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{{short description|Indian chain of private schools}} | {{short description|Indian chain of private schools}} | ||
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{{Use Indian English}} | {{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}} | ||
{{Infobox school | {{Infobox school | ||
| name = Vidya Bharati | | name = Vidya Bharati | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Vidya Bharati''' (short for '''Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Sansthan''') is the educational wing of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS). It runs one of the largest private | '''Vidya Bharati''' (short for '''Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Sansthan''') is the educational wing of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS). It runs one of the largest private networks of schools in [[India]], operating 8 | ||
000 schools with over 3 million students as of 2025,<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi urges Vidya Bharati schools to aim for excellence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/vidya-bharati-akhil-bharatiya-shiksha-sansthan-pm-modi-urges-vidya-bharati-schools-to-aim-for-excellence/ |access-date=13 February 2019 |work=The Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |date=13 February 2016 |location=New Delhi |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shekhar|title=Confessions Of A Shakhahari|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/confessions-of-a-shakhahari/295285|website=Outlook|access-date=31 December 2017|date=21 September 2015}}</ref> and has its registered headquarters in [[Lucknow]] with a functional headquarters in [[Delhi]] and a sub-office in [[Kurukshetra]].<ref name="Bakaya">{{cite book |first=Akshay |last=Bakaya |chapter=Lessons from Kurukshetra the RSS Education Project |editor=Anne Vaugier-Chatterjee |title=Education and Democracy in India |publisher=Manohar |location=New Delhi |year=2004 |isbn=8173046042}}</ref><ref name="Nair">{{cite book |first=Padmaja |last=Nair |title=Religious political parties and their welfare work: Relations between the RSS, the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Vidya Bharati Schools in India |publisher=University of Birmingham |year=2009 |isbn=978-8187226635 |url=http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/1570/1/Nair_PoliticalParties.pdf |access-date=2014-09-15}}</ref> In the year 2020, the million lives club selected Vidya Bharati as an official member of Vanguard cohort for its contribution to school education.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidya Bharati Selected as Vanguard Member by the International Development Innovation Alliance IDIA for its Million Lives Club |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2019/10/24/pwr6--vidya%20bharati.html |publisher=The Week |access-date=10 Nov 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110222300/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2019/10/24/pwr6--vidya%20bharati.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
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In 1977-78, an all-India apex body, ''Vidya Bharati'' was set up to coordinate the activities between these state committees and was headquartered in Delhi. This coincided with the [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]] (political arm of RSS) winning the national elections, as a member of the [[Janata Party]]. Incidentally, Vidya Bharati used to have an associated National Academic Council with educationists, which enjoyed the trust of the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT).<ref name="Nair"/><ref name="spreading"> | In 1977-78, an all-India apex body, ''Vidya Bharati'' was set up to coordinate the activities between these state committees and was headquartered in Delhi. This coincided with the [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]] (political arm of RSS) winning the national elections, as a member of the [[Janata Party]]. Incidentally, Vidya Bharati used to have an associated National Academic Council with educationists, which enjoyed the trust of the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT).<ref name="Nair"/><ref name="spreading"> | ||
{{cite news |first=Venkitesh |last=Ramakrishnan |title=A spreading network |newspaper=Frontline |access-date=2014-09-16 |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1523/15230100.htm}} | {{cite news |first=Venkitesh |last=Ramakrishnan |title=A spreading network |newspaper=Frontline |date=7–20 Nov 1998 |access-date=2014-09-16 |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1523/15230100.htm}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
== Organisation == | == Organisation == | ||
=== Leadership === | |||
