Transport between India and Pakistan: Difference between revisions

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{{EngvarB|date=December 2019}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
'''Transport between India and Pakistan''' has been developed for tourism and commercial purposes and bears much historical and political significance for both countries, which have possessed few transport links since the [[partition of India]] in 1947. In 2019, all public transport links between the two countries were severed because of Pakistani fury at India's revocation of special status for Kashmir. The only way for travelers to make this journey is to cross on foot at [[Wagah]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-bus-idUSKCN1V00FB|title=Pakistan cuts last remaining transport link to India over Kashmir dispute|date=2019-08-10|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-20|language=en}}</ref>
'''Transport between India and Pakistan''' has been developed for tourism and commercial purposes and bears much historical and political significance for both countries, which have possessed few transport links since the [[partition of India]] in 1947. In 2019, all public transport links between the two countries were severed because of Pakistani protest at India's [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The only way for travelers to make this journey is to cross on foot at [[Wagah]].<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-bus-idUSKCN1V00FB|title=Pakistan cuts last remaining transport link to India over Kashmir dispute|date=2019-08-10|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-20|language=en}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
[[File:Trucks on NH1, waiting to cross Wagah border.jpg|220px|thumb|Trucks on [[National Highway 1 (India)]], waiting to cross [[Wagah Border]]]]
[[File:Trucks on NH3, waiting to cross Wagah border.jpg|220px|thumb|Trucks on [[National Highway 1 (India)]], waiting to cross [[Wagah Border]]]]


The [[partition of India]] in 1947 led to the termination of most transport links between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan after the cross-migration of people was completed by the 1950s. The [[First Kashmir War]] had similarly divided the [[Himalaya]]n region of [[Kashmir]] between the two rivals, causing the termination of road links in the region. Kashmir and the international border in the divided region of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] were major [[Theater (warfare)|theatres of war]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani Wars]] of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]]. The train connecting the Indian city of [[Jaipur]] with the Pakistani city of [[Karachi]] across the [[Thar Desert]] was destroyed when the [[Pakistani Air Force]] bombed the tracks during the 1965 war.
The [[partition of India]] in 1947 led to the termination of most transport links between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]] had similarly divided the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] between the two rivals, causing termination of road links in the region. The line of control and the international border in the divided region of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]] were major [[Theater (warfare)|theatres of war]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani Wars]] of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]]. The train connecting the Indian city of [[Jaipur]] with the Pakistani city of [[Karachi]] across the [[Thar Desert]] was destroyed when the [[Pakistani Air Force]] bombed the tracks during the 1965 war.
<ref name="TE">{{cite web |title=Thar Express brings India, Pakistan closer |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/02/19/stories/2006021914640100.htm |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=2006-02-19 |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref> In the 1990s, the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) demarcating the informal boundary between [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] and [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] was the scene of exchanges of fire between Pakistani and Indian forces and [[Espionage|infiltration]] of [[Terrorism in Kashmir|militants]] into Indian Kashmir. The [[Kargil War]] of 1999 broke out when Indian forces sought to repel militants and Pakistani soldiers who had infiltrated the LoC.
<ref name="TE">{{cite web |title=Thar Express brings India, Pakistan closer |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/02/19/stories/2006021914640100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120927012819/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/02/19/stories/2006021914640100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 September 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2006-02-19 |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref> In the 1990s, the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) demarcating the informal boundary along [[Kashmir conflict|disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir]] was the scene of exchanges of fire between Pakistani and Indian forces and [[Espionage|infiltration]] of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|militants]] into Indian-side. The [[Kargil War]] of 1999 broke out when Indian force sought to repel militants and Pakistani soldiers who had infiltrated across the LoC.


