Eastern Ghats

Eastern Ghats
Eastern Ghats at the Sri Venkateswara National Park near Talakona in Andhra Pradesh
Highest point
Peak	Arma Konda, Andhra Pradesh
Elevation	1,680 m (5,510 ft) <ref>"SOI Sheet Number 65J/12". Survery of India. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</ref><ref name="Arma">"Arma Konda, India". Peak Bagger. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref>
Coordinates	18°13′41″N 82°43′23″E
Dimensions
Length	1,750 km (1,090 mi) N–S
Width	100–200 km (62–124 mi) E–W
Area	75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi)
Geography
Country	India
Regions	Eastern and Southern India
States	Odisha Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnataka Telangana <!-- *** Orthography *** -->
Biome	Tropical forests and Wetlands <!-- *** Geography *** -->
Geology
Type of rock	Charnockite Granite Khondalite Metamorphic Quartzite

The Eastern Ghats is a mountain range that stretches 1,750 km (1,090 mi) along the eastern coast of the Indian peninsula. Covering an area of 75,000 km² (29,000 sq mi), it traverses the states of Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. The range forms a discontinuous chain of mountains along the eastern edge of the Deccan Plateau, stretching from north of the Mahanadi River in Odisha to Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu at the southern end of the peninsula. The Eastern Ghats meet the Western Ghats at the Nilgiris. The average elevation is around 600 m (2,000 ft) and Arma Konda is the highest peak in the mountains at 1,680 m (5,510 ft).

Geological evidence indicates that the mountains were formed during the archeozoic era and became part of the Indian subcontinent post the break-up of the supercontinent of Rodinia and the formation of Gondwana. The mountains were formed through further metamorphism during the mid-Proterozoic era. The northern section of the range has an elevation ranging from 900–1,400 m (3,000–4,600 ft) and lies mostly in Odisha. The middle section stretches up to the Penna River and consists of two parallel ranges with an average elevation of 520 m (1,710 ft). At the southern end, the range is made up of several smaller hills.

The Eastern Ghats form a part of one of the major watersheds of India, consisting of many perennial river systems such as the Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi and Kaveri. Because of the higher elevation of the Deccan Plateau on the west, most rivers originate from the Western Ghats and flow eastwards to cut across the range to the Bay of Bengal. As the mountains are discontinuous and have a lower elevation, they have a considerably lesser influence than the Western Ghats on the weather patterns in India. However, orography studies indicate that the range does play a role in bringing rainfall to the eastern coastal areas.

The weather is normally dry and humid with seasonal rainfall. There are nine different forest types found in the region including evergreen, deciduous and thorn forests. The Eastern Ghats region contains a large number of different species of flora and fauna, some of which are endemic to this region.

Etymology

The name Eastern Ghats derives from the word ghat and the cardinal direction in which it is located with respect to the Indian mainland. Ghat, a term used in the Indian subcontinent, depending on the context, could either refer to a range of stepped hills such as the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats, or a series of steps leading down to a body of water or wharf.<ref>Sunithi L. Narayan; Revathy Nagaswami (1992). Discover Sublime India. University of Michigan. p. 5.</ref><ref>"Ghat definition". Cambridge dictionary. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.</ref> As per linguist Thomas Burrow, the word Ghat was derived from similar words used in various Dravidian languages such as kattu (mountain side, ridge, or dam) in Tamil, katte (dam), gatta (mountain), and gatte (bank or shore) in Kannada, and katta (dam), and gattu (shore or embankment) in Telugu.<ref>Jaini, Padmanabh S. (2003). Jainism and Early Buddhism. Jain Publishing Company. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-8958-1956-7.</ref>

Geology

Khondalite is one of the major rock types found in the Eastern Ghats.

The Eastern Ghats are an ancient orogenic belt which started forming during the collision of crustal rocks during the archeozoic era. Geologic evidence indicates that these became part of the Indian subcontinent following the break-up of the super-continent of Rodinia and the creation of Gondwana. The mountains were formed over millions of years through metamorphism, and erosion and are significantly older than the Western Ghats.<ref>"Eastern Ghats: an ancient orogenic, older than the Western Ghats". Lakes of India. Retrieved 27 August 2022.</ref><ref name="PA">"Eastern Ghats". Peakvisor. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</ref> The rock layers were largely formed during the mid-proterozoic era by the accumulation of silt, carbonates and basalt which later became khondalite and calcium silicate rocks. The major rock types found are charnockite, granite, khondalite, metamorphic, and quartzite.<ref name="PA"/><ref>Subrata Karmakar; Sankar Bose; Kaushik Das; Somnath Dasgupta (2009). "Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Belt, India – a witness of multiple orogenies and its lineage with ancient supercontinents" (PDF). Journal of the Virtual Explorer. 32. ISSN 1441-8142. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.</ref>