The all-India apex body of Vidya Bharati is headed by a National President and a Patron. As of recent elections, Shri Ravindra Kanhere serves as the National President, with Shri Brahmadeo Sharma (Bhai Ji) as Patron. It also has several Vice-Presidents and other national officers who oversee its vast network.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Sansthan - Organization |url=https://vidyabharti.net |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=vidyabharti.net}}</ref> | |||
=== Growth and scale === | |||
By the early 1990s, the network had grown to 5,000 schools and by 2003, to about 14,000 schools with 17 [[lakh]] (1.7 million) pupils. This expansion was facilitated by the growing demand for education in India and the disaffection with the state school system.<ref name="Jaffrelot">{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|year=2011|publisher=C Hurst & Co|isbn=978-1849041386}}</ref> As of March 2002, it had 17,396 schools, 22 lakh (2.2 million) students, over 93,000 teachers, 15 teacher training colleges, 12 degree colleges, and 7 vocational and training institutions.<ref name="Sundar">{{cite book|title=Revolution and Pedagogy : Interdisciplinary and Transnational Perspectives on Educational Foundations|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|issue=16|pages=1605–1612|last=Sundar|first=Nandini|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4039-8013-7|editor=E. Ewing|location=New York|chapter=Teaching to Hate: The Hindu Right's Pedagogical Program|jstor=4414900|doi=10.1057/9781403980137}}</ref> As of 2019, there were 12,828 formal schools and 11,353 informal schools.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Informal Education Units (11,353) {{!}} Vidya Bharti Akhil Bhartiya Shiksha Sansthan|url=http://vidyabharti.net/index.php/informal-education-units-11-353|access-date=2020-11-16|website=vidyabharti.net|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127141045/http://vidyabharti.net/index.php/informal-education-units-11-353|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, the formal schools had a total strength of more than 34 lakh (3.4 million) students. | |||
In addition to formal schools (which go by a variety of names such as ''Adarsh Vidhya Mandir'', ''{{transliteration|hi|Shishu Vatika}}'', ''{{transliteration|hi| Saraswati Shishu Mandir}}'', ''{{transliteration|hi| Saraswati Vidya Mandir}}'', ''{{transliteration|hi|Saraswati Vidyalaya}}'' etc.), Vidya Bharati also runs ''sanskar kendras'' (cultural schools) and single-teacher schools for cultural education. It | Most of the Vidya Bharati schools are affiliated with the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] or their local State Boards.<ref name="Sundar"/> Vidya Bharati-run educational programs were adopted in [[Madhya Pradesh]] as an alternate model of education when [[BJP]] was in power.<ref name="Malik">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.questia.com/library/1280789/hindu-nationalists-in-india-the-rise-of-the-bharatiya|title=Hindu Nationalists in India : The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party|last1=Malik|first1=Yogendra K.|last2=Singh|first2=V. B.|publisher=Westview Press|year=1994|isbn=0-8133-8810-4|location=Boulder|page=157|chapter=Organization, Decision-Making, and Supportive Groups}}</ref> | ||
In addition to formal schools (which go by a variety of names such as ''Adarsh Vidhya Mandir'', ''{{transliteration|hi|Shishu Vatika}}'', ''{{transliteration|hi| Saraswati Shishu Mandir}}'', ''{{transliteration|hi| Saraswati Vidya Mandir}}'', ''{{transliteration|hi|Saraswati Vidyalaya}}'' etc.), Vidya Bharati also runs ''sanskar kendras'' (cultural schools) and single-teacher schools for cultural education. It operates numerous higher education institutions, including teacher training colleges and degree colleges. | |||
=== Presence === | === Presence === | ||
It has schools in remote areas of the [[Northeast India|north-eastern states]] as well as states like [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] where RSS does not have much influence.<ref name="Nair"/> Particular attention is given to underdeveloped regions and regions inhabited by tribal communities.<ref name="spreading" /> The Vidya Bharati schools are spread all over the country ranging from rural to urban areas from western ghats to | It has schools in remote areas of the [[Northeast India|north-eastern states]] as well as states like [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] where RSS does not have much influence.<ref name="Nair"/> Particular attention is given to underdeveloped regions and regions inhabited by tribal communities.<ref name="spreading" /> The Vidya Bharati schools are spread all over the country ranging from rural to urban areas from western ghats to northeast parts of India. Shankardev Shishu Niketan which is a cluster of schools run under Vidya Bharati in northeast India has produced some of the young minds coming from minority communities who topped grade 10 and won several [[Sanskrit]] essay writing competitions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim boy tops Class 10 exams in RSS-affiliated school|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/010616/muslim-boy-tops-class-10-exams-in-rss-affiliated-school.html |access-date=9 November 2020|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Assam Class 10 topper is a Muslim boy from RSS-backed school|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/assam-class-10-topper-is-muslim-boy-of-rss-backed-school/story-9dySC10MPjdqeQmlwJrOlL.html |access-date=9 November 2020|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=1 June 2016}}</ref> The chain has over 29 state and regional committees affiliated with it, making it the largest voluntary association in India.