By the 1970s it was possible for foreigners with the appropriate visas for each country, such as those traveling the [[Hippie Trail]] from [[Europe]] to [[Nepal]], to walk across the border, stepping between the guards facing each other across the line.
In 1977, both nations launched the [[Samjhauta Express]] connecting the Indian city of [[Attari]] with the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]]. Since the successful launch of the [[Delhi-Lahore Bus]] in 1999, both nations have worked to established multiple bus and train services connecting cities across the borders in the [[Punjab region]], [[Sindh]], [[Rajasthan]] as well as between [[Kashmir conflict|disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir]] across the [[Line of Control]] (LoC){{spaced ndash}}the boundary line denoting rival areas of control in the [[Kashmir conflict|disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir]], which is not an official [[international border]].<ref name="H">{{cite web |title=India, Pakistan seal deal on Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus link |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021706050100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219034041/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021706050100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-02-19 |date=2005-02-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref><ref name="I">{{cite web |title=Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service to be weekly |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/04/25/0804251523_rs-indopak.html |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]], Indiainfo.com |date=2005-04-25 |accessdate=2008-06-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024160547/http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/04/25/0804251523_rs-indopak.html |archivedate=2008-10-24 }}</ref><ref name="I2">{{cite web |title=PM flags off Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service on April 7 |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/03/12/1203pakbus.html |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]], Indiainfo.com |date=2005-03-12 |accessdate=2008-06-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720030723/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/03/12/1203pakbus.html |archivedate=2008-07-20 }}</ref>
India and Pakistan have no official trade relations due to ongoing tensions.


In 1977, both nations launched the [[Samjhauta Express]] connecting the Indian city of [[Attari]] with the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]]. Since the successful launch of the [[Delhi-Lahore Bus]] in 1999, both nations have worked to establish multiple bus and train services connecting cities across the borders in the [[Punjab region]] and [[Sindh]] as well as between [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] and [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] across the [[Line of Control]] (LoC){{spaced ndash}}the boundary line denoting rival areas of control in the [[Kashmir conflict|disputed region of Kashmir]], which is not an official [[international border]].<ref name="H">{{cite web |title=India, Pakistan seal deal on Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus link |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021706050100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219034041/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021706050100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-02-19 |date=2005-02-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref><ref name="I">{{cite web |title=Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service to be weekly |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/04/25/0804251523_rs-indopak.html |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]], Indiainfo.com |date=2005-04-25 |accessdate=2008-06-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024160547/http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/04/25/0804251523_rs-indopak.html |archivedate=2008-10-24 }}</ref>
==Bus services==
<ref name="I2">{{cite web |title=PM flags off Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service on April 7 |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/03/12/1203pakbus.html |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]], Indiainfo.com |date=2005-03-12 |accessdate=2008-06-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720030723/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/03/12/1203pakbus.html |archivedate=2008-07-20 }}</ref>
The [[Delhi-Lahore Bus]] is a passenger [[bus]] service connecting the [[India]]n capital of [[Delhi]] with the city of [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] via the border transit post at [[Wagah]], which is the only border crossing point between India and Pakistan opened for international travelers. The bus was of symbolic importance to the efforts of the governments of both nations to foster peaceful and friendly relations.<ref name="DLB">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990313/ige13109.html|title=Delhi-Lahore bus service to start on March 16|date=13 March 1999|work=expressindia.com|accessdate=2008-04-21|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In its inaugural run on 19 February 1999, the bus carried the then-[[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], who was to attend a summit in Lahore and was received by his Pakistani counterpart, [[Nawaz Sharif]] at Wagah.<ref name="DLB"/><ref name="RD">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/20samblast2.htm|title=Delhi-Lahore bus leaves for Pak|date=20 February 2007|work=[[rediff.com]]|publisher=Rediff.com India limited|accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> Its official name is the ''Sada-e-Sarhad'' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]] for ''Call of the Frontier'').<ref name="RD"/> The duration of the entire journey is eight hours, covering a distance of 530&nbsp;km (329&nbsp;mi).<ref name="DTC">{{cite web|url=http://dtc.nic.in/lahorebus.htm|title=DTC's Delhi-Lahore-Delhi Bus Service|publisher=[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]|accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> While the bus service had continued to run during the Kargil War of 1999, it was suspended in the aftermath of the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] on 13 December 2001, which the Indian government accused Pakistan of instigating.<ref name="G">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/15/india.kashmir|title=India's shame|author=Arundhati Roy|date=15 December 2006|work=guardian.co.uk|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=2008-04-21|author-link=Arundhati Roy}}</ref> The bus service was resumed on 16 July 2003 when bilateral relations had improved.<ref name="RD"/> This service was suspended in 2019, as a result of Pakistani protest at the [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Reuters"/>
India and Pakistan have no official trade relations due to ongoing tensions.
 
In 2003, after a [[ceasefire]] in Kashmir improved bilateral relations, the two governments worked on the proposal for a bus connecting the city of [[Srinagar]] (India) to the city of [[Muzaffarabad]] (Pakistan) ([[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus]]).<ref name="H"/> The official agreement was promulgated on 16 February 2005 when the then-[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of External Affairs]] [[K. Natwar Singh]] visited [[Pakistani President]] [[Pervez Musharaff]] in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan.<ref name="H"/> The decision was announced along with agreements on establishing the Thar Express train service. The bus ran a distance of 183 kilometres and was officially launched on 7 April 2005 and was flagged-off by the [[Indian Prime Minister]] Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name="H"/><ref name="I2"/> The service was suspended for after [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] due to after effects of road damage.
 
A bus service connecting [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] (India) with [[Rawalkote]] (Pakistan) over 55&nbsp;km was also launched on 20 June 2006. On 5 June 2008 the passenger quota on the Poonch–Rawalkote bus was doubled. Bus services connecting Kargil (India) with Skardu (Pakistan), Jammu (India) with Sialkot (Pakistan) and [[Mirpur, Pakistan|Mirpur]] (Pakistan) are also being planned.<ref name="Z">{{cite web |title=Kargil-Skardoo bus service welcomed |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070318/j&k.htm#1 |publisher=Tribune India |date=2007-03-17 |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Y">{{cite web |title=Beyond the bus service |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/apr/27sareen.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=2005-04-27 |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref>


==Bus service==
The Indian official position viewed the Srinagar–Muzaffarabad bus service as a "humanitarian measure without prejudice" and not affecting the rival policies and stands of the two governments on the Kashmir dispute.<ref name="H"/> Both governments announced that Indian and Pakistani citizens could travel anywhere in Indian Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistani Azad Kashmir, including the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which are part of India's claim on Jammu and Kashmir and pre-1947 Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="H"/> In India, all citizens would have to apply at the Regional Passport Office in Srinagar, which was the designated authority to evaluate applications, verify identities and issue entry permits.<ref name="H"/> As of 25 September 2019 all transport routes have been closed between India and Pakistan after India revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="H"/>
The [[Delhi-Lahore Bus]] is a passenger [[bus]] service connecting the [[India]]n capital of [[Delhi]] with the city of [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] via the border transit post at [[Wagah]], which is the only border crossing point between India and Pakistan opened for international travelers. The bus was of symbolic importance to the efforts of the governments of both nations to foster peaceful and friendly relations.<ref name="DLB">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990313/ige13109.html|title=Delhi-Lahore bus service to start on March 16|date=13 March 1999|work=expressindia.com|accessdate=2008-04-21|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In its inaugural run on 19 February 1999, the bus carried the then-[[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], who was to attend a summit in Lahore and was received by his Pakistani counterpart, [[Nawaz Sharif]] at Wagah.<ref name="DLB"/><ref name="RD">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/20samblast2.htm|title=Delhi-Lahore bus leaves for Pak|date=20 February 2007|work=[[rediff.com]]|publisher=Rediff.com India limited|accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> Its official name is the ''Sada-e-Sarhad'' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]] for ''Call of the Frontier'').<ref name="RD"/> The duration of the entire journey is eight hours, covering a distance of 530&nbsp;km (329&nbsp;mi).<ref name="DTC">{{cite web|url=http://dtc.nic.in/lahorebus.htm|title=DTC's Delhi-Lahore-Delhi Bus Service|publisher=[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]|accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> While the bus service had continued to run during the Kargil War of 1999, it was suspended in the aftermath of the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] on 13 December 2001, which the Indian government accused Pakistan of instigating.<ref name="G">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/15/india.kashmir|title=India's shame|author=Arundhati Roy|date=15 December 2006|work=guardian.co.uk|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=2008-04-21|author-link=Arundhati Roy}}</ref> The bus service was resumed on 16 July 2003 when bilateral relations had improved.<ref name="RD"/> This service was suspended in 2019, as a result of Pakistani fury at the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|revocation of Kashmir's special status]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-bus-idUSKCN1V00FB|title=Pakistan cuts last remaining transport link to India over Kashmir dispute|date=2019-08-10|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-20|language=en}}</ref>  


