P. Subbarayan: Difference between revisions

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{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Short description|Indian politician (1889–1962)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Dr.
| honorific-prefix =  
| name = Paramasivan Subbarayan
| name = Paramasivan Subbarayan
| image = P Subbarayan 1989 stamp of India.jpg
| image = P Subbarayan 1989 stamp of India.jpg
| imagesize =  
| imagesize =  
| caption = Subbarayan on a 1989 stamp of India
| caption =  
| order1 = Governor of Maharashtra
| order1 = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 17 April 1962
| term_start1 = 17 April 1962
| term_end1 = 6 October 1962
| term_end1 = 6 October 1962
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| term_end6 = 29 October 1939
| term_end6 = 29 October 1939
| governor6 = [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine]]
| governor6 = [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine]]
| governor-general6 =
| governor-general6 =  
| monarch6 =
| monarch6 =  
| premier6 = [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]
| premier6 = [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]
| order7 =4th
| order7 = 3rd
| office7 = Chief Minister of Madras Presidency
| office7 = First Minister of Madras Presidency
| term_start7 = 4 December 1926
| term_start7 = 4 December 1926
| term_end7 = 27 October 1930
| term_end7 = 27 October 1930
Line 62: Line 63:
| predecessor8 = [[Raja of Panagal]]
| predecessor8 = [[Raja of Panagal]]
| successor8 = [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]]
| successor8 = [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]]
| office9 = 5th [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President of BCCI]]
| term_start9 = 1938
| term_end9 = 1946
| predecessor9 = [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja|Sir K. S. Digvijaysinhji]]
| successor9 = [[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony de Mello]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|09|11|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|09|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Salem district]], [[Madras Presidency]]
| birth_place = [[Salem district]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1962|10|6|1889|09|11|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1962|10|6|1889|09|11|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Madras]]
| death_place = [[Madras]]
| nationality = Indian
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Madras]], [[Oxford University]], [[Dublin University]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]]|[[Oxford University]]|[[Trinity College Dublin]]}}
| profession = lawyer
| profession = lawyer
| occupation = politician
| occupation = politician
| spouse = [[Radhabai Subbarayan]]
| spouse = [[Radhabai Subbarayan]]
| children = [[General P. P. Kumaramangalam]],<br />Gopal Kumaramangalam,<br />[[Mohan Kumaramangalam]],<br />[[Parvathi Krishnan]]
| children = [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|General P. P. Kumaramangalam]],<br />Gopal Kumaramangalam,<br />[[Mohan Kumaramangalam]],<br />[[Parvathi Krishnan]]
| signature = Subbarayan sign.jpg
| signature = Subbarayan sign.jpg
}}
}}


{{Indian name|Subbarayan|Paramasivan }}
{{Indian name|Subbarayan|Paramasivan }}
'''Paramasiva Subbarayan Gounder'''(11 September 1889 – 6 October 1962) was an Indian politician, [[freedom fighter]] and diplomat and was the [[List of chief ministers of Madras Presidency|Chief Minister of Madras Presidency]], India's ambassador to Indonesia and Union Minister of Transport and Communications in [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s government. He was the father of [[P. P. Kumaramangalam|General P. P. Kumaramangalam]] who served as India's Chief of Army staff and politician [[Mohan Kumaramangalam]]. He was also the grandfather of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician and Union Minister [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]].
'''Paramasivan Subbarayan''' (11 September 1889 – 6 October 1962) was an Indian politician, [[freedom fighter]] and diplomat and was the [[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency|First Minister of Madras Presidency]], India's ambassador to Indonesia and Union Minister of Transport and Communications in [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s government. He was the father of [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|General P. P. Kumaramangalam]], who served as India's Chief of Army staff, and of politician [[Mohan Kumaramangalam]]. He was also the grandfather of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician and Union Minister [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]].


Subbarayan was born on 11 September 1889 in the family estate at Kumaramangalam, [[Salem district]] and had his education at [[Presidency College, Madras]], [[University of Dublin]], the [[University of London]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford]]. In 1922, he was nominated to the [[Madras Legislative Council]]. He served as the Chief Minister of Madras Presidency from 4 December 1926 to 27 October 1930.
Subbarayan was born at the [[British Raj]] era on 11 September 1889 in the family estate at Kumaramangalam, [[Salem district]] and had his education at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], [[Trinity College Dublin]], the [[University of London]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford]]. In 1922, he was nominated to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Madras Legislative Council]]. He served as the First Minister of Madras Presidency from 4 December 1926 to 27 October 1930.


In 1933, Subbarayan joined the Indian National Congress and served as the Minister of Law and Education in [[Rajaji]]'s cabinet and the Minister of Police and Home in [[Ramaswamy Reddiar]]'s cabinet. Subbarayan participated and was imprisoned in the [[Quit India Movement]]. He served as independent India's ambassador to Indonesia and as Union Minister from 1959 to 1962. Subbarayan died on 6 October 1962 at the age of 73. He was the [[Governor of Maharashtra]] at the time of his death.
In 1933, Subbarayan joined the Indian National Congress and served as the Minister of Law and Education in [[Rajaji]]'s cabinet and the Minister of Police and Home in [[Ramaswamy Reddiar]]'s cabinet. Subbarayan participated and was imprisoned in the [[Quit India Movement]]. He served as independent India's ambassador to Indonesia and as Union Minister from 1959 to 1962. Subbarayan died on 6 October 1962 at the age of 73. He was the [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]] until his death.


==Early life and education==
== Early life and education ==
Subbarayan was born to Paramasiva Gounder<ref name="unionmin_dir">{{cite book | title=Directory of Union Ministers, 1947–1987| last=Kohli| first=A. B.| year=1988| pages=122| publisher=Reliance Pub. House}}</ref> in the family estate of Kumaramangalam near [[Tiruchengode]], [[Namakkal district]] on 11 September 1889.<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography">{{cite book | title=Dictionary of Indian Biography | date=200| pages=438| publisher=Indian Bibliographic Centre| isbn=978-81-85131-15-3}}</ref><ref name="rajyasabha_bio">{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90s.htm |title=Rajya Sabha Who's Who |accessdate=4 January 2009 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818090644/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90s.htm |archivedate=18 August 2007 }}</ref> He belonged to the family of Zamindars.<ref name="toi_whoiswho">{{cite book | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book, Including Who's who | year=1965| pages=775| publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co.}}</ref><ref name="tamilnadu_congress">{{cite book | title=The Congress in Tamilnad: Nationalist Politics in South India, 1919–1937| year=1977| pages=236| publisher=Manohar| isbn=978-0-908070-00-8}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Presidency College, Madras]]<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="toi_whoiswho" /> and obtained his M.A.<ref name="socialservicequarterly">{{cite book | title=The Social Service Quarterly | year=1961| pages=32| publisher=Social Service League| location=Bombay}}</ref> and LLD<ref name="modernreview">{{cite book | title=The Modern Review| last=Chatterjee| first=Ramananda| year=1941| pages=280| publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Ltd}}</ref> from the [[Christ Church, Oxford]]<ref name="socialservicequarterly" /><ref name="panikkar">{{cite book | title=Sardar K.M. Panikkar: Shashtyabdapoorthy Souvenir| last=Panikkar| first=Kavalam Madhava| year=1954| pages=92| publisher=Mathrubhumi Press}}</ref> and the [[University of Dublin]] respectively.<ref name="socialservicequarterly" /> He started practising as an advocate of the [[Madras High Court]] in 1918.<ref name="tamilnadu_congress" />
Subbarayan was born under [[British Raj|British Raj colonial rule]] to Paramasiva Gounder<ref name="unionmin_dir">{{cite book | title=Directory of Union Ministers, 1947–1987| last=Kohli| first=A. B.| year=1988| pages=122| publisher=Reliance Pub. House}}</ref> in the family estate of Kumaramangalam near [[Tiruchengode]], [[Namakkal district]] on 11 September 1889.<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography">{{cite book | title=Dictionary of Indian Biography | date=200| pages=438| publisher=Indian Bibliographic Centre| isbn=978-81-85131-15-3}}</ref><ref name="rajyasabha_bio">{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90s.htm |title=Rajya Sabha Who's Who |access-date=4 January 2009 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818090644/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90s.htm |archivedate=18 August 2007 }}</ref> He belonged to the family of Zamindars.<ref name="toi_whoiswho">{{cite book | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book, Including Who's who | year=1965| pages=775| publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co.}}</ref><ref name="tamilnadu_congress">{{cite book | title=The Congress in Tamilnad: Nationalist Politics in South India, 1919–1937| year=1977| pages=236| publisher=Manohar| isbn=978-0-908070-00-8}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]]<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="toi_whoiswho" /> and obtained his M.A.<ref name="socialservicequarterly">{{cite book | title=The Social Service Quarterly | year=1961| pages=32| publisher=Social Service League| location=Bombay}}</ref> and LLD<ref name="modernreview">{{cite book | title=The Modern Review| last=Chatterjee| first=Ramananda| year=1941| pages=280| publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Ltd}}</ref> from the [[Christ Church, Oxford]]<ref name="socialservicequarterly" /><ref name="panikkar">{{cite book | title=Sardar K.M. Panikkar: Shashtyabdapoorthy Souvenir| last=Panikkar| first=Kavalam Madhava| year=1954| pages=92| publisher=Mathrubhumi Press}}</ref> and [[Trinity College Dublin]] respectively.<ref name="socialservicequarterly" /> He started practising as an advocate of the [[Madras High Court]] in 1918.<ref name="tamilnadu_congress" />