In the mesoproterozoic era, the range was compacted and re-aligned north-east. The structure includes multiple thrusts and strike-slip faults along its range.<ref>Sriramadas, A. (November 1967). "Geology of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B. 66 (5): 200–205. doi:10.1007/BF03052185. S2CID 126925893.</ref> The Eparchaean Unconformity of the Tirumala Hills is a major discontinuity of stratigraphic significance that represents an extensive period of erosion and non-deposition, which is evident from the steep natural slopes, and ravines.<ref>"Eparchaean Unconformity, Tirumala Ghat section". Geological Survey of India. Retrieved 20 September 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)</ref><ref>Geological Monuments of India: Eparchaean Unconformity (Tirupati Tirupati Road). Geological Survey of India. 2001. pp. 5–8.</ref> Along the western edge, sedimentary rocks were deposited due to volcanic activity, which and later formed schist belts. The region consists of bauxite, iron ore and limestone reserves. The major soil types found are red, black, laterite, and alluvial.<ref name="PA"/>

Geography

Mountain ranges of India, showing the Eastern Ghats

The Eastern Ghats extend from north of the Mahanadi River and run approximately 1,750 km (1,090 mi) to the Vaigai basin in the south of Indian peninsula.<ref name="BSI">Endemic Flowering Plants of Eastern Ghats (PDF) (Report). Botanical Survey of India. p. 2. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</ref> It covers an area of 160,000 km² (62,000 sq mi), traversing across the Indian states of Odisha (25%), Telangana (5%), Andhra Pradesh (40%), Karnataka (5%), and Tamil Nadu (25%).<ref name="Eco">"Climate change, land-use change may enhance plant species loss in the Eastern Ghats". Mongabay. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</ref><ref name="EG">Eastern Ghats environmental outlook (PDF) (Report). Greens Alliance for Conservation of Eastern Ghats. March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</ref>

Topography

The Eastern Ghats form a discontinuous chain of mountains with an average elevation of 600 m (2,000 ft) and run parallel to the eastern coast of India along the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="PA"/><ref name="Brit">"Ghats". Britannica. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</ref> The Eastern coastal plains are the 100–130 km (62–81 mi) wide region between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.<ref>"Physiography of Water". Press Information Bureau (Press release). 9 September 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</ref><ref>Population of India. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations. 1982. p. 2.</ref> The average width of the mountains range from 100–200 km (62–124 mi) with the mountains wider in the north and narrower in the south.<ref name="BSI"/><ref name="EG"/> Arma Konda is the highest peak in the mountains at 1,680 m (5,510 ft).<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Herb">"Eastern Ghats". Indian Institute of Science. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</ref>

The range can be roughly divided into three separate sections. The northern section of the range lies majorly in Odisha and stretches from the Similipal hills in the north to the Andhra Pradesh border. It has an elevation ranging from 900–1,400 m (3,000–4,600 ft) with the highest peak at Deomali (1672 m).<ref name="Herb"/><ref name="EG"/> The central section lies in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and stretches up to the Penna River. It consists of two parallel ranges with an average elevation of 520 m (1,710 ft) and is separated by a 160 km (99 mi) wide gorge through which the rivers Godavari and Krishna flow. The hills continue as Javadi and Shevaroy Hills, south of Chennai and meet with the Western Ghats at Nilgiris. The Biligiriranga and Malai Mahadeshwara Hills in Karnataka extend to Talamalai in Tamil Nadu, and is separated from the Western Ghats meet by the Moyar River valley.<ref>Eastern Ghats Environment Outlook (PDF). CGRI (Report). March 2024. p. 24. Retrieved 1 June 2025.</ref> At the southern end, the Eastern Ghats is made up of several smaller hills such as the Sirumalai.<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Herb"/><ref name="EG"/>