<ref name="Lall">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQNUZskqQ5UC|title=Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism|last=Lall|first=Marie|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-35981-3|editor1=Katherine Adeney|location=New York|chapter=Indian education policy under the NDA government|pages=169–186|editor2=Lawrence Saez|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203007792/chapters/10.4324/9780203007792-19|doi=10.4324/9780203007792-19|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}</ref> Students in schools run by Vidya Bharati come from all religious groups. For instance, in [[Uttar Pradesh]], more than 12,000 Muslim and Christian students study in these schools.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kapil Dixit|date=Feb 21, 2020|title=Muslim students in UP's RSS schools rise 30% in 3 years {{!}} Allahabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/muslim-students-in-ups-rss-schools-rise-30-in-3-years/articleshow/74234292.cms|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> | ||
=== Funding and patronage === | === Funding and patronage === | ||
Funds for | Funds for the expansion were collected through various means, including charitable contributions from individuals and organizations worldwide. The Institution is entirely privately funded and does not receive financial assistance from government sources. This funding model enables it to operate independently while supporting its educational and research activities. | ||
Nanaji Deshmukh believed that the movement had turned 'materialistic', during the later phases but was not paying enough attention to recruiting high-quality teachers.<ref name="Bakaya"/> The schools attract the children of urban and small-town shopkeepers and those of professional and government official families.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoF5jCEepGkC|title=Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education|last=Kumar|first=Krishna|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1998|isbn=0226508811|editor1=Martin E Marty|pages=536–557|chapter=Hindu Revivalism and Education in North-Central India|editor2=R. Scott Appleby}}</ref> | Nanaji Deshmukh believed that the movement had turned 'materialistic', during the later phases but was not paying enough attention to recruiting high-quality teachers.<ref name="Bakaya"/> The schools attract the children of urban and small-town shopkeepers and those of professional and government official families.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoF5jCEepGkC|title=Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education|last=Kumar|first=Krishna|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1998|isbn=0226508811|editor1=Martin E Marty|pages=536–557|chapter=Hindu Revivalism and Education in North-Central India|editor2=R. Scott Appleby}}</ref> | ||
==Ideology and | ==Ideology and objectives== | ||
[[Dinanath Batra]], former General Secretary of Vidya Bharati, said that they were fighting an "ideological battle against Macaulay, Marx and Madrasawadis". In comparison to which Vidya Bharati advocates "Indianisation, nationalisation and spiritualisation" of education.<ref name="Chandavarkar">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-culture-and-the-indian-city/historians-and-the-nation/D1F46C81CC743B0A3E975C631169F143|title=History, Culture and the Indian City : Essays|last=Chandavarkar|first=Rajnarayan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-521-76871-9|pages=197|chapter=Historians and the nation|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511642036.009}}</ref> In the areas of study that are peripheral to the core curriculum, like physical education, music and cultural education, the institution worked out its | [[Dinanath Batra]], former General Secretary of Vidya Bharati, said that they were fighting an "ideological battle against Macaulay, Marx, and Madrasawadis". In comparison to which Vidya Bharati advocates "Indianisation, nationalisation and spiritualisation" of education.<ref name="Chandavarkar">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-culture-and-the-indian-city/historians-and-the-nation/D1F46C81CC743B0A3E975C631169F143|title=History, Culture and the Indian City : Essays|last=Chandavarkar|first=Rajnarayan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-521-76871-9|pages=197|chapter=Historians and the nation|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511642036.009}}</ref> In the areas of study that are peripheral to the core curriculum, like physical education, music, and cultural education, the institution worked out its curriculum.<ref name="Kumar"/> | ||