==Politics==
== Political career ==
{{Further|Raja of Panagal}}
In 1922, Subbarayan was nominated to the [[Madras Legislative Council]] as an independent candidate representing the landowners of the South-Central division of the [[Madras Presidency]]<ref name="tamilnadu_congress" /> and served as a Council Secretary.<ref name="india_list">{{cite book | title=The India Office and Burma Office List| year=1922| pages=78| publisher=Harrison and Sons, Ltd.}}</ref><ref name="southindiancelebritiesp101">[[#South Indian Celebrities|South Indian Celebrities]], Pg 101</ref> He took the side of [[C. R. Reddy]] and the [[Swarajya Party|Swarajists]] and voted against the [[Panaganti Ramarayaningar|Raja of Pangal]] during the no-confidence motion of 1923.<ref name="southindiancelebritiesp101" />


In 1922, Subbarayan was nominated to the [[Madras Legislative Council]] as an independent candidate representing the landowners of the South-Central division of the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="tamilnadu_congress" /> and served as a Council Secretary.<ref name="india_list">{{cite book | title=The India Office and Burma Office List| year=1922| pages=78| publisher=Harrison and Sons,Ltd.}}</ref><ref name="southindiancelebritiesp101">[[#South Indian Celebrities|South Indian Celebrities]], Pg 101</ref> He took the side of [[C. R. Reddy]] and the [[Swarajya Party|Swarajists]] and voted against the [[Raja of Panagal]] during the no-confidence motion of 1923.<ref name="southindiancelebritiesp101" />
=== First Minister of Madras Presidency (1926-1930) ===
 
In the Assembly elections which took place on 8 November 1926, no party was able to get a clean majority.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 189</ref> The [[Swaraj Party]] won 41 of the 98 seats and emerged as the single largest party while the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] won 21.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> It was a setback for the Justice Party and its incumbent First Minister, the [[Raja of Panagal]]. However, none of the parties could form the Government as they did not have a clean majority.
==As Chief Minister of Madras Presidency==
In the Assembly elections which took place on 8 November 1926, no party was able to get a clean majority.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 189</ref> The [[Swaraj Party]] won 41 of the 98 seats and emerged as the single largest party while the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] won 21.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> It was a setback for the Justice Party and its incumbent Chief Minister, the [[Raja of Panagal]]. However, none of the parties could form the Government as they did not have a clean majority.


The Governor invited the Swarajya Party to take the lead in forming a coalition government but the latter refused.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> The Justice Party did not have enough seats. Hence, the Governor chose Subbarayan, who was not affiliated to either of these parties, to form the Government and nominated 34 new members to the Madras Legislative Council to support him.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /><ref name="kumaramangalam">{{cite news|title=Kumaramangalam family's role in development remembered |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/17/stories/2004101704590400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119213301/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/17/stories/2004101704590400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2005|date=17 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> An independent ministry was formed with A. Ranganatha Mudaliar and R. N. Arogyaswamy Mudaliar as the second and third ministers. The Justice Party took the place of an opposition.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp190">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 190</ref>
The Governor invited the Swarajya Party to take the lead in forming a coalition government but the latter refused.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> The Justice Party did not have enough seats. Hence, the Governor chose Subbarayan, who was not affiliated to either of these parties, to form the Government and nominated 34 new members to the Madras Legislative Council to support him.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /><ref name="kumaramangalam">{{cite news|title=Kumaramangalam family's role in development remembered |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/17/stories/2004101704590400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119213301/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/17/stories/2004101704590400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2005|date=17 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> An independent ministry was formed with A. Ranganatha Mudaliar and R. N. Arogyaswamy Mudaliar as the second and third ministers. The Justice Party took the place of an opposition.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp190">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 190</ref>


<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
! colspan="2"| Subbarayan's Cabinet
! colspan="2"| Subbarayan's Cabinet
|-
|-
Line 104: Line 107:
|-
|-
| Education, Local Self-Government
| Education, Local Self-Government
| P. Subbarayan '''(Also Chief Minister)''' (1926–1930)
| P. Subbarayan (also First Minister) (1926–1930)
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |Public health, excise
| rowspan="2" |Public health, excise
Line 118: Line 121:
| colspan="2" align="left"|<small>''Source: Encyclopaedia of Political Parties''</small>
| colspan="2" align="left"|<small>''Source: Encyclopaedia of Political Parties''</small>
|}
|}
</center>


Because Subbarayan's regime was appointed and largely controlled by the Governor, it became the target of strong criticism both from the Justicites as well as the Swarajists.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp190" /> In March 1927, [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]] of the Justice Party passed a motion recommending salary cuts for Government ministers. However, they were defeated by a margin of 41 votes.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp190" /> A no-confidence motion was passed on 23 August 1927, but was defeated 56 to 67 with the support of the Governor and the members nominated by him.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp191">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 191</ref>
Because Subbarayan's regime was appointed and largely controlled by the Governor, it became the target of strong criticism both from the Justicites as well as the Swarajists.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp190" /> In March 1927, [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]] of the Justice Party passed a motion recommending salary cuts for Government ministers. However, they were defeated by a margin of 41 votes.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp190" /> A no-confidence motion was passed on 23 August 1927, but was defeated 56 to 67 with the support of the Governor and the members nominated by him.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp191">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 191</ref>


The Simon Commission was appointed by the British Parliament in 1927 to report on the working of the progress of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp191" /> The Swarajya Party moved a resolution to boycott the Commission and this was passed 61 to 50 with 12 remaining neutral.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 192</ref> Subbarayan opposed the resolution but his cabinet ministers Ranganatha Mudaliar and Arogyaswamy Mudaliar supported it.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Subbarayan resigned as Chief Minister, but at the same time, he also compelled his ministers to submit their resignations.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Fearing the possibility of the formation of a Swarajya Party-Justice Party coalition Government, the Governor stepped in to foster discord amongst the opposition. In order to obtain the support of the Raja of Panagal, he appointed Krishnan Nair, a leading member of the Justice Party as his Law Member.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Led by the Raja of Panagal, the Justice Party switched sides and lent its support to the Subbarayan government. Soon afterwards, the Justice Party passed a resolution welcoming the Simon Commission.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp193">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 193</ref> The Simon Commission visited Madras on 28 February 1928<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp193" /> and 18 February 1929<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp194">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 194</ref> and was boycotted by the Swarajya Party and the Indian National Congress. However, the Justicites and the Subbarayan Government accorded the Commission a warm reception.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp194" />
The Simon Commission was appointed by the British Parliament in 1927 to report on the working of the progress of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp191" /> The Swarajya Party moved a resolution to boycott the commission and this was passed 61 to 50 with 12 remaining neutral.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 192</ref> Subbarayan opposed the resolution but his cabinet ministers Ranganatha Mudaliar and Arogyaswamy Mudaliar supported it.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Subbarayan resigned as First Minister, but at the same time, he also compelled his ministers to submit their resignations.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Fearing the possibility of the formation of a Swarajya Party-Justice Party coalition Government, the Governor stepped in to foster discord amongst the opposition. In order to obtain the support of the Raja of Panagal, he appointed Krishnan Nair, a leading member of the Justice Party as his Law Member.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Led by the Raja of Panagal, the Justice Party switched sides and lent its support to the Subbarayan government. Soon afterwards, the Justice Party passed a resolution welcoming the Simon Commission.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp193">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 193</ref> The Simon Commission visited Madras on 28 February 1928<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp193" /> and 18 February 1929<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp194">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 194</ref> and was boycotted by the Swarajya Party and the Indian National Congress. However, the Justicites and the Subbarayan Government accorded the commission a warm reception.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp194" />