Hill ranges of Eastern Ghats<ref name="EG"/>

Section	State	Range	District
North	Odisha	Similipal	Mayurbhanj
		Garhjat	Bargarh, Jharsuguda, Kendujhar, Sambalpur, Subarnapur, Sundergarh
		Gandhamardan	Balangir, Bargarh, Sambalpur
		Kandhamal	Kalahandi, Phulbani
		Niyamgiri	Kalahandi, Rayagada
		Deomali	Koraput
		Mahendragiri	Gajapati
Central	Andhra Pradesh <br/> Telangana
		Palakonda, Antikonda, Burrakonda, Pathapatnam, Mandasa, Sompeta	Parvathipuram, Srikakulam
		Salur, Peddakonda, Duggeru, Gurupam, Kalikonda, Sunkarimetta, Madgole&ndash;Anantagiri, Chintapalli&ndash;Sapparla&ndash;Gudem&ndash;Marripakala	Alluri, Parvathipuram, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram
		Gurthedu, Addateegala, Rampachodavaram, Maredumili, Bison Hills	Alluri, East Godavari
		Polavaram, Papikonda	Alluri, Eluru, West Godavari
		Kondapalli	Krishna
		Kondaveedu	Palnadu
		Nallamala	Guntur, Kurnool, Nagarkurnool, Nalgonda, Prakasam, Wanaparthy
		Yerramala, Palakonda	Kadapa
		Veligonda	Nellore
		Seshachalam, Lankamala, Nagari, Kambakkam	Chittoor, Kadapa, Tirupati
South	Karnataka <br/> Tamil Nadu	Biligiriranga	Chamarajanagar
		Kambakkam	Vellore
		Javadi	Tirupathur, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore
		Gingee	Viluppuram
		Servarayan, Kalrayan	Salem
		Kollimalai, Bodhamalai, Nainamalai	Namakkal
		Chitteri	Dharmapuri
		Melagiri	Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri
		Pachaimalai	Tiruchirappalli

Hydrology

Godavari is the largest river in the region and cuts through the range.

The Eastern Ghats form one of the major watersheds of India with major river systems such as Godavari, Kaveri, Krishna and Mahanadi cutting across the range.<ref name="PA"/><ref name="Herb"/><ref>Dhruv Sen Singh (2017). The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects. Springer Science. p. 309. ISBN 978-9-8110-2984-4.</ref> Most rivers flow eastwards towards the Bay of Bengal owing to the steeper gradient moving from east to west.<ref>Shanavas P H; Sumesh A K; Haris P M (2016). Western Ghats - From Ecology To Economics. Educreation Publishing. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-9-3852-4758-3.</ref> The Eastern Ghats are the source for many small and medium rivers of the east coastal plains.<ref>T. Pullaiah; D. Muralidhara Rao (2002). Flora of Eastern Ghats : hill range of South East India. Regency Publications. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-87498-49-0.</ref>

The streams and rivers give rise to numerous waterfalls in the region. The region also consists of many wetlands and large coastal lagoons such as the Chilika, Kolleru and Pulicat lakes.<ref name="EG"/> The rivers have been dammed for hydroelectric and irrigation purposes, with major reservoirs spread across the region.<ref>"Indian Dams by River and State". Rain water harvesting. Archived from the original on 19 March 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2007.</ref><ref>Samani, R.L.; Ayhad, A.P. (2002). "Siltation of Reservoirs-Koyna Hydroelectric Project-A Case Study". In S. P. Kaushish; B. S. K. Naidu (eds.). Silting Problems in Hydropower Plants. Bangkok: Central Board of Irrigation and Power. ISBN 978-90-5809-238-0.</ref>

Climate

Climatic zones in India

As the mountains are discontinuous and have a lower elevation, they have a considerably lesser influence than the Western Ghats on the weather patterns in India. However, orography studies indicate that the range does play a role in rainfall patterns along the coast. The range blocks winds at the low level which brings rainfall to the eastern coastal plains.<ref>Jayesh Phadtare (1 April 2018). "Role of Eastern Ghats Orography and Cold Pool in an Extreme Rainfall Event over Chennai on 1 December 2015". Monthly Weather Report. American Meteorological Society: 943–965. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.</ref> The Eastern Ghats region has a tropical climate and receives rainfall from the monsoon. It is hot in the summers with temperatures reaching 44 °C (111 °F) during summer with humidity levels of 65–75%. The northern region receives 120–150 cm (47–59 in) of rainfall and the lower regions receive 60–110 cm (24–43 in) of rain. The temperature is lowest in the winter month of January with an average of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F). The higher hill ranges are generally wetter and cooler with the lower parts remaining semi-arid and dry. The coastal regions experience tropical cyclones during the monsoon season.<ref name="Herb"/><ref name="EG"/>

Bio-diversity

Flora

Dry deciduous forests are common across the region.

There are nine forest types in the Eastern Ghats region, namely tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, riverine, southern dry deciduous, northern dry deciduous, dry savannah, thorn scrub, and dry evergreen forests.<ref name="BSI"/> The vegetation varies considerably with altitude with scrubs and dry forests at lower altitudes and deciduous, semi-evergreen forests, and evergreen forests at higher altitudes.<ref name="Herb"/> Tropical evergreen forests occur in small patches in Shevroy in Tamil Nadu and in north Andhra Pradesh. Semi-evergreen forests are found in the northern section and southern fringes. Moist deciduous forests occur in Odisha and Nallamala in Andhra Pradesh&ndash;Telangana. Dry deciduous, dry savannah and scrub forests occur across the range. Dry evergreen forests are limited to south Andhra Pradesh, and north Tamil Nadu.<ref name="EG"/>

The region is home to more than 4500 species of angiosperms, which account for 13% of the flowering plant species in India.<ref name="Herb"/><ref name="PA"/> About 166 species of flowering plants are endemic to the Eastern Ghats and more than ten new species have been discovered in the region since the early 2010s.<ref name="BSI"/> About 184 species of ferns, and 190 species of orchids have been recorded in the region.<ref name="EG"/> Commercially viable tree species include Indian rosewood, teak, mahogany, and red sandalwood.<ref name="EG"/><ref name="PA"/>

Fauna

The grey slender loris is limited to South India and parts of Sri Lanka.

Bio-diversity of Eastern Ghats<ref name="EG"/>

Group	Species in Eastern Ghats	Species in India
Mammals	100	250
Birds	425	1224
Reptiles	99	197
Amphibians	100	408
Fishes	155	2546

Mammals found in the region include the Bengal tiger, leopard, sloth bear, Indian wild dog, golden jackal, Indian fox, and other cat species such as jungle cat, fishing cat, and leopard cat. Large herbivores include Indian elephant, blackbuck, sambar deer, spotted deer, barking deer, Indian gazelle, four-horned antelope, Indian bison, wild boar, Indian crested porcupine, mouse deer, and nilgai. Other smaller mammals include grey slender loris, Indian hare, Indian hedgehog, Indian mongoose, mole rat, smooth coated otter, Indian pangolin, palm civet, Indian giant flying squirrel, and Madras treeshrew.<ref name="EG"/> Bonnet macaque, rhesus macaque, and Hanuman langur are the major primates. The region is also home to more than 15 species of bats.<ref name="EG"/>

The Jerdon's courser was thought to be extinct in the wild before it was re-discovered in the range in 1986.

Bird surveys have found about 425 species belonging to 57 families in the region. Four species of hornbills are found in the region and are considered keystone species.<ref name="EG"/><ref>Ganguly, Nivedita (17 July 2015). "For joy of birdwatching". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</ref> The Jerdon's courser was thought to be extinct in the wild before it was re-discovered in the range in 1986. More than 50% of the wild population of the critically endangered Indian bustard is found in the region.<ref name="EG"/> Common and widespread species include the red-vented bulbul, white-browed bulbul, red-whiskered bulbul, common iora, and purple-rumped sunbird. Five species of birds that are endemic to the Western Ghats region have been sighted in the fringes of the Eastern Ghats. These include grey-headed bulbul, Nilgiri wood pigeon, Malabar parakeet, crimson-backed sunbird, and rufous babbler. Other species of avifauna include laughing dove, Indian nightjar, jungle owlet, red avadavat, Malayan night heron, striated heron, white-naped woodpecker, savanna nightjar, brown hawk-owl, Nilgiri flowerpecker, spot-bellied eagle-owl, blue-eared kingfisher, green imperial pigeon, oriental dwarf kingfisher, Indian swiftlet, and white-browed fantail. Raptors included white-eyed buzzard, grey-headed fish eagle, lesser fish eagle.<ref>J. Patrick David; R.J. Ranjit Daniels; Vinoth Balasubramanian (6 August 2017). "A reassessment of the avian species diversity in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, after the Vernay Survey". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 9 (8). Archived from the original on 6 September 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.</ref><ref>J. Patrick David; B. Vinoth (2016). "Nocturnal birds in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Indian Birds. 11 (2): 39–41.</ref> Two species of critically endangered vultures &ndash; Indian vulture and red-headed vulture have been reported in the region.<ref>"Endangered vultures sighted in Raichur". The Hindu. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref><ref>"Critically endangered vulture found in Adilabad district". The Hindu. 5 June 2013. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref>

There are about 99 reptile species found in the region. These include Indian monitor lizard, and endemic species such as Yercaud slender gecko, burrowing limbless skink, spotted Eastern Ghats skink, and Madras spotted skink. The Indian golden gecko, and Jeypore ground gecko were rediscovered in 1986 and 2010 respectively.<ref name="EG"/><ref>Basundhara Chettri; S. Bhupathy (26 July 2010). "Three little known reptile species from the Araku Valley, Eastern Ghats with notes on their distribution" (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2 (8): 1109–1103. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o2329.1109-13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2013.</ref> Other reptiles include geckos, skinks, lacertas, iguanas, chameleons, and monitors. Snakes include blind snakes, shield-tailed snakes, sand boas, cobras, vipers, kraits, coral snakes, and python. There are about 100 species of amphibians found in the region including toads, pond frogs, cricket frogs, bull frogs, burrowing frogs, balloon frogs, small-mouthed frogs, tree frogs, and golden-backed frogs.<ref>S.R.Ganesh (30 June 2018). "Herpetofauna of Southern Eastern Ghats, India – II From Western Ghats to Coromandel Coast" (PