them a date earlier than the nineteenth century. Scholars, therefore, questioned the accuracy of the historical information in these accounts and showed great disdain for the related legends.{{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=52}}</ref>
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| {{harvp|Neog|1977}} compiled a list of rulers based on epigraphic records based crucially on identifying the donor-ruler named Dharmanarayan, mentioned as the son of Satyanarayana in the Bormurtiya grant<ref>{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=816}}</ref> with the Dharmanarayan, the father of the donor-ruler Durlabhnarayana of the Chepakhowa grant.<ref>"An attempt might perhaps be made to correlate all these finds into the reconstruction of a line of kings ruling in this region. If we consider Dharmanãrãyana of the epigraphs [Bormurtiya], [Chepakhowa] and [Paya-Tamreshvari] as the same..." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=817}}</ref> This effectively results in identifying Satyanarayana with Ratnanarayana.<ref>"We seek to identify Satyanãrãyana of Sadhayãpuri of Dhenukhanã, Ghilãmarã and Barmurtiyã- bil plates with Ratnanãrãyana of Kamatãpura of the Sadiyã-Chepã-khowã plate, as Dharmanãrãyana is described as Satyanäräyana's son in the Barmurtiyã-bil plate and as Ratnanârâyana's son in the Sadiyã-Chepãkhowâ plate, and, as already pointed out, more than one name seem to have been assumed by the kings of this region. {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=818}}</ref>
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| |+ '''List of Rulers from Neog'''
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| <ref>{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=817}}</ref>
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| ! Name
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| ! Other names
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| ! Reign Period
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| ! Reign in Progress
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| |----
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| | Nandi
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| | Nandisara or Nandisvara
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| | late 14th century<ref name="neog-dates-12">"It is, however, fairly certain from the dates available in the epigraphs that King Nandisvara and Satyanarayana ruled in Sadhayapuri in the last half of the 14th century A.D." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=820}}</ref>
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| |----
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| | Satyanarayana
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| | Ratnanarayana
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| | late 14th century<ref name="neog-dates-12"/>
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| | 1392<ref>"Dhenukhanã copperplate grant of King Satyanãrãyana, son of Nandi, Nandisara or Nandivara, of Sadhayâpurï or Svadhayãpuri, dated 1392." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref>
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| |----
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| | Lakshminarayana
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| | Dharmanarayana or Mukta-dharmanaryana<ref>"Dr. D. C. Sircar seeks to read the name of the king as 'Muktãdharmanãrãyana' which may really have been 'yuvã-Dharmanãrãyana' contrasting well with the reference to the bṛddharãja' in the first line of the inscription." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref>
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| | early 15th century
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| | 1392;<ref>"Barmurtiyã-bil copperplate inscription of King Dharmanãrãyana, son of Satyanãrãyana, dated 1392" {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref> 1401;<ref>"Ghilãmarã copperplate grant of King Laksmlnãrãyana, son of Satyanãrãyana, dated 1401." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref> 1442<ref>"Pãyã-Tãmresvari (Dikkaravãsini) temple wall inscription of King Dharmanãrãyana, son-regent of Brddharãja (Old King), dated 1364 Šaka/1442 AD" {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref>
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| |----
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| | Durlabhnarayana
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| | early 15th century
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| | 1428<ref>"The Sadiyã-Chepãkhowã copperplate grant of King (Durlabha-)nãrãyana, son of Dharmanãrãyana and grandson of Ratnanãrãyana originally of Kamatãpura, dated 1350 Šaka/1428 AD." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref>
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| |----
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| | Pratyaksanarayana<ref name="neog-dh-post">"In the Dhenukhanã plate two later kings seem to have added postscripts to the original inscription of 1314 Šaka. They are Pratyaksanãrãyana and Yasanãrãyana or Yamanãrãyana. No dates are associated with them." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=819}}</ref>
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| |----
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| | Yasanarayana<ref name="neog-dh-post"/>
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| |}
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| A late discovery of an inscription, published in a 2002 ''souvenir'' of the ''All Assam Chutiya Sanmilan''<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|2013|p=43ff}}</ref> seems to geneologically connect the last historically known king, Dhirnarayan with Neog's list above.