In the 1930 elections, due to the non-participation of the Indian National Congress and the Swarajya Party, the Justice Party won an overwhelming majority and was voted to power. Subbarayan was succeeded as Chief Minister by Munuswamy Naidu.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp196">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 196</ref>
In the 1930 elections, due to the non-participation of the Indian National Congress and the Swarajya Party, the Justice Party won an overwhelming majority and was voted to power. Subbarayan was succeeded as First Minister by Munuswamy Naidu.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp196">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 196</ref>


===Reforms===
==== Policies ====
The [[Raja of Panagal]] government had introduced the Communal Government Order (G. O. No. 613) in 1921 which introduced reservations in the Presidency.<ref name="Statesman">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Tamil Nadu swims against the tide |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=155652&usrsess=1 |work=The Statesman |accessdate=5 January 2009 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090135/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=155652&usrsess=1 |archivedate=29 September 2007 }}</ref> However, the provisions of this act were not implemented till 1927. The Subbarayan government, therefore, introduced the Communal G. O. Ms No. 1021 to implement the 1921 order.<ref name="Statesman" /><ref name="reservations_history">{{cite news | last= Murugan | first= N. | title= RESERVATION (Part-2) | date= 9 October 2006 | url= http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2006/10/09/RESERVATION-Part2/ | work= National | accessdate= 5 January 2009 | url-status=dead | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090108054013/http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2006/10/09/RESERVATION-Part2/ | archivedate= 8 January 2009 | df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="southindiancelebritiesp107">[[#South Indian Celebrities|South Indian Celebrities]], Pg 107</ref> The act was introduced by S. Muthiah Mudaliar, the Education Minister in Subbarayan's cabinet on 11 April 1927.<ref name="reservations_history" /> This act, it is believed, introduced provisions for reservations for [[Dalits]] and increased representation for Indian Christians and Muslims.<ref name="dalits">{{cite book|title=India's silent revolution: Rise of lower castes in North India|year=2003|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|page=175}}</ref> At the same time, it reduced the reservations for Brahmins from 22% to 16% and non-Brahmins from 48% to 42%.<ref name="dalits" /> This act was in effect till India's independence on 15 August 1947.
The [[Raja of Panagal]] government had introduced the Communal Government Order (G. O. No. 613) in 1921 which introduced reservations in the Presidency.<ref name="Statesman">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Tamil Nadu swims against the tide |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=155652&usrsess=1 |work=The Statesman |access-date=5 January 2009 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090135/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=155652&usrsess=1 |archivedate=29 September 2007 }}</ref> However, the provisions of this act were not implemented till 1927. The Subbarayan government, therefore, introduced the Communal G. O. Ms No. 1021 to implement the 1921 order.<ref name="Statesman" /><ref name="reservations_history">{{cite news | last= Murugan | first= N. | title= RESERVATION (Part-2) | date= 9 October 2006 | url= http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2006/10/09/RESERVATION-Part2/ | work= National | access-date= 5 January 2009 | url-status=dead | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090108054013/http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2006/10/09/RESERVATION-Part2/ | archivedate= 8 January 2009 | df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="southindiancelebritiesp107">[[#South Indian Celebrities|South Indian Celebrities]], Pg 107</ref> The act was introduced by S. Muthiah Mudaliar, the Education Minister in Subbarayan's cabinet on 11 April 1927.<ref name="reservations_history" /> This act, it is believed, introduced provisions for reservations for [[Dalits]] and increased representation for Indian Christians and Muslims.<ref name="dalits">{{cite book|title=India's silent revolution: Rise of lower castes in North India|year=2003|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|page=175}}</ref> At the same time, it reduced the reservations for Brahmins from 22% to 16% and non-Brahmins from 48% to 42%.<ref name="dalits" /> This act was in effect till India's independence on 15 August 1947.


Subbarayan introduced the Madras District Municipalities Act and Local Boards Act during his tenure.<ref name="southindiancelebritiesp107" /> The [[Annamalai University]], founded by Rajah [[Annamalai Chettiar|Sir Annamalai Chettiar]] was opened by Subbarayan in [[Chettinad]] in 1929.<ref name="annamalai_university">{{Cite web|url=http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/aboutus.htm|title=About University|accessdate=5 January 2009|publisher=Annamalai University|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125052844/http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/aboutus.htm|archivedate=25 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Annamalai University is the first residential university in Madras Presidency.<ref name="annamalai_university" />
Subbarayan introduced the Madras District Municipalities Act and Local Boards Act during his tenure.<ref name="southindiancelebritiesp107" /> The [[Annamalai University]], founded by Rajah [[Annamalai Chettiar|Sir Annamalai Chettiar]] was opened by Subbarayan in [[Chettinad]] in 1929.<ref name="annamalai_university">{{Cite web|url=http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/aboutus.htm|title=About University|access-date=5 January 2009|publisher=Annamalai University|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125052844/http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/aboutus.htm|archivedate=25 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Annamalai University is the first residential university in Madras Presidency.<ref name="annamalai_university" />


==From 1930 to 1937==
=== Member of Legislative Council (1930-1937) ===
Subbarayan was re-elected as an independent to the Madras Legislative Council in 1930. As a member of the legislature, Subbarayan was instrumental in introducing [[prohibition]] in [[Salem district]] in 1930. Prohibition was enforced in Salem till 1943 when it was scrapped by the British. In 1932, [[C. S. Ranga Iyer]] passed the Untouchability Abolition Bill in the [[Imperial Legislative Council]].<ref name="ambedkar1">{{cite book | title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission| last=Keer| first=Dhananjay| year=1971| pages=225| publisher=Popular Prakashan| isbn=978-81-7154-237-6}}</ref> On 1 November 1932, Subbarayan proposed the Temple Entry Bill which permitted low-caste Hindus and Dalits enter Hindu temples and made their prohibition illegal and punishable.<ref name="tamilnadu_sc">{{cite book | title=Scheduled Castes, History of Elevation, Tamil Nadu, 1900–1955: History of Elevation, Tamil Nadu, 1900–1955| last=Mohan| first=Pullam Ethiraj| year=1993| pages=132| publisher=New Era Publications}}</ref><ref name="madhyapradesh136">{{cite book | title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages| last=Bakshi| first=Sri Ram|author2=Om Prakash Ralhan| year=2008| pages=136| publisher=Sarup & Sons| isbn=978-81-7625-806-7}}</ref><ref name="southindiancelebritiesp108">[[#South Indian Celebrities|South Indian Celebrities]], Pg 108</ref> He also passed a copy of the resolution and the proceedings of the Council to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] who was in jail.<ref name="socialjustice">{{cite book | title=Social Justice in Tamilnadu | last=Thangavelu| first=G.|author2=K. Veeramani| year=1990| pages=8| publisher=Fest[s]chrift Committee for Prof. G. Thangavelu, School of Historical Studies, Madurai Kamarajar University}}</ref> The Viceroy, however, refused permission explaining that temple entry was an all-India problem and should not be dealt with in a provincial basis even while clearing Ranga Iyer's bill.<ref name="ambedkar2">{{cite book | title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission| last=Keer| first=Dhananjay| year=1971| pages=232| publisher=Popular Prakashan| isbn=978-81-7154-237-6}}</ref> The Temple Entry Bill was not passed until the Indian National Congress came to power in 1937.<ref name="tamilnadu_sc" /> Subbarayan had been a follower of Mahatma Gandhi from his early days<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /> and he officially joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1933<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /> He also served as the President of the Tamil Nadu [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]].<ref name="madhyapradesh136" />
Subbarayan was re-elected as an independent to the Madras Legislative Council in 1930. As a member of the legislature, Subbarayan was instrumental in introducing [[prohibition]] in [[Salem district]] in 1930. Prohibition was enforced in Salem till 1943 when it was scrapped by the British. In 1932, [[C. S. Ranga Iyer]] passed the Untouchability Abolition Bill in the [[Imperial Legislative Council]].<ref name="ambedkar1">{{cite book | title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission| last=Keer| first=Dhananjay| year=1971| pages=225| publisher=Popular Prakashan| isbn=978-81-7154-237-6}}</ref> On 1 November 1932, Subbarayan proposed the Temple Entry Bill which permitted low-caste Hindus and Dalits enter Hindu temples and made their prohibition illegal and punishable.<ref name="tamilnadu_sc">{{cite book | title=Scheduled Castes, History of Elevation, Tamil Nadu, 1900–1955: History of Elevation, Tamil Nadu, 1900–1955| last=Mohan| first=Pullam Ethiraj| year=1993| pages=132| publisher=New Era Publications}}</ref><ref name="madhyapradesh136">{{cite book | title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages| last=Bakshi| first=Sri Ram|author2=Om Prakash Ralhan| year=2008| pages=136| publisher=Sarup & Sons| isbn=978-81-7625-806-7}}</ref><ref name="southindiancelebritiesp108">[[#South Indian Celebrities|South Indian Celebrities]], Pg 108</ref> He also passed a copy of the resolution and the proceedings of the council to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] who was in jail.<ref name="socialjustice">{{cite book | title=Social Justice in Tamilnadu | last=Thangavelu| first=G.|author2=K. Veeramani| year=1990| pages=8| publisher=Fest[s]chrift Committee for Prof. G. Thangavelu, School of Historical Studies, Madurai Kamarajar University}}</ref> The Viceroy, however, refused permission explaining that temple entry was an all-India problem and should not be dealt with in a provincial basis even while clearing Ranga Iyer's bill.<ref name="ambedkar2">{{cite book | title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission| last=Keer| first=Dhananjay| year=1971| pages=232| publisher=Popular Prakashan| isbn=978-81-7154-237-6}}</ref> The Temple Entry Bill was not passed until the Indian National Congress came to power in 1937.<ref name="tamilnadu_sc" /> Subbarayan had been a follower of Mahatma Gandhi from his early days<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /> and he officially joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1933.<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /> He also served as the President of the Tamil Nadu [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]].<ref name="madhyapradesh136" />


==In the state cabinet and the Quit India Movement==
=== State cabinet and Independence activism (1937-47) ===
Subbarayan was an admirer of [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) right from his early days.<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /> Rajaji had been his personal lawyer in property cases. In 1937, when the Indian National Congress swept to power in the Madras Presidency and Rajaji took over as the Chief Minister of the Presidency, he appointed Subbarayan the Minister of Law and Education.<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /><ref name="kamaraj">{{cite book | title=K. Kamaraj| last=Parthasarathi| first=R.| year=1982| pages=22| publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India}}</ref><ref name="rajaji">{{cite book | title=Unfolding Rajaji | last=Kesavan| first=C. R.| year=2003| pages=33| publisher=East West Books| location=Madras}}</ref><ref name="bigchange">{{cite book | title=The big change| last=Ramanujam| first=K. S.| year=1967| pages=218| publisher=Higginbotham's}}</ref><ref name="vvgiri">{{cite book | title=V.V. Giri: The Labour Leader| last=Bakshi| first=Sri Ram| year=1992| pages=259| isbn=978-81-7041-493-3}}</ref> Subbarayan resigned along with other members of the Rajaji cabinet when [[Second World War|war]] was declared in 1939.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> Subbarayan also served as the President of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] from 1937–38 to 1945–46.<ref name="bccipresidents">{{Cite web|url=http://bcci.cricket.deepthi.com/bcci-presidents.html|title=Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)|accessdate=11 December 2008}}</ref>
Subbarayan was an admirer of [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) right from his early days.<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /> Rajaji had been his personal lawyer in property cases. In 1937, when the Indian National Congress swept to power in the Madras Presidency and Rajaji took over as the Prime Minister of the Presidency, he appointed Subbarayan the Minister of Law and Education.<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /><ref name="kamaraj">{{cite book | title=K. Kamaraj| last=Parthasarathi| first=R.| year=1982| pages=22| publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India}}</ref><ref name="rajaji">{{cite book | title=Unfolding Rajaji | last=Kesavan| first=C. R.| year=2003| pages=33| publisher=East West Books| location=Madras}}</ref><ref name="bigchange">{{cite book | title=The big change| last=Ramanujam| first=K. S.| year=1967| pages=218| publisher=Higginbotham's}}</ref><ref name="vvgiri">{{cite book | title=V.V. Giri: The Labour Leader| last=Bakshi| first=Sri Ram| year=1992| pages=259| isbn=978-81-7041-493-3}}</ref> Subbarayan resigned along with other members of the Rajaji cabinet when [[India in World War II|war]] was declared in 1939.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> Subbarayan also served as the President of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] from 1937–38 to 1945–46.<ref name="bccipresidents">{{Cite web|url=http://bcci.cricket.deepthi.com/bcci-presidents.html|title=Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)|access-date=11 December 2008}}</ref>


Subbarayan actively participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] and was arrested along with other Congress leaders as [[Sathyamurthy]] and [[M. Bakthavatsalam]].
Subbarayan actively participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] and was arrested along with other Congress leaders as [[Sathyamurthy]] and [[M. Bakthavatsalam]].


In 1947, he served as a Minister for Home and Police in the [[Ramaswamy Reddiar]] Cabinet in Madras<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> and was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="indiasconstitution">{{cite book | title=The Framing of India's Constitution| last=Rao| first=B. Shiva|author2=V. K. N. Menon |author3=Subhash C. Kashyap |author4=N. K. N. Iyengar | year=1966| pages=302| publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration| location=Bombay}}</ref> He served as a member of the Provincial Constitution Committee.<ref name="indianconstitution">{{cite book | title=The Framing of India's Constitution| last=Rao| first=B. Shiva|author2=V. K. N. Menon |author3=Subhash C. Kashyap |author4=N. K. N. Iyengar | year=1960| pages=453| publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration}}</ref>
In 1947, he served as a Minister for Home and Police in the [[Ramaswamy Reddiar]] Cabinet in Madras<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> and was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]].<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="indiasconstitution">{{cite book | title=The Framing of India's Constitution| last=Rao| first=B. Shiva|author2=V. K. N. Menon |author3=Subhash C. Kashyap |author4=N. K. N. Iyengar | year=1966| pages=302| publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration| location=Bombay}}</ref> He served as a member of the Provincial Constitution Committee.<ref name="indianconstitution">{{cite book | title=The Framing of India's Constitution| last=Rao| first=B. Shiva|author2=V. K. N. Menon |author3=Subhash C. Kashyap |author4=N. K. N. Iyengar | year=1960| pages=453| publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration}}</ref>


==India's Ambassador to Indonesia==
=== Foreign service (1949-1951) ===
From 1949 to 1951, Subbarayan served as independent India's first ambassador to Indonesia.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /><ref name="ambassadortoindonesia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.embassyofindiajakarta.org/content.php?sid=55|title=Previous Indian Ambassador's to Indonesia|accessdate=11 December 2008|publisher=Embassy of India, Jakarta}}</ref> He was instrumental in the signing of a mutual treaty of friendship with the Indonesian Foreign Minister Mohammed Roem on 3 March 1951.<ref name="mea_treaty">{{Cite web|url=http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1951/chap50.htm |title=TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA |accessdate=18 December 2008 |publisher=India's Ministry of External Affairs |year=1951 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410233536/http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1951/chap50.htm |archivedate=10 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name="india_indonesia_friendship">{{Cite web|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/4/37/00007824.pdf|title=India and Indonesia: Treaty of Friendship|accessdate=18 December 2008|publisher=United Nations|work=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> Subbarayan's tenure came to an end in 1951 and he was succeeded by Alagappan.<ref name="ambassadortoindonesia" />
From 1949 to 1951, Subbarayan served as independent India's first ambassador to Indonesia.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /><ref name="ambassadortoindonesia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.embassyofindiajakarta.org/content.php?sid=55|title=Previous Indian Ambassador's to Indonesia|access-date=11 December 2008|publisher=Embassy of India, Jakarta|archive-date=17 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817202440/http://www.embassyofindiajakarta.org/content.php?sid=55|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was instrumental in the signing of a mutual treaty of friendship with the Indonesian Foreign Minister [[Mohammad Roem]] on 3 March 1951.<ref name="mea_treaty">{{Cite web|url=http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1951/chap50.htm |title=TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA |access-date=18 December 2008 |publisher=India's Ministry of External Affairs |year=1951 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410233536/http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1951/chap50.htm |archivedate=10 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name="india_indonesia_friendship">{{Cite web|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/4/37/00007824.pdf|title=India and Indonesia: Treaty of Friendship|access-date=18 December 2008|publisher=United Nations|work=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> Subbarayan's tenure came to an end in 1951 and he was succeeded by Alagappan.<ref name="ambassadortoindonesia" />