==Train services==
==Rail services==
As per the [[Shimla Agreement]] of 1972 and in a bid to restore peaceful ties after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], both nations launched the [[Samjhauta Express]] (''Samjhauta'' means "accord" or "compromise" in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]), connecting the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]] with the Indian town of [[Attari]], which is close proximity to the city of [[Amritsar]].<ref name="SE">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20000416/ina16011.html|title=Samjhauta only between Attari and Wagah|date=2000-04-16|publisher=[[United News of India]]|accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> The [[Thar Express]] was launched to connect the Pakistani city of [[Karachi]] through the [[Khokhrapar]] station and the Indian city of [[Jodhpur]] through the [[Munabao]] station.<ref name="TE"/> Plans and negotiations are underway to launch a train service connecting the Pakistani city of [[Sialkot]] with the Indian city of [[Jammu]].
As per the [[Shimla Agreement]] of 1972 and in a bid to restore peaceful ties after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], both nations launched the [[Samjhauta Express]] (''Samjhauta'' means "accord" or "compromise" in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]), connecting the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]] with the Indian town of [[Attari]], which is close proximity to the city of [[Amritsar]].<ref name="SE">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20000416/ina16011.html|title=Samjhauta only between Attari and Wagah|date=2000-04-16|publisher=[[United News of India]]|accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> The [[Thar Express]] was launched to connect the Pakistani city of [[Karachi]] through the [[Khokhrapar]] station and the Indian city of [[Jodhpur]] through the [[Munabao]] station.<ref name="TE"/> Plans and negotiations are underway to launch a train service connecting the Pakistani city of [[Sialkot]] with the Indian city of [[Jammu]].


On 18 February 2007, 2 carriages of the train experienced alleged terrorist bombings near [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]] in India. The [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]] claimed the lives of 68 people.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Dozens dead in India train blast|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2007-02-19|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6374377.stm|accessdate=2007-02-19}}</ref> Both the Indian and Pakistani governments condemned the attack, and officials on both sides speculated that the perpetrators intended to disrupt improving relations between the two nations, There have been a number of breaks in the investigation of the bombings. As of 2011, nobody has been charged with the crime yet. It has been allegedly linked to Abhinav Bharat, a Hindu fundamentalist group in India. Other allegations also concurred with Lashkar-e-Taiba (a Pakistani-based terrorist organization).<ref>{{cite news|publisher=DNA India|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_us-review-finds-five-warnings-of-headley-s-militant-links_1463614|title=US review finds five warnings of Headley’s militant links|date=8 November 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215025707/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-us-review-finds-five-warnings-of-headley-s-militant-links-1463614|archivedate=15 December 2013}}</ref> A United States report declared Arif Qasmani to be involved in the attack.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=indian express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/us-sanctions-pak-lashkar-man-cites-his-samjhauta-blast-link/484480/|title=US sanctions Pak Lashkar man, cites his Samjhauta blast link|date=3 July 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610070142/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/us-sanctions-pak-lashkar-man-cites-his-samjhauta-blast-link/484480/|archivedate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
On 18 February 2007, 2 carriages of the train experienced alleged terrorist bombings near [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]] in India. The [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]] claimed lives of 68 people.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Dozens dead in India train blast|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2007-02-19|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6374377.stm|access-date=2007-02-19}}</ref> Both the Indian and Pakistani governments condemned the attack, and officials on both sides speculated that the perpetrators intended to disrupt improving relations between the two nations, There have been a number of breaks in the investigation of the bombings. As of 2011, nobody has been charged for the crime yet. It has been allegedly linked to Abhinav Bharat, a Hindu fundamentalist group in India. Other allegations also concurred on Lashkar-e-Taiba (a Pakistani-based terrorist organization).<ref>{{cite news|publisher=DNA India|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_us-review-finds-five-warnings-of-headley-s-militant-links_1463614|title=US review finds five warnings of Headley's militant links|date=8 November 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215025707/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-us-review-finds-five-warnings-of-headley-s-militant-links-1463614|archivedate=15 December 2013}}</ref> A United States report declared Arif Qasmani to be involved in the attack.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=indian express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/us-sanctions-pak-lashkar-man-cites-his-samjhauta-blast-link/484480/|title=US sanctions Pak Lashkar man, cites his Samjhauta blast link|date=3 July 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610070142/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/us-sanctions-pak-lashkar-man-cites-his-samjhauta-blast-link/484480/|archivedate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
The [[Thar Express]] is the other passenger railway link between the two countries, running from [[Karachi]], Pakistan to [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan, India. It was not discontinued after [[Partition of India|Partition]] but was after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. On 18 February 2006, it was revived after a period of 41 years.
The [[Thar Express]] is the other passenger railway link between the two countries, running from [[Karachi]], Pakistan to [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan, India. It was not discontinued after [[Partition of India|Partition]] but was after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. On 18 February 2006, it was revived after a period of 41 years.