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| |+ '''List of Additional Rulers'''
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| |-
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| ! Name
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| ! Other names
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| ! Reign Period
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| ! Reign in progress
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| |----
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| | Yasamanarayana <ref>
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| {{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=124}} "The plate discovered in 2001 identifies Yamkadnarayana or Yasamanarayana as the grandfather(pitamah) of Dhirnarayana. It is possible that this king was the same as Yasanarayana or Yamanarayana of the Dhenukhana plate."</ref>
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| |----
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| | Purandarnarayana
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| | late 15th century
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| |----
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| | Dhirnarayana
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| | early 16th century
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| | 1522<ref>
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| {{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=590-591}}</ref>
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| |}
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| Though it is accepted that the rule of the Chutia rulers ended in 1523-24, different sources give different accounts.<ref>"Regarding the fate of the Chutia prince Sadhaknarayan and the identity of the Chutia king killed by the Ahoms in 1523-24, opinions differ." {{harvcol|Baruah|1983|p=229ff}}</ref> The extant ''Ahom Buranji'' and the ''Deodhai Asam Buranji'' mention that in the final battles and the aftermath both the king Dhirnarayan and the heir-apparent Sadhaknarayan were killed; whereas according to the ''Chutiyar Katha'', an 18th/19th century document incorporated into the ''Deodhai Asam Buranji'' Nitipal, Dhirnarayan's son-in-law and the reigning king, was killed and the life of Sadhaknarayan, the minor son of Dhirnarayan, was spared.<ref name="nonitipal"/> The ''Ahom Buranji-Harakanta Barua'' mentions that the remnant of the royal family was deported to Pakariguri, Nagaon, on which the views of scholars differ.<ref>"Suhunmung then deported the Chutiya nobles and the prince Sadhaknarayan to his kingdom and established the later at Darrang with grants of land and labourers."{{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=21}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1983|p=229ff}}</ref>
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| ==Domain==
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| The extent of the power of the kings of the Chutia kingdom is not known in detail.<ref>"(T)he geographical extent of these rulers' power is not yet known in detail..." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=52}}</ref> Nevertheless, it is estimated by most modern scholarship that Chutias held the areas on the north bank of [[Brahmaputra]] from [[Parshuram Kund]] in the east and included the present districts of Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Tinsukia and some parts of Dibrugarh.<ref name="gogoi-main"/><ref>Acharya.N.N., The History of Medieval Assam, 1966,p.232</ref> Between 1228 and 1253 when [[Sukaphaa]], the founder of the [[Ahom kingdom]], was searching for a place to settle in Upper Assam, he and his followers did not encounter any resistance from the Chutia state<ref>"The Assamese chronicles while recording the route of Sukapha across the Patkai hills till he reached Charaideo in the southeastern corner of the present Sibsagar district through the courses of the rivers Dihing, Brahmaputra and Dikhow do not mention a Chutiya state that offered any kind of resistance to the advancing forces of Sukapha." {{harvcol|Nath|2013|p=26}}</ref> (although he encountered some Chutia families<ref>"Along the way, a number of people were captured. They were either Chutias, Morans or Borahis...given names according to the tasks they performed."{{harvcol|Saikia|2004|p=115}}</ref> like Som-chiring and Changsai), implying that the Chutia state must have been of little significance till atleast the mid 14th century<ref>"This shows that if there was any Chutiya state it was of little significance till at least mid 14th century." {{harvcol|Nath|2013|p=26}}</ref> when the Ahom chronicles mention them for the first time. At its largest extent, the Chutia influence might have extended up to Viswanath in the present [[Darrang district]] of Assam ,<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|2013|p=27}}</ref><ref>"Though the geographical extent of these rulers' power is not yet known in detail, according to Neog, the present day North Lakhimpur district of Assam, which covers the find sites of most inscriptions, perhaps formed a part of their political dominion. If architectural continuity is admitted between the fortifications in the Sadiya region and the Burai river ruin site, it would be possible to believe that the kingdom of these rulers extended as far as the outer limit of Darrang district, in the westernmost extent of which Ahom conquerors settled the vanquished Chutiyas in the early part of the sixteenth century." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|pp=52-53}}</ref><ref>"N.N Acharyya are of the opinion that the Chutiya kingdom extended upto Viswanath in the present Darrang district of Assam."{{harvcol|Datta|1985|p=28}}</ref> though the control was confined to the river valleys of [[Subansiri river|Subansiri]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Lohit district|Lohit]] and [[Dihing river|Dihing]] and hardly extended to the hills even at its zenith.<ref>"In the main, however, their territory was confined to the river valleys of the Suvansiri, Brahmaputra, Lohit and the Dihing and hardly extended to the hills at its zenith." {{harvcol|Nath|2013|p=27}}</ref>