On his return to India, Subbarayan was elected President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee (TNCC).<ref name="nalandayearbook">{{cite book | title=Nalanda Year-book & Who's who in India: An Indian and International Annual of Current Statistics, Events and Personalities| year=1951| pages=738}}</ref>
=== Later years (1952-1962) ===
On his return to India, Subbarayan was elected president of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee (TNCC).<ref name="nalandayearbook">{{cite book | title=Nalanda Year-book & Who's who in India: An Indian and International Annual of Current Statistics, Events and Personalities| year=1951| pages=738}}</ref> He also served as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1954 to 1957.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> He was a member of the first Official Language Commission constituted by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 7 June 1955, under the chairmanship of [[B. G. Kher]]. The commission delivered its report on 31 July 1956. It recommended a number of steps to eventually replace English with [[Hindi]] as the sole official language of India. Subbarayan and another member – [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] from [[West Bengal]] – did not agree with its findings and added dissenting notes to the report.<ref name="simpson">{{cite book | first=Andrew| last=Simpson | year=2007| title=Language and national identity in Asia |edition= | publisher=Oxford University Press| location= | isbn=978-0-19-926748-4| pages=71| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC}}</ref><ref name="kumar">{{cite book | first=Virendra| last=Kumar| year=1993| title= Committees and commissions in India |edition= | publisher=Concept Publishing Company| location= | isbn= 978-81-7596-312-2| pages=53–66| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXa6g_lJOWAC&pg=PA53}}</ref> Later when the Indian President [[Rajendra Prasad]] sought his opinion on making Hindi as the sole official language, Subbarayan advised against it.<ref name="rajendraprasad">{{cite book | title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents : Presidency Period| last=Prasad| first=Rajendra|author2=Valmiki Choudhary| year=1992| pages=125| publisher=Allied Publishers| isbn=978-81-7023-343-5}}</ref><ref name="ethnicidentities">{{cite book | title=Ethnic Identities and Federalism| last=Amarjit| first=S. Narang| year=1995| pages=154| publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study}}</ref>


==Member of Indian Parliament==
In 1957, Subbarayan was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Tiruchengode]] and served as a member till 1962.<ref name="1957electionresults">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Statistical Reports of the general elections 1957 to the First LokSabha|access-date=4 January 2009|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="543faces">{{cite book | title=543 Faces of India: Guide to 543 Parliamentary Constituencies| last=Singh| first=H. D.| year=1996| pages=248| publisher=Newmen Publishers}}</ref> He served as the Minister of Transport and Communications in the Government of India union cabinet from 1959<ref name="subbarayan_unionminister1">{{cite book|title=Eminent Indians who was Who, 1900–1980, Also Annual Diary of Events|pages=329|publisher=Durga Das Pvt. Ltd|year=1985}}</ref> to 1962.<ref name="subbarayan_unionminister2">{{cite book|title=The Europa Year Book|publisher=Europa Publications Limited|year=1961|pages=573}}</ref><ref name="subbarayan_unionminister3">{{cite book|title=The Commonwealth Relations Office List|pages=175|last=Great Britain Office of Commonwealth Relations|publisher=H. M. Stationer Office|year=1960}}</ref><ref name="cp">{{cite book | title=C.P.| year=1959| pages=33}}</ref> He was elected again in 1962<ref name="1962electionresults">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Statistical Reports of the general elections 1962 to the First LokSabha|access-date=4 January 2009|publisher=Election Commission of India|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529120458/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archivedate=29 May 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but was instead made [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]].<ref name="543faces" />
Subbarayan also served as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1954 to 1957.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> In 1957, Subbarayan was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Tiruchengode]] and served as a member till 1962.<ref name="1957electionresults">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Statistical Reports of the general elections 1957 to the First LokSabha|accessdate=4 January 2009|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="543faces">{{cite book | title=543 Faces of India: Guide to 543 Parliamentary Constituencies| last=Singh| first=H. D.| year=1996| pages=248| publisher=Newmen Publishers}}</ref> He was elected again in 1962<ref name="1962electionresults">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Statistical Reports of the general elections 1962 to the First LokSabha|accessdate=4 January 2009|publisher=Election Commission of India|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529120458/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archivedate=29 May 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but was instead made Governor of Maharashtra.<ref name="543faces" />


Subbarayan was a member of the First Official Language Commission constituted by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 7 June 1955, under the chairmanship of [[B. G. Kher]]. The commission delivered its report on 31 July 1956. It recommended a number of steps to eventually replace English with [[Hindi]] as the sole official language of India. Subbarayan and another member – [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] from [[West Bengal]] – did not agree with its findings and added dissenting notes to the report.<ref name="simpson">{{cite book | first=Andrew| last=Simpson | year=2007| title=Language and national identity in Asia |edition= | publisher=Oxford University Press| location= | isbn=978-0-19-926748-4| pages=71| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC}}</ref><ref name="kumar">{{cite book | first=Virendra| last=Kumar| year=1993| title= Committees and commissions in India |edition= | publisher=Concept Publishing Company| location= | isbn= 978-81-7596-312-2| pages=53–66| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXa6g_lJOWAC&pg=PA53}}</ref> Later when the Indian President [[Rajendra Prasad]] sought his opinion on making Hindi as the sole official language, Subbarayan advised against it.<ref name="rajendraprasad">{{cite book | title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents : Presidency Period| last=Prasad| first=Rajendra|author2=Valmiki Choudhary| year=1992| pages=125| publisher=Allied Publishers| isbn=978-81-7023-343-5}}</ref><ref name="ethnicidentities">{{cite book | title=Ethnic Identities and Federalism| last=Amarjit| first=S. Narang| year=1995| pages=154| publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study}}</ref>
== Other interests ==
Subbarayan took a keen interest in sports during his lifetime. He wrote numerous articles on [[cricket]]<ref name="indianreview">{{cite book | title=The Indian Review| last=Natesan| first=G. A. | year=1939| author-link=G. A. Natesan | pages=276| publisher=G.A. Natesan & Co}}</ref> and was the Founder-president of the Indian Cricket Federation, the first association in the Madras Presidency to represent Indian cricketing interests. He also served as the president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) during the Second World War.<ref name="bccipresidents" /> With Sir John Beaumont and [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]], he formed the commission that investigated the return of [[Lala Amarnath]] from the India's [[Indian cricket team in England in 1936|tour of England in 1936]]. He also served as the president of the Madras Olympic Association and the Madras Hockey Association.<ref name="madhyapradesh137">{{cite book | title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages| last=Bakshi| first=Sri Ram|author2=Om Prakash Ralhan| year=2008| pages=137| publisher=Sarup & Sons| isbn=978-81-7625-806-7}}</ref>


==In the Union cabinet==
== Death ==
Subbarayan served as the Minister of Transport and Communications in the Government of India union cabinet from 1959<ref name="subbarayan_unionminister1">{{cite book|title=Eminent Indians who was Who, 1900–1980, Also Annual Diary of Events|pages=329|publisher=Durga Das Pvt. Ltd|year=1985}}</ref> to 1962.<ref name="subbarayan_unionminister2">{{cite book|title=The Europa Year Book|publisher=Europa Publications Limited|year=1961|pages=573}}</ref><ref name="subbarayan_unionminister3">{{cite book|title=The Commonwealth Relations Office List|pages=175|last=Great Britain Office of Commonwealth Relations|publisher=H. M. Stationer Office|year=1960}}</ref><ref name="cp">{{cite book | title=C.P.| year=1959| pages=33}}</ref>
Subbarayan died at the age of 73 on 6 October 1962.<ref name="socialscience">{{cite book | title=The Social Service Quarterly| year=1961| pages=32| publisher=Social Service League| location=Bombay}}</ref>
 
==Other interests==
Subbarayan took a keen interest in sports during his lifetime. He wrote numerous articles on [[cricket]]<ref name="indianreview">{{cite book | title=The Indian Review| last=Natesan| first=G. A. | year=1939| author-link=G. A. Natesan | pages=276| publisher=G.A. Natesan & Co}}</ref> and was the Founder-President of the Indian Cricket Federation, the first association in the Madras Presidency to represent Indian cricketing interests. He also served as the President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India during the Second World War.<ref name="bccipresidents" /> With Sir John Beaumont and [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]], he formed the commission that investigated the return of [[Lala Amarnath]] from the India's [[Indian cricket team in England in 1936|tour of England in 1936]]. He also served as the President of the Madras Olympic Association and the Madras Hockey Association.<ref name="madhyapradesh137">{{cite book | title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages| last=Bakshi| first=Sri Ram|author2=Om Prakash Ralhan| year=2008| pages=137| publisher=Sarup & Sons| isbn=978-81-7625-806-7}}</ref>


==Death==
== Family and legacy ==
Subbarayan died at the age of 73 on 6 October 1962.<ref name="socialscience">{{cite book | title=The Social Service Quarterly| year=1961| pages=32| publisher=Social Service League| location=Bombay}}</ref>
[[File:P Subbarayan 1989 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Subbarayan on a 1989 stamp of India]]


==Family and legacy==
Subbarayan married Kailash Radhabai Kulmud,<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> a [[Mangalorean]] [[Brahmo]] of Brahmin parentage,<ref name="southindiancelebritiesp101" /><ref name="salemencyclopedia">{{cite book | title=Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu| last=Rajannan| first=Busnagi| year=1992| pages=140| publisher=Institute of Kongu Studies}}</ref> who was his colleague in [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], by Brahmo rites despite opposition from family members. [[Radhabai Subbarayan]] was an active campaigner for women's rights and served as a member of the Indian parliament.
Subbarayan married Kailash Radhabai Kulmud,<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> a [[Mangalorean]] [[Brahmo]] of Brahmin parentage,<ref name="southindiancelebritiesp101" /><ref name="salemencyclopedia">{{cite book | title=Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu| last=Rajannan| first=Busnagi| year=1992| pages=140| publisher=Institute of Kongu Studies}}</ref> who was his colleague in [[Presidency College, Madras]], by Brahmo rites despite opposition from family members. [[Radhabai Subbarayan]] was an active campaigner for women's rights and served as a member of the Indian parliament.