== Cultural education == | == Cultural education == | ||
In addition to the prescribed curriculum, the Vidya Bharati schools teach five extra subjects: ''moral education'', which includes stories of heroes, songs, honesty, and personal hygiene, ''physical education'', which includes learning to wield a stick, martial arts and yoga, ''music'', ''Sanskrit'' and [[Vedic mathematics]]. Girls are given ''kanya bharati'' sessions where they discuss | In addition to the prescribed curriculum, the Vidya Bharati schools teach five extra subjects: ''moral education'', which includes stories of heroes, songs, honesty, and personal hygiene, ''physical education'', which includes learning to wield a stick, martial arts and yoga, ''music'', ''Sanskrit'' and [[Vedic mathematics]]. Girls are given ''kanya bharati'' sessions where they discuss real-world problems, especially "women-centric" issues, and learn how to deal with them. They are trained to become strong leaders idolizing Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai, Ahilyabai Holkar, Rudramadevi, and other successful women in various fields like Kalpana Chawla, Kiran Bedi, Indra Nooyi etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saraswati Shishu Mandir - Kanya Bharati |url=http://www.ssmkphb.in/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=ssmkphb.in}}</ref> | ||
In the morning assembly, the children are taught to pray and sing songs steeped in Sanskrit and the spirit of patriotism. Assemblies and stage performances organized at Hindu festivals also serve to convey the Deshbhakti ideology. The virtual absence of non-Hindu children in the schools leads to a collective sense of Hindu identity. In the words of a Vidya Bharati commentator "dedication to the motherland with a deep Bharatiya spirit inculcates in the child the will to change his character [and] adjust his nature and program to fulfill the nation's will and necessity."<ref name="Kumar"/> | |||
The schools also function as conduits for spreading the RSS concept of education, aiming to foster "Vyakti Nirman" (personality development) and patriotic fervor rooted in Hindu culture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Mohammad |title=The RSS is expanding its education network in India |url=https://thewire.in/education/rss-vidya-bharati-education |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=The Wire |date=2020}}</ref> | |||
== National Education Policy 2020 == | |||
Vidya Bharati actively contributed to the formulation of the [[National Education Policy 2020]] (NEP 2020). The organization asserts that many of its recommendations, particularly those emphasizing a "Bharat-centric approach" and early childhood play-based learning (similar to its ''Shishu Vatika'' model), were incorporated into the final policy.<ref>{{cite news |title=How RSS-backed Vidya Bharati is pushing NEP implementation |url=https://www.rashtriyashiksha.com/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Rashtriya Shiksha}}</ref> Following the policy's release, Vidya Bharati began upskilling thousands of its master trainers and teachers to align with the new framework, and its educational experts participated in NCERT focus groups for preparing the National Curriculum Framework.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vidya Bharati NEP 2020 Initiatives |url=https://vidyabharti.net |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=vidyabharti.net}}</ref> | |||
In | == Controversies == | ||
In 2001, the state government of [[Goa]] faced severe criticism from educationists and opposition parties when it decided to transfer the management of 51 government primary schools to Vidya Bharati.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} There have also been isolated reports of protests against specific Vidya Bharati schools for imposing strict dress codes, enforcing RSS ideology, and allegedly banning regional languages like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidya Bharti school imposes RSS ideology, bans Punjabi |url=https://www.youtube.com/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=News Reports}}</ref> The curriculum taught in schools affiliated with Vidya Bharati has been a consistent source of controversy, with scholars and journalists documenting accusations of historical and educational revisionism. Critics argue that the curriculum is designed to instill a specific Hindutva ideology in students at the expense of historical accuracy and inclusivity.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSS-backed Vidya Bharati schools: Saffronising education? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rss-backed-vidya-bharati-schools-saffronising-education/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=The Indian Express |date=2015}}</ref> | |||