In 2019, as a result of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|revocation of special status for Kashmir]], Pakistan's railway minister [[Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad|Sheikh Rasheed]] decreed that there would be no more rail transport links between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-rail-idUSKCN1UZ0XV|title=Pakistan suspends final rail link to India over Kashmir dispute|date=2019-08-09|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-20|language=en}}</ref>
In 2019, as a result of the [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]], Pakistan's railway minister [[Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad|Sheikh Rasheed]] decreed that there would be no more rail transport links between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-rail-idUSKCN1UZ0XV|title=Pakistan suspends final rail link to India over Kashmir dispute|date=2019-08-09|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-20|language=en}}</ref>
 
==See also==


==Transport across Kashmir==
* [[Borders of India]]
{{See also|Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus}}
In 2003, after a [[ceasefire]] in Kashmir improved bilateral relations, the two governments worked on the proposal for a bus connecting the city of [[Srinagar]] in [[Indian Kashmir]] to the city of [[Muzaffarabad]] in [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|Pakistani Kashmir]].<ref name="H"/> The official agreement was promulgated on 16 February 2005 when the then-[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of External Affairs]] [[K. Natwar Singh]] visited [[Pakistani President]] [[Pervez Musharaff]] in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan.<ref name="H"/> The decision was announced along with agreements on establishing the Thar Express train service. The bus runs a distance of 183 kilometers and was officially launched on 7 April 2005 and was flagged off by the [[Indian Prime Minister]] Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name="H"/><ref name="I2"/>  The service was suspended for some time after [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] due to aftereffect of road damage.


A bus service connecting [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] (India) with [[Rawalkote]] (Pakistan) over 55&nbsp;km was also launched on 20 June 2006. On 5 June 2008, the passenger quota on the Poonch-Rawalkote Bus was doubled. Bus services connecting Kargil (India) with Skardu (Pakistan), Jammu (India) with Sialkot (Pakistan) and [[Mirpur, Pakistan|Mirpur]] (Pakistan) are also being planned.<ref name="Z">{{cite web |title=Kargil-Skardoo bus service welcomed |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070318/j&k.htm#1 |publisher=Tribune India |date=2007-03-17 |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref>
* Railways
<ref name="Y">{{cite web |title=Beyond the bus service |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/apr/27sareen.htm |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |date=2005-04-27 |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref>
** [[Future of rail transport in India#Geo|Geostrategic border rail lines of India]]
** [[List of railway stations in Punjab]]