Subbarayan's eldest son [[Mohan Kumaramangalam]] was a minister in Indira Gandhi's cabinet.<ref name="kumaramangalam" /> His second son, General [[P. P. Kumaramangalam]] was a [[Second World War]] veteran and served as India's Chief of Army staff. A third son Gopal Kumaramangalam headed important public sector undertakings. Mohan's son and Subbarayan's grandson [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] was a minister in Indian National Congress and NDA governments.<ref name="kumaramangalam" /> Subbarayan's daughter [[Parvathi Krishnan]] was a politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India]]. She was a Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1954 to 1957 and represented [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] three times.<ref name="parvathi_rajyasabha">{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.gov.in/whoswho/previous_member/biograp_sketc_1e.htm |title=Biographical sketch of Rajya Sabha members |accessdate=4 January 2009 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708223434/http://rajyasabha.gov.in/whoswho/previous_member/biograp_sketc_1e.htm |archivedate=8 July 2015 }}</ref>
Subbarayan's eldest son [[Mohan Kumaramangalam]] was a minister in Indira Gandhi's cabinet.<ref name="kumaramangalam" /> His second son, General [[P. P. Kumaramangalam]] was a [[Second World War]] veteran and served as India's Chief of Army staff. A third son Gopal Kumaramangalam headed important public sector undertakings. Mohan's son and Subbarayan's grandson [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] was a minister in Indian National Congress and NDA governments.<ref name="kumaramangalam" /> Subbarayan's daughter [[Parvathi Krishnan]] was a politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India]]. She was a Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1954 to 1957 and represented [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] three times.<ref name="parvathi_rajyasabha">{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.gov.in/whoswho/previous_member/biograp_sketc_1e.htm |title=Biographical sketch of Rajya Sabha members |access-date=4 January 2009 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708223434/http://rajyasabha.gov.in/whoswho/previous_member/biograp_sketc_1e.htm |archivedate=8 July 2015 }}</ref>


A portrait of Subbarayan was unveiled in the central hall of the Indian Parliament on 16 October 1989.<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /><ref name="parliamentaryinfo">{{cite book | title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information| year=1989| pages=481| publisher= India Parliament. Lok Sabha}}</ref>
A portrait of Subbarayan was unveiled in the central hall of the Indian Parliament on 16 October 1989.<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /><ref name="parliamentaryinfo">{{cite book | title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information| year=1989| pages=481| publisher=India Parliament. Lok Sabha}}</ref>


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[List of political families|Political Families of The World]]
* [[List of political families|Political families of the world]]


==Notes==
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==References==
== References ==
* {{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5|ref=Encyclopedia of Political Parties}}
* {{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5|ref=Encyclopedia of Political Parties}}
* {{cite book | title=South Indian Celebrities Vol 1| last=Balasubramaniam| first=K. M.| year=1934| pages=90–109| publisher=Solden & Co.| location=Madras|ref=South Indian Celebrities}}
* {{cite book | title=South Indian Celebrities Vol 1| last=Balasubramaniam| first=K. M.| year=1934| pages=90–109| publisher=Solden & Co.| location=Madras|ref=South Indian Celebrities}}


==External links==
== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*{{commons category-inline}}
{{s-start}}
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{{succession box | before= | title=Member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]] | after= | years=1922 – 1939<br /> 1947 – 1948}}
{{succession box | before= | title=Member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]] | after= | years=1922 – 1939<br /> 1947–1948}}
{{succession box | before= [[Raja of Panagal]] | title=[[List of chief ministers of Madras Presidency#Madras Presidency|Chief Minister of Madras Presidency]] | after= [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]] | years=4 December 1926 – 27 October 1930}}
{{succession box | before= [[Raja of Panagal]] | title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency#Madras Presidency|First Minister of Madras Presidency]] | after= [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]] | years=4 December 1926 – 27 October 1930}}
{{succession box | before= | title=Minister of Law and Education (Madras Presidency)| after= Governor's rule | years=1937–1939}}
{{succession box | before= | title=Minister of Law and Education (Madras Presidency)| after= Governor's rule | years=1937–1939}}
{{succession box | before=Jamsahib Digvijaysinh of Nawanagar | title=President of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] | after= [[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony De Mello]] | years=1937/38 – 1945/46}}
{{succession box | before=Jamsahib Digvijaysinh of Nawanagar | title=President of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] | after= [[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony De Mello]] | years=1937/38 – 1945/46}}
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[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
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Latest revision as of 17:39, 14 March 2026


Paramasivan Subbarayan
Governor of Maharashtra
In office
17 April 1962 – 6 October 1962
Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru
Preceded bySri Prakasa
Succeeded byVijayalakshmi Pandit
Union Minister for Transport and Communication
In office
1959–1962
PresidentRajendra Prasad
Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru
Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Tiruchengode
In office
1957–1962
PresidentRajendra Prasad
Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru
Preceded byS. Kandaswamy Baby
Succeeded byK. Anbazhagan
India's Ambassador to Indonesia
In office
1949–1951
MonarchGeorge VI of the United Kingdom (till 26 January 1950)
PresidentRajendra Prasad (from 26 January 1950)
Governor-GeneralChakravarti Rajagopalachari (till 26 January 1950)
Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru
Preceded byNone
Succeeded byAlagappan
Minister of Police and Home (Madras Presidency)
In office
23 March 1947 – 1948
PremierO. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar
GovernorArchibald Edward Nye
Minister of Law and Education (Madras Presidency)
In office
14 July 1937 – 29 October 1939
PremierChakravarti Rajagopalachari
GovernorJohn Erskine, Lord Erskine
3rd First Minister of Madras Presidency
In office
4 December 1926 – 27 October 1930
GovernorGeorge Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen,
Sir Norman Marjoribanks (acting)
Preceded byRaja of Panagal
Succeeded byP. Munuswamy Naidu
Minister of Local Self-Government (Madras Presidency)
In office
4 December 1926 – 27 October 1930
PremierP. Subbarayan
GovernorGeorge Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen,
Sir Norman Majoribanks (acting)
Preceded byRaja of Panagal
Succeeded byP. Munuswamy Naidu
5th President of BCCI
In office
1938–1946
Preceded bySir K. S. Digvijaysinhji
Succeeded byAnthony de Mello
Personal details
Born(1889-09-11)11 September 1889
Salem district, British Raj
Died6 October 1962(1962-10-06) (aged 73)
Madras
NationalityIndian
Political partyIndian National Congress
Spouse(s)Radhabai Subbarayan
ChildrenGeneral P. P. Kumaramangalam,
Gopal Kumaramangalam,
Mohan Kumaramangalam,
Parvathi Krishnan
Alma mater
Occupationpolitician
Professionlawyer
Signature
In this Indian name, the name Paramasivan is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Subbarayan.

Paramasivan Subbarayan (11 September 1889 – 6 October 1962) was an Indian politician, freedom fighter and diplomat and was the First Minister of Madras Presidency, India's ambassador to Indonesia and Union Minister of Transport and Communications in Jawaharlal Nehru's government. He was the father of General P. P. Kumaramangalam, who served as India's Chief of Army staff, and of politician Mohan Kumaramangalam. He was also the grandfather of INC and BJP politician and Union Minister Rangarajan Kumaramangalam.

Subbarayan was born at the British Raj era on 11 September 1889 in the family estate at Kumaramangalam, Salem district and had his education at Presidency College, Trinity College Dublin, the University of London and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1922, he was nominated to the Madras Legislative Council. He served as the First Minister of Madras Presidency from 4 December 1926 to 27 October 1930.

In 1933, Subbarayan joined the Indian National Congress and served as the Minister of Law and Education in Rajaji's cabinet and the Minister of Police and Home in Ramaswamy Reddiar's cabinet. Subbarayan participated and was imprisoned in the Quit India Movement. He served as independent India's ambassador to Indonesia and as Union Minister from 1959 to 1962. Subbarayan died on 6 October 1962 at the age of 73. He was the Governor of Maharashtra until his death.