The | There are concerns regarding the portrayal of history in Vidya Bharati textbooks, which have been accused of employing anti-Muslim rhetoric and promoting cultural indoctrination.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sundar |first=Nandini |title=Teaching to Hate: RSS' Pedagogical Programme |url=https://thewire.in/education/rss-textbooks-teaching-to-hate |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=The Wire |date=2021}}</ref> Specific examples cited involve the reinterpretation of historical figures like Chhatrapati Shivaji, portraying his strategies explicitly as "war wisdom" rather than deceit, and advocating for the view that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent rather than immigrants.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSS body wants textbooks to highlight Indianness, drop distorted history |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rss-body-wants-textbooks-to-highlight-indianness-drop-distorted-history/articleshow/65715974.cms |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=The Economic Times |date=2018}}</ref> Furthermore, Vidya Bharati has exerted influence on state education departments, recommending significant reforms in the curriculum of government-run secondary schools to align them with their ideological perspective.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSS-backed Vidya Bharati schools: Saffronising education? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rss-backed-vidya-bharati-schools-saffronising-education/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=The Indian Express |date=2015}}</ref> | ||
==State level committee== | ==State level committee== | ||
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* [[Haryana]]: ''Hindu Shiksha Samiti''<ref name=AP/> | * [[Haryana]]: ''Hindu Shiksha Samiti''<ref name=AP/> | ||
* [[Punjab]]: ''Sarv Hitkari Shiksha Samiti''<ref name=spreading/> | * [[Punjab]]: ''Sarv Hitkari Shiksha Samiti''<ref name=spreading/> | ||
* [[Bihar]]: '' | * [[Bihar]]: ''Lok Shiksha Samiti, Bharati Shiksha Samiti'' | ||
* [[Jammu]]: ''Bharatiya Shiksha Samiti'' | * [[Jammu]]: ''Bharatiya Shiksha Samiti'' | ||
* [[Jharkhand]]: ''Vananchal Shiksha Samiti'',<ref name=spreading/> ''Vidya Vikas Samiti'', ''Shishu Shiksha Vikas Samiti''<ref> | * [[Jharkhand]]: ''Vananchal Shiksha Samiti'',<ref name=spreading/> ''Vidya Vikas Samiti'', ''Shishu Shiksha Vikas Samiti''<ref> | ||
{{cite news |title=RSS wing steps in to fill govt school gap |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=2014-09-20 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021130/asp/ranchi/story_1434897.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140924145852/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021130/asp/ranchi/story_1434897.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2014}}</ref> | {{cite news |title=RSS wing steps in to fill govt school gap |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=30 Nov 2002 |access-date=2014-09-20 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021130/asp/ranchi/story_1434897.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140924145852/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021130/asp/ranchi/story_1434897.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2014}}</ref> | ||
* [[Odisha]]: ''Shiksha Vikas Samiti''<ref name=spreading/> | * [[Odisha]]: ''Shiksha Vikas Samiti''<ref name=spreading/> | ||
* [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]: ''Sri Saraswati Vidya Peetham''<ref name=AP> | * [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]: ''Sri Saraswati Vidya Peetham''<ref name=AP> | ||
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* [[Uttrakhand]] : Bharatiya Shiksha Samiti | * [[Uttrakhand]] : Bharatiya Shiksha Samiti | ||
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]: Bharatiya Shiksha Samiti | * [[Uttar Pradesh]]: Bharatiya Shiksha Samiti | ||
* [[West Bengal]]: Vivekananda Vidyavikash Parishad | |||
== Notable alumni == | |||
* [[Nishad Kumar]] — Paralympic athlete and high jump silver medalist<ref>{{cite web |title=Vidya Bharati Alumni |url=https://vidyabharti.net |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=vidyabharti.net}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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{{Sangh Parivar}} | {{Sangh Parivar}} | ||
[[Category:Anti-communist organisations in India]] | |||
[[Category:Anti-communist | |||
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]] | [[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]] | ||
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]] | [[Category:Educational organisations based in India]] | ||
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]] | [[Category:Sangh Parivar]] | ||
[[Category:Hindutva | [[Category:Hindutva]] | ||
[[Category:1946 establishments in India]] | [[Category:1946 establishments in India]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:06, 4 March 2026
| Vidya Bharati | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Location | |
| Information | |
| Type | Educational institution |
| Motto | Sa Vidya Ya Vimuktaye (That Is Knowledge Which Liberates) |