The Indian official position viewed the Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service as a "humanitarian measure without prejudice" and not affecting the rival policies and stands of the two governments on the Kashmir conflict.<ref name="H"/> To make the bus safe and fully operational, the LoC would demine if and where necessary and other security arrangements would be made as well.<ref name="H"/> Both governments announced that Indian and Pakistani citizens could travel anywhere in Indian Kashmir and Pakistani Kashmir, including the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which are part of India's claim on Kashmir and pre-1947 Kashmir.<ref name="H"/> In India, all citizens would have to apply at the Regional Passport Office in Srinagar, which was the designated authority to evaluate applications, verify identities and issue entry permits.<ref name="H"/> As of 25 September 2019 all transport routes have been closed between India and Pakistan after India revoked article 370 giving special status to Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref name="H"/>
* General
** [[Aerial lift in India]]
** [[Jammu and Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation|Road transport in J&K]]
** [[Transport in India]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 22:51, 26 March 2026


Transport between India and Pakistan has been developed for tourism and commercial purposes and bears much historical and political significance for both countries, which have possessed few transport links since the partition of India in 1947. In 2019, all public transport links between the two countries were severed because of Pakistani protest at India's revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. The only way for travelers to make this journey is to cross on foot at Wagah.[1]

Background[edit | edit source]

Trucks on National Highway 1 (India), waiting to cross Wagah Border

The partition of India in 1947 led to the termination of most transport links between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 had similarly divided the state of Jammu and Kashmir between the two rivals, causing termination of road links in the region. The line of control and the international border in the divided region of Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab were major theatres of war during the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971. The train connecting the Indian city of Jaipur with the Pakistani city of Karachi across the Thar Desert was destroyed when the Pakistani Air Force bombed the tracks during the 1965 war. [2] In the 1990s, the Line of Control (LoC) demarcating the informal boundary along disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir was the scene of exchanges of fire between Pakistani and Indian forces and infiltration of militants into Indian-side. The Kargil War of 1999 broke out when Indian force sought to repel militants and Pakistani soldiers who had infiltrated across the LoC.

In 1977, both nations launched the Samjhauta Express connecting the Indian city of Attari with the Pakistani city of Lahore. Since the successful launch of the Delhi-Lahore Bus in 1999, both nations have worked to established multiple bus and train services connecting cities across the borders in the Punjab region, Sindh, Rajasthan as well as between disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir across the Line of Control (LoC) – the boundary line denoting rival areas of control in the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir, which is not an official international border.[3][4][5] India and Pakistan have no official trade relations due to ongoing tensions.

Bus services[edit | edit source]

The Delhi-Lahore Bus is a passenger bus service connecting the Indian capital of Delhi with the city of Lahore, Pakistan via the border transit post at Wagah, which is the only border crossing point between India and Pakistan opened for international travelers. The bus was of symbolic importance to the efforts of the governments of both nations to foster peaceful and friendly relations.[6] In its inaugural run on 19 February 1999, the bus carried the then-Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who was to attend a summit in Lahore and was received by his Pakistani counterpart, Nawaz Sharif at Wagah.[6][7] Its official name is the Sada-e-Sarhad (Urdu for Call of the Frontier).[7] The duration of the entire journey is eight hours, covering a distance of 530 km (329 mi).[8] While the bus service had continued to run during the Kargil War of 1999, it was suspended in the aftermath of the 2001 Indian Parliament attack on 13 December 2001, which the Indian government accused Pakistan of instigating.[9] The bus service was resumed on 16 July 2003 when bilateral relations had improved.[7] This service was suspended in 2019, as a result of Pakistani protest at the revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.[1]

In 2003, after a ceasefire in Kashmir improved bilateral relations, the two governments worked on the proposal for a bus connecting the city of Srinagar (India) to the city of Muzaffarabad (Pakistan) (Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus).[3] The official agreement was promulgated on 16 February 2005 when the then-Indian Minister of External Affairs K. Natwar Singh visited Pakistani President Pervez Musharaff in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.[3] The decision was announced along with agreements on establishing the Thar Express train service. The bus ran a distance of 183 kilometres and was officially launched on 7 April 2005 and was flagged-off by the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.[3][5] The service was suspended for after 2005 Kashmir earthquake due to after effects of road damage.