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| ==Downfall==
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| [[Image:Sutiyaswords2.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Some existing weaponry used by the Chutia kings]]
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| ===Chutia-Ahom conflicts (1512–1524)===
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| Suhungmung, the Ahom king, followed an expansionist policy and annexed Habung and Panbari in either 1510 or 1512, which according to Swarnalata Baruah was ruled by [[Baro-Bhuyan|Bhuyan]]s<ref>"Both Habung and Panbari, neighbouring it, which was also, presumably ruled by a Bhuyan, were subjugated and annexed to the Ahom kingdom." {{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=227}}</ref> while according to Amalendu Guha, it was a Chutia dependency.<ref>"He annexed Habung in 1512, a Chutiya dependency until then. Thereafter the whole of the Hinduized Chutiya Kingdom and parts of the present Nowgong district then ruled severally by baro-bhuyans and the Dimasa king,.."{{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=27}}</ref> In 1513 a border conflict triggered the Chutia king Dhirnarayan to advance to Dikhowmukh and build a stockade of banana trees (''Posola-garh'').{{sfn|Baruah|1986|p=227}} This fort was attacked by a force led by the Ahom king himself leading to a rout of the Chutia soldiers. In 1520 the Chutias again attacked the Ahom fort Mungkhrang and occupied it, but the Ahoms recovered it soon and erected an offensive fort on the banks of Dibru river. In 1523 the Chutia king attacked the fort at Dibru but was routed. The Ahom king and the nobles hotly pursued the retreating Chutia king who sued for peace. The peace overtures failed and the king finally fell to Ahom forces, bringing an end to the Chutia kingdom.{{sfn|Baruah|1986|pp=228–229}} Though some late manuscripts mention the fallen king as Nitipal (or Chandranarayan) extant records from the Buranjis such as the ''Ahom Buranji'' and the ''Deodhai Ahom Buranji'' mention those who were killed included the Chutia king Dhirnarayan and his son Sadhaknarayan.<ref name="nonitipal">"The ''Ahom Buranji'' and the ''Deodhai Assam Buranji'' do not mention the name of Nitipal alias Chandranarayan. These sources ascribe the event to the reign of Dhirnarayan and state that in the final clash both the Chutia king (Dhirnarayan) and the prince (Sadhaknarayan) were killed." {{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=229f}}</ref>
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| ===Aftermath===
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| The Ahom kingdom took complete possession of the royal insignia and other assets of the erstwhile kingdom.{{sfn|Baruah|1986|p=230}} The rest of the royal family was dispersed, and the nobles were disbanded and the territory was placed under the newly created office of the ''Sadiakhowa Gohain''.{{sfn|Baruah|1986|p=229}} Besides the material assets and territories, the Ahoms also took possession of the people according to their professions. Many of Brahmans, Kayasthas, Kalitas and Daivajna's (the caste Hindus), as well as the artisans such as bell-metal workers, goldsmiths, blacksmiths and others were moved to the Ahom capital and this movement greatly increased the admixture of the Chutia and Ahom populations.{{sfn|Baruah|1986|p=230}}
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| After annexing the Chutia kingdom, offices of the Ahom kingdom, ''Thao-mung Mung-teu''(Bhatialia Gohain) with headquarters at Habung ([[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]), ''Thao-mung Ban-lung''(Banlungia Gohain) at Banlung ([[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]), ''Thao-mung Mung-klang''(Dihingia gohain) at Dihing ([[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Majuli]] and northern [[Sibsagar district|Sibsagar]]), ''Chaolung Shulung'' at Tiphao (northern [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]) were created to administer the newly acquired regions.<ref>{{harvcol|Gait|1963|p=8}} In 1525, Suhungmung proceeded in person to the Dihing country and appointed officers to administer the frontier provinces of Habung, Dihing and Banlung.</ref>{{bcn|date=April 2021}}
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Chutia people]]
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| *[[History of Assam]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{refend}}
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| {{Assam}}
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| {{History of Assam}}
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| [[Category:Kingdoms of Assam]]
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| [[Category:States and territories established in 1187]]
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| [[Category:Medieval India]]
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