| Established | 1977 |
| Status | Active |
| Publication |
|
| Affiliations | Sangh Parivar |
| Website | vidyabharti |
Vidya Bharati (short for Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Sansthan) is the educational wing of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). It runs one of the largest private networks of schools in India, operating 8 000 schools with over 3 million students as of 2025,[1][2] and has its registered headquarters in Lucknow with a functional headquarters in Delhi and a sub-office in Kurukshetra.[3][4] In the year 2020, the million lives club selected Vidya Bharati as an official member of Vanguard cohort for its contribution to school education.[5]
History[edit | edit source]
RSS, under the tutelage of M. S. Golwalkar established its first Gita school at Kurukshetra in 1946. But, the ban on RSS in 1948 put a damper on the spread of the Gita school model. After the ban was lifted, the first Saraswati Shishu Mandir brand school was established in Gorakhpur in 1952, by Nanaji Deshmukh.[4][6]
The Saraswati Shishu Mandir model was quickly replicated across several locations and as the number of schools increased, there arose the need of a definite management structure. Accordingly, Shishu Shiksha Prabandak Samiti, was set up to coordinate activities between these schools at the state level. Such committees were set up in Delhi, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.[4][6]
In 1977-78, an all-India apex body, Vidya Bharati was set up to coordinate the activities between these state committees and was headquartered in Delhi. This coincided with the Bharatiya Jan Sangh (political arm of RSS) winning the national elections, as a member of the Janata Party. Incidentally, Vidya Bharati used to have an associated National Academic Council with educationists, which enjoyed the trust of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).[4][6]
Organisation[edit | edit source]
Leadership[edit | edit source]
The all-India apex body of Vidya Bharati is headed by a National President and a Patron. As of recent elections, Shri Ravindra Kanhere serves as the National President, with Shri Brahmadeo Sharma (Bhai Ji) as Patron. It also has several Vice-Presidents and other national officers who oversee its vast network.[7]
Growth and scale[edit | edit source]
By the early 1990s, the network had grown to 5,000 schools and by 2003, to about 14,000 schools with 17 lakh (1.7 million) pupils. This expansion was facilitated by the growing demand for education in India and the disaffection with the state school system.[8] As of March 2002, it had 17,396 schools, 22 lakh (2.2 million) students, over 93,000 teachers, 15 teacher training colleges, 12 degree colleges, and 7 vocational and training institutions.[9] As of 2019, there were 12,828 formal schools and 11,353 informal schools.[10] In 2019, the formal schools had a total strength of more than 34 lakh (3.4 million) students.
Most of the Vidya Bharati schools are affiliated with the Central Board for Secondary Education or their local State Boards.[9] Vidya Bharati-run educational programs were adopted in Madhya Pradesh as an alternate model of education when BJP was in power.[11]
In addition to formal schools (which go by a variety of names such as Adarsh Vidhya Mandir, Shishu Vatika, Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Saraswati Vidya Mandir, Saraswati Vidyalaya etc.), Vidya Bharati also runs sanskar kendras (cultural schools) and single-teacher schools for cultural education. It operates numerous higher education institutions, including teacher training colleges and degree colleges.
Presence[edit | edit source]
It has schools in remote areas of the north-eastern states as well as states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu where RSS does not have much influence.[4] Particular attention is given to underdeveloped regions and regions inhabited by tribal communities.[6] The Vidya Bharati schools are spread all over the country ranging from rural to urban areas from western ghats to northeast parts of India. Shankardev Shishu Niketan which is a cluster of schools run under Vidya Bharati in northeast India has produced some of the young minds coming from minority communities who topped grade 10 and won several Sanskrit essay writing competitions.[12][13] The chain has over 29 state and regional committees affiliated with it, making it the largest voluntary association in India.[14] Students in schools run by Vidya Bharati come from all religious groups. For instance, in Uttar Pradesh, more than 12,000 Muslim and Christian students study in these schools.[15]
Funding and patronage[edit | edit source]
Funds for the expansion were collected through various means, including charitable contributions from individuals and organizations worldwide. The Institution is entirely privately funded and does not receive financial assistance from government sources. This funding model enables it to operate independently while supporting its educational and research activities.