Early life and education[edit | edit source]

Subbarayan was born under British Raj colonial rule to Paramasiva Gounder[1] in the family estate of Kumaramangalam near Tiruchengode, Namakkal district on 11 September 1889.[2][3] He belonged to the family of Zamindars.[4][5] He graduated from the Presidency College[2][4] and obtained his M.A.[6] and LLD[7] from the Christ Church, Oxford[6][8] and Trinity College Dublin respectively.[6] He started practising as an advocate of the Madras High Court in 1918.[5]

Political career[edit | edit source]

In 1922, Subbarayan was nominated to the Madras Legislative Council as an independent candidate representing the landowners of the South-Central division of the Madras Presidency[5] and served as a Council Secretary.[9][10] He took the side of C. R. Reddy and the Swarajists and voted against the Raja of Pangal during the no-confidence motion of 1923.[10]

First Minister of Madras Presidency (1926-1930)[edit | edit source]

In the Assembly elections which took place on 8 November 1926, no party was able to get a clean majority.[11] The Swaraj Party won 41 of the 98 seats and emerged as the single largest party while the Justice Party won 21.[11] It was a setback for the Justice Party and its incumbent First Minister, the Raja of Panagal. However, none of the parties could form the Government as they did not have a clean majority.

The Governor invited the Swarajya Party to take the lead in forming a coalition government but the latter refused.[11] The Justice Party did not have enough seats. Hence, the Governor chose Subbarayan, who was not affiliated to either of these parties, to form the Government and nominated 34 new members to the Madras Legislative Council to support him.[3][12] An independent ministry was formed with A. Ranganatha Mudaliar and R. N. Arogyaswamy Mudaliar as the second and third ministers. The Justice Party took the place of an opposition.[13]

Subbarayan's Cabinet
Portfolio Minister
Education, Local Self-Government P. Subbarayan (also First Minister) (1926–1930)
Public health, excise A. Ranganatha Mudaliar (1926–1928)
S. Muthiah Mudaliar (1928–1930)
Development R. N. Arogyasamy Mudaliar (1926–1928)
M. R. Sethuratnam Iyer (1928–1930)
Source: Encyclopaedia of Political Parties

Because Subbarayan's regime was appointed and largely controlled by the Governor, it became the target of strong criticism both from the Justicites as well as the Swarajists.[13] In March 1927, P. Munuswamy Naidu of the Justice Party passed a motion recommending salary cuts for Government ministers. However, they were defeated by a margin of 41 votes.[13] A no-confidence motion was passed on 23 August 1927, but was defeated 56 to 67 with the support of the Governor and the members nominated by him.[14]

The Simon Commission was appointed by the British Parliament in 1927 to report on the working of the progress of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.[14] The Swarajya Party moved a resolution to boycott the commission and this was passed 61 to 50 with 12 remaining neutral.[15] Subbarayan opposed the resolution but his cabinet ministers Ranganatha Mudaliar and Arogyaswamy Mudaliar supported it.[15] Subbarayan resigned as First Minister, but at the same time, he also compelled his ministers to submit their resignations.[15] Fearing the possibility of the formation of a Swarajya Party-Justice Party coalition Government, the Governor stepped in to foster discord amongst the opposition. In order to obtain the support of the Raja of Panagal, he appointed Krishnan Nair, a leading member of the Justice Party as his Law Member.[15] Led by the Raja of Panagal, the Justice Party switched sides and lent its support to the Subbarayan government. Soon afterwards, the Justice Party passed a resolution welcoming the Simon Commission.[16] The Simon Commission visited Madras on 28 February 1928[16] and 18 February 1929[17] and was boycotted by the Swarajya Party and the Indian National Congress. However, the Justicites and the Subbarayan Government accorded the commission a warm reception.[17]

In the 1930 elections, due to the non-participation of the Indian National Congress and the Swarajya Party, the Justice Party won an overwhelming majority and was voted to power. Subbarayan was succeeded as First Minister by Munuswamy Naidu.[18]

Policies[edit | edit source]

The Raja of Panagal government had introduced the Communal Government Order (G. O. No. 613) in 1921 which introduced reservations in the Presidency.[19] However, the provisions of this act were not implemented till 1927. The Subbarayan government, therefore, introduced the Communal G. O. Ms No. 1021 to implement the 1921 order.[19][20][21] The act was introduced by S. Muthiah Mudaliar, the Education Minister in Subbarayan's cabinet on 11 April 1927.[20] This act, it is believed, introduced provisions for reservations for Dalits and increased representation for Indian Christians and Muslims.[22] At the same time, it reduced the reservations for Brahmins from 22% to 16% and non-Brahmins from 48% to 42%.[22] This act was in effect till India's independence on 15 August 1947.

Subbarayan introduced the Madras District Municipalities Act and Local Boards Act during his tenure.[21] The Annamalai University, founded by Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar was opened by Subbarayan in Chettinad in 1929.[23] The Annamalai University is the first residential university in Madras Presidency.[23]

Member of Legislative Council (1930-1937)[edit | edit source]

Subbarayan was re-elected as an independent to the Madras Legislative Council in 1930. As a member of the legislature, Subbarayan was instrumental in introducing prohibition in Salem district in 1930. Prohibition was enforced in Salem till 1943 when it was scrapped by the British. In 1932, C. S. Ranga Iyer passed the Untouchability Abolition Bill in the Imperial Legislative Council.[24] On 1 November 1932, Subbarayan proposed the Temple Entry Bill which permitted low-caste Hindus and Dalits enter Hindu temples and made their prohibition illegal and punishable.[25][26][27] He also passed a copy of the resolution and the proceedings of the council to Mahatma Gandhi who was in jail.[28] The Viceroy, however, refused permission explaining that temple entry was an all-India problem and should not be dealt with in a provincial basis even while clearing Ranga Iyer's bill.[29] The Temple Entry Bill was not passed until the Indian National Congress came to power in 1937.[25] Subbarayan had been a follower of Mahatma Gandhi from his early days[26] and he officially joined the Indian National Congress in 1933.[26] He also served as the President of the Tamil Nadu Harijan Sevak Sangh.[26]

State cabinet and Independence activism (1937-47)[edit | edit source]

Subbarayan was an admirer of Indian National Congress leader Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) right from his early days.[26] Rajaji had been his personal lawyer in property cases. In 1937, when the Indian National Congress swept to power in the Madras Presidency and Rajaji took over as the Prime Minister of the Presidency, he appointed Subbarayan the Minister of Law and Education.[2][3][30][31][32][33] Subbarayan resigned along with other members of the Rajaji cabinet when war was declared in 1939.[3] Subbarayan also served as the President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India from 1937–38 to 1945–46.[34]

Subbarayan actively participated in the Quit India Movement and was arrested along with other Congress leaders as Sathyamurthy and M. Bakthavatsalam.

In 1947, he served as a Minister for Home and Police in the Ramaswamy Reddiar Cabinet in Madras[2][3] and was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India.[2][35] He served as a member of the Provincial Constitution Committee.[36]

Foreign service (1949-1951)[edit | edit source]

From 1949 to 1951, Subbarayan served as independent India's first ambassador to Indonesia.[3][37] He was instrumental in the signing of a mutual treaty of friendship with the Indonesian Foreign Minister Mohammad Roem on 3 March 1951.[38][39] Subbarayan's tenure came to an end in 1951 and he was succeeded by Alagappan.[37]

Later years (1952-1962)[edit | edit source]

On his return to India, Subbarayan was elected president of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee (TNCC).[40] He also served as a member of Rajya Sabha from 1954 to 1957.[3] He was a member of the first Official Language Commission constituted by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 7 June 1955, under the chairmanship of B. G. Kher. The commission delivered its report on 31 July 1956. It recommended a number of steps to eventually replace English with Hindi as the sole official language of India. Subbarayan and another member – Suniti Kumar Chatterji from West Bengal – did not agree with its findings and added dissenting notes to the report.[41][42] Later when the Indian President Rajendra Prasad sought his opinion on making Hindi as the sole official language, Subbarayan advised against it.[43][44]

In 1957, Subbarayan was elected to the Lok Sabha from Tiruchengode and served as a member till 1962.[45][46] He served as the Minister of Transport and Communications in the Government of India union cabinet from 1959[47] to 1962.[48][49][50] He was elected again in 1962[51] but was instead made Governor of Maharashtra.[46]

Other interests[edit | edit source]

Subbarayan took a keen interest in sports during his lifetime. He wrote numerous articles on cricket[52] and was the Founder-president of the Indian Cricket Federation, the first association in the Madras Presidency to represent Indian cricketing interests. He also served as the president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) during the Second World War.[34] With Sir John Beaumont and Sikandar Hayat Khan, he formed the commission that investigated the return of Lala Amarnath from the India's tour of England in 1936. He also served as the president of the Madras Olympic Association and the Madras Hockey Association.[53]

Death[edit | edit source]

Subbarayan died at the age of 73 on 6 October 1962.[54]

Family and legacy[edit | edit source]

Subbarayan on a 1989 stamp of India

Subbarayan married Kailash Radhabai Kulmud,[3] a Mangalorean Brahmo of Brahmin parentage,[10][55] who was his colleague in Presidency College, by Brahmo rites despite opposition from family members. Radhabai Subbarayan was an active campaigner for women's rights and served as a member of the Indian parliament.

Subbarayan's eldest son Mohan Kumaramangalam was a minister in Indira Gandhi's cabinet.[12] His second son, General P. P. Kumaramangalam was a Second World War veteran and served as India's Chief of Army staff. A third son Gopal Kumaramangalam headed important public sector undertakings. Mohan's son and Subbarayan's grandson Rangarajan Kumaramangalam was a minister in Indian National Congress and NDA governments.[12] Subbarayan's daughter Parvathi Krishnan was a politician belonging to the Communist Party of India. She was a Member of the Rajya Sabha from 1954 to 1957 and represented Coimbatore in the Lok Sabha three times.[56]

A portrait of Subbarayan was unveiled in the central hall of the Indian Parliament on 16 October 1989.[26][57]

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Kohli, A. B. (1988). Directory of Union Ministers, 1947–1987. Reliance Pub. House. p. 122.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Dictionary of Indian Biography. Indian Bibliographic Centre. 200. p. 438. ISBN 978-81-85131-15-3.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "Rajya Sabha Who's Who". Rajya Sabha. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 The Times of India Directory and Year Book, Including Who's who. Bennett, Coleman & Co. 1965. p. 775.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 The Congress in Tamilnad: Nationalist Politics in South India, 1919–1937. Manohar. 1977. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-908070-00-8.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 The Social Service Quarterly. Bombay: Social Service League. 1961. p. 32.
  7. ↑ Chatterjee, Ramananda (1941). The Modern Review. Prabasi Press Private, Ltd. p. 280.
  8. ↑ Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava (1954). Sardar K.M. Panikkar: Shashtyabdapoorthy Souvenir. Mathrubhumi Press. p. 92.
  9. ↑ The India Office and Burma Office List. Harrison and Sons, Ltd. 1922. p. 78.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 South Indian Celebrities, Pg 101
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Encyclopedia of Political Parties, Pg 189
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Kumaramangalam family's role in development remembered". The Hindu. 17 October 2004. Archived from the original on 19 January 2005.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Encyclopedia of Political Parties, Pg 190
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Encyclopedia of Political Parties, Pg 191
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Encyclopedia of Political Parties, Pg 192
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Encyclopedia of Political Parties, Pg 193
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Encyclopedia of Political Parties, Pg 194
  18. ↑ Encyclopedia of Political Parties, Pg 196
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Tamil Nadu swims against the tide". The Statesman. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Murugan, N. (9 October 2006). "RESERVATION (Part-2)". National. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 South Indian Celebrities, Pg 107
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: Rise of lower castes in North India. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-85065-670-8.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "About University". Annamalai University. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  24. ↑ Keer, Dhananjay (1971). Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission. Popular Prakashan. p. 225. ISBN 978-81-7154-237-6.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Mohan, Pullam Ethiraj (1993). Scheduled Castes, History of Elevation, Tamil Nadu, 1900–1955: History of Elevation, Tamil Nadu, 1900–1955. New Era Publications. p. 132.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 Bakshi, Sri Ram; Om Prakash Ralhan (2008). Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. p. 136. ISBN 978-81-7625-806-7.
  27. ↑ South Indian Celebrities, Pg 108
  28. ↑ Thangavelu, G.; K. Veeramani (1990). Social Justice in Tamilnadu. Fest[s]chrift Committee for Prof. G. Thangavelu, School of Historical Studies, Madurai Kamarajar University. p. 8.
  29. ↑ Keer, Dhananjay (1971). Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission. Popular Prakashan. p. 232. ISBN 978-81-7154-237-6.
  30. ↑ Parthasarathi, R. (1982). K. Kamaraj. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. p. 22.
  31. ↑ Kesavan, C. R. (2003). Unfolding Rajaji. Madras: East West Books. p. 33.
  32. ↑ Ramanujam, K. S. (1967). The big change. Higginbotham's. p. 218.
  33. ↑ Bakshi, Sri Ram (1992). V.V. Giri: The Labour Leader. p. 259. ISBN 978-81-7041-493-3.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)". Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  35. ↑ Rao, B. Shiva; V. K. N. Menon; Subhash C. Kashyap; N. K. N. Iyengar (1966). The Framing of India's Constitution. Bombay: Indian Institute of Public Administration. p. 302.
  36. ↑ Rao, B. Shiva; V. K. N. Menon; Subhash C. Kashyap; N. K. N. Iyengar (1960). The Framing of India's Constitution. Indian Institute of Public Administration. p. 453.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Previous Indian Ambassador's to Indonesia". Embassy of India, Jakarta. Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  38. ↑ "TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA". India's Ministry of External Affairs. 1951. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
  39. ↑ "India and Indonesia: Treaty of Friendship" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
  40. ↑ Nalanda Year-book & Who's who in India: An Indian and International Annual of Current Statistics, Events and Personalities. 1951. p. 738.
  41. ↑ Simpson, Andrew (2007). Language and national identity in Asia. Oxford University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-19-926748-4.
  42. ↑ Kumar, Virendra (1993). Committees and commissions in India. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 53–66. ISBN 978-81-7596-312-2.
  43. ↑ Prasad, Rajendra; Valmiki Choudhary (1992). Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents : Presidency Period. Allied Publishers. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-7023-343-5.
  44. ↑ Amarjit, S. Narang (1995). Ethnic Identities and Federalism. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 154.
  45. ↑ "Statistical Reports of the general elections 1957 to the First LokSabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Singh, H. D. (1996). 543 Faces of India: Guide to 543 Parliamentary Constituencies. Newmen Publishers. p. 248.
  47. ↑ Eminent Indians who was Who, 1900–1980, Also Annual Diary of Events. Durga Das Pvt. Ltd. 1985. p. 329.
  48. ↑ The Europa Year Book. Europa Publications Limited. 1961. p. 573.
  49. ↑ Great Britain Office of Commonwealth Relations (1960). The Commonwealth Relations Office List. H. M. Stationer Office. p. 175.
  50. ↑ C.P. 1959. p. 33.
  51. ↑ "Statistical Reports of the general elections 1962 to the First LokSabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  52. ↑ Natesan, G. A. (1939). The Indian Review. G.A. Natesan & Co. p. 276.
  53. ↑ Bakshi, Sri Ram; Om Prakash Ralhan (2008). Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. p. 137. ISBN 978-81-7625-806-7.
  54. ↑ The Social Service Quarterly. Bombay: Social Service League. 1961. p. 32.
  55. ↑ Rajannan, Busnagi (1992). Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu. Institute of Kongu Studies. p. 140.
  56. ↑ "Biographical sketch of Rajya Sabha members". Rajya Sabha. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  57. ↑ The Journal of Parliamentary Information. India Parliament. Lok Sabha. 1989. p. 481.

References[edit | edit source]

  • Ralhan, O. P. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-7488-865-5.
  • Balasubramaniam, K. M. (1934). South Indian Celebrities Vol 1. Madras: Solden & Co. pp. 90–109.

External links[edit | edit source]

Preceded by
 Member of the Madras Legislative Council
1922 – 1939
1947–1948 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Raja of Panagal 		First Minister of Madras Presidency
4 December 1926 – 27 October 1930 		Succeeded by
P. Munuswamy Naidu
Preceded by
 Minister of Law and Education (Madras Presidency)
1937–1939 		Succeeded by
Governor's rule
Preceded by
Jamsahib Digvijaysinh of Nawanagar 		President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India
1937/38 – 1945/46 		Succeeded by
Anthony De Mello
Preceded by
T. Prakasam 		Minister of Home and Police (Madras Presidency)
24 March 1947 – 5 April 1948 		Succeeded by
Omandur Ramaswamy Reddiar
Preceded by
None 		India's Ambassador to Indonesia
1949–1951 		Succeeded by
Alagappan
Preceded by
 Member of Indian Parliament (Rajya Sabha)
1954–1957 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
S. K. Baby 		Member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Tiruchengode
1957–1962 		Succeeded by
K. Anbazhagan
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