A bus service connecting Poonch (India) with Rawalkote (Pakistan) over 55 km was also launched on 20 June 2006. On 5 June 2008 the passenger quota on the Poonch–Rawalkote bus was doubled. Bus services connecting Kargil (India) with Skardu (Pakistan), Jammu (India) with Sialkot (Pakistan) and Mirpur (Pakistan) are also being planned.[10] [11]

The Indian official position viewed the Srinagar–Muzaffarabad bus service as a "humanitarian measure without prejudice" and not affecting the rival policies and stands of the two governments on the Kashmir dispute.[3] Both governments announced that Indian and Pakistani citizens could travel anywhere in Indian Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistani Azad Kashmir, including the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which are part of India's claim on Jammu and Kashmir and pre-1947 Jammu and Kashmir.[3] In India, all citizens would have to apply at the Regional Passport Office in Srinagar, which was the designated authority to evaluate applications, verify identities and issue entry permits.[3] As of 25 September 2019 all transport routes have been closed between India and Pakistan after India revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.[3]

Rail services[edit | edit source]

As per the Shimla Agreement of 1972 and in a bid to restore peaceful ties after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, both nations launched the Samjhauta Express (Samjhauta means "accord" or "compromise" in Hindi and Urdu), connecting the Pakistani city of Lahore with the Indian town of Attari, which is close proximity to the city of Amritsar.[12] The Thar Express was launched to connect the Pakistani city of Karachi through the Khokhrapar station and the Indian city of Jodhpur through the Munabao station.[2] Plans and negotiations are underway to launch a train service connecting the Pakistani city of Sialkot with the Indian city of Jammu.

On 18 February 2007, 2 carriages of the train experienced alleged terrorist bombings near Panipat, Haryana in India. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings claimed lives of 68 people.[13] Both the Indian and Pakistani governments condemned the attack, and officials on both sides speculated that the perpetrators intended to disrupt improving relations between the two nations, There have been a number of breaks in the investigation of the bombings. As of 2011, nobody has been charged for the crime yet. It has been allegedly linked to Abhinav Bharat, a Hindu fundamentalist group in India. Other allegations also concurred on Lashkar-e-Taiba (a Pakistani-based terrorist organization).[14] A United States report declared Arif Qasmani to be involved in the attack.[15] The Thar Express is the other passenger railway link between the two countries, running from Karachi, Pakistan to Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. It was not discontinued after Partition but was after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. On 18 February 2006, it was revived after a period of 41 years.

In 2019, as a result of the revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan's railway minister Sheikh Rasheed decreed that there would be no more rail transport links between India and Pakistan.[16]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Pakistan cuts last remaining transport link to India over Kashmir dispute". Reuters. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Thar Express brings India, Pakistan closer". The Hindu. 19 February 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "India, Pakistan seal deal on Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus link". The Hindu. 17 February 2005. Archived from the original on 19 February 2005. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  4. ↑ "Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service to be weekly". Press Trust of India, Indiainfo.com. 25 April 2005. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "PM flags off Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service on April 7". Press Trust of India, Indiainfo.com. 12 March 2005. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Delhi-Lahore bus service to start on March 16". expressindia.com. The Indian Express. 13 March 1999. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Delhi-Lahore bus leaves for Pak". rediff.com. Rediff.com India limited. 20 February 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  8. ↑ "DTC's Delhi-Lahore-Delhi Bus Service". Delhi Transport Corporation. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  9. ↑ Arundhati Roy (15 December 2006). "India's shame". guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  10. ↑ "Kargil-Skardoo bus service welcomed". Tribune India. 17 March 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  11. ↑ "Beyond the bus service". Rediff.com. 27 April 2005. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  12. ↑ "Samjhauta only between Attari and Wagah". United News of India. 16 April 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
  13. ↑ "Dozens dead in India train blast". BBC News. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  14. ↑ "US review finds five warnings of Headley's militant links". DNA India. 8 November 2010. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013.
  15. ↑ "US sanctions Pak Lashkar man, cites his Samjhauta blast link". indian express. 3 July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016.
  16. ↑ "Pakistan suspends final rail link to India over Kashmir dispute". Reuters. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.

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