Nanaji Deshmukh believed that the movement had turned 'materialistic', during the later phases but was not paying enough attention to recruiting high-quality teachers.[3] The schools attract the children of urban and small-town shopkeepers and those of professional and government official families.[16]
Ideology and objectives[edit | edit source]
Dinanath Batra, former General Secretary of Vidya Bharati, said that they were fighting an "ideological battle against Macaulay, Marx, and Madrasawadis". In comparison to which Vidya Bharati advocates "Indianisation, nationalisation and spiritualisation" of education.[17] In the areas of study that are peripheral to the core curriculum, like physical education, music, and cultural education, the institution worked out its curriculum.[16]
Cultural education[edit | edit source]
In addition to the prescribed curriculum, the Vidya Bharati schools teach five extra subjects: moral education, which includes stories of heroes, songs, honesty, and personal hygiene, physical education, which includes learning to wield a stick, martial arts and yoga, music, Sanskrit and Vedic mathematics. Girls are given kanya bharati sessions where they discuss real-world problems, especially "women-centric" issues, and learn how to deal with them. They are trained to become strong leaders idolizing Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai, Ahilyabai Holkar, Rudramadevi, and other successful women in various fields like Kalpana Chawla, Kiran Bedi, Indra Nooyi etc.[18]
In the morning assembly, the children are taught to pray and sing songs steeped in Sanskrit and the spirit of patriotism. Assemblies and stage performances organized at Hindu festivals also serve to convey the Deshbhakti ideology. The virtual absence of non-Hindu children in the schools leads to a collective sense of Hindu identity. In the words of a Vidya Bharati commentator "dedication to the motherland with a deep Bharatiya spirit inculcates in the child the will to change his character [and] adjust his nature and program to fulfill the nation's will and necessity."[16]
The schools also function as conduits for spreading the RSS concept of education, aiming to foster "Vyakti Nirman" (personality development) and patriotic fervor rooted in Hindu culture.[19]
National Education Policy 2020[edit | edit source]
Vidya Bharati actively contributed to the formulation of the National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020). The organization asserts that many of its recommendations, particularly those emphasizing a "Bharat-centric approach" and early childhood play-based learning (similar to its Shishu Vatika model), were incorporated into the final policy.[20] Following the policy's release, Vidya Bharati began upskilling thousands of its master trainers and teachers to align with the new framework, and its educational experts participated in NCERT focus groups for preparing the National Curriculum Framework.[21]
Controversies[edit | edit source]
In 2001, the state government of Goa faced severe criticism from educationists and opposition parties when it decided to transfer the management of 51 government primary schools to Vidya Bharati.[citation needed] There have also been isolated reports of protests against specific Vidya Bharati schools for imposing strict dress codes, enforcing RSS ideology, and allegedly banning regional languages like Punjabi.[22] The curriculum taught in schools affiliated with Vidya Bharati has been a consistent source of controversy, with scholars and journalists documenting accusations of historical and educational revisionism. Critics argue that the curriculum is designed to instill a specific Hindutva ideology in students at the expense of historical accuracy and inclusivity.[23]
There are concerns regarding the portrayal of history in Vidya Bharati textbooks, which have been accused of employing anti-Muslim rhetoric and promoting cultural indoctrination.[24] Specific examples cited involve the reinterpretation of historical figures like Chhatrapati Shivaji, portraying his strategies explicitly as "war wisdom" rather than deceit, and advocating for the view that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent rather than immigrants.[25] Furthermore, Vidya Bharati has exerted influence on state education departments, recommending significant reforms in the curriculum of government-run secondary schools to align them with their ideological perspective.[26]
State level committee[edit | edit source]
The state-level affiliate committees of Vidya Bharati go by various names, depending on the socio-political situation in each state:[6]
- Delhi: Hindu Shiksha Samiti[6]
- Haryana: Hindu Shiksha Samiti[27]
- Punjab: Sarv Hitkari Shiksha Samiti[6]
- Bihar: Lok Shiksha Samiti, Bharati Shiksha Samiti
- Jammu: Bharatiya Shiksha Samiti
- Jharkhand: Vananchal Shiksha Samiti,[6] Vidya Vikas Samiti, Shishu Shiksha Vikas Samiti[28]
- Odisha: Shiksha Vikas Samiti[6]
- Telangana and Andhra Pradesh: Sri Saraswati Vidya Peetham[27]
- Tamil Nadu: Vivekananda Kendra and others[6]
- Kerala: Bharatiya Vidya Niketan[29]
- Assam: Shishu Shiksha Samiti[30]
- Uttrakhand : Bharatiya Shiksha Samiti
- Uttar Pradesh: Bharatiya Shiksha Samiti
- West Bengal: Vivekananda Vidyavikash Parishad
Notable alumni[edit | edit source]
- Nishad Kumar — Paralympic athlete and high jump silver medalist[31]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "PM Modi urges Vidya Bharati schools to aim for excellence". The Indian Express. New Delhi. Express News Service. 13 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
- ↑ Gupta, Shekhar (21 September 2015). "Confessions Of A Shakhahari". Outlook. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bakaya, Akshay (2004). "Lessons from Kurukshetra the RSS Education Project". In Anne Vaugier-Chatterjee (ed.). Education and Democracy in India. New Delhi: Manohar. ISBN 8173046042.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Nair, Padmaja (2009). Religious political parties and their welfare work: Relations between the RSS, the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Vidya Bharati Schools in India (PDF). University of Birmingham. ISBN 978-8187226635. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ↑ "Vidya Bharati Selected as Vanguard Member by the International Development Innovation Alliance IDIA for its Million Lives Club". The Week. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 Ramakrishnan, Venkitesh (7–20 November 1998). "A spreading network". Frontline. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
- ↑ "Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Sansthan - Organization". vidyabharti.net. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2011). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1849041386.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sundar, Nandini (2005). "Teaching to Hate: The Hindu Right's Pedagogical Program". In E. Ewing (ed.). Revolution and Pedagogy : Interdisciplinary and Transnational Perspectives on Educational Foundations. Vol. 39. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1605–1612. doi:10.1057/9781403980137. ISBN 978-1-4039-8013-7. JSTOR 4414900.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ↑ "Informal Education Units (11,353) | Vidya Bharti Akhil Bhartiya Shiksha Sansthan". vidyabharti.net. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ↑ Malik, Yogendra K.; Singh, V. B. (1994). "Organization, Decision-Making, and Supportive Groups". Hindu Nationalists in India : The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-8133-8810-4.
- ↑ "Muslim boy tops Class 10 exams in RSS-affiliated school". Deccan Chronicle. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ↑ "Assam Class 10 topper is a Muslim boy from RSS-backed school". Hindustan Times. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ↑ Lall, Marie (2005). "Indian education policy under the NDA government". In Katherine Adeney; Lawrence Saez (eds.). Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism. New York: Routledge. pp. 169–186. doi:10.4324/9780203007792-19 ( (inactive $1) 12 July 2025). ISBN 0-415-35981-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) - ↑ Kapil Dixit (21 February 2020). "Muslim students in UP's RSS schools rise 30% in 3 years | Allahabad News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Kumar, Krishna (1998). "Hindu Revivalism and Education in North-Central India". In Martin E Marty; R. Scott Appleby (eds.). Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education. University of Chicago Press. pp. 536–557. ISBN 0226508811.
- ↑ Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan (2009). "Historians and the nation". History, Culture and the Indian City : Essays. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511642036.009. ISBN 978-0-521-76871-9.
- ↑ "Saraswati Shishu Mandir - Kanya Bharati". ssmkphb.in. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ Ali, Mohammad (2020). "The RSS is expanding its education network in India". The Wire. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ "How RSS-backed Vidya Bharati is pushing NEP implementation". Rashtriya Shiksha. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ "Vidya Bharati NEP 2020 Initiatives". vidyabharti.net. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ "Vidya Bharti school imposes RSS ideology, bans Punjabi". News Reports. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ "RSS-backed Vidya Bharati schools: Saffronising education?". The Indian Express. 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ Sundar, Nandini (2021). "Teaching to Hate: RSS' Pedagogical Programme". The Wire. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ "RSS body wants textbooks to highlight Indianness, drop distorted history". The Economic Times. 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ "RSS-backed Vidya Bharati schools: Saffronising education?". The Indian Express. 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Sri Vidyaranya Avasa Vidyalayam". Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ↑
"RSS wing steps in to fill govt school gap". The Telegraph. 30 November 2002. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ↑ Bharatheeya Vidyanikethan the Kerala chapter of Vidya Bharathi Akhil Bharatheeya Siksha Sansthan "Vyasa Vidya Niketan - Our parent body". Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ↑ "Shishu Shiksha Samiti". Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ↑ "Vidya Bharati Alumni". vidyabharti.net. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
Other sources[edit | edit source]
- Panikkar, K. N. (1999). "Secular and democratic education". Social Scientist. 27 (9/10): 70–75. doi:10.2307/3518105. JSTOR 3518105.
- Sharma, R. (2002). Indian Education at the Crossroads. Delhi: Shubhi Publications. ISBN 978-8187226635.
- Sarkar, Tanika (1994). "Educating the children of the Hindu Rashtra: Notes on RSS schools". Comparative Studies of South Asia. Vol. 14, no. 2. pp. 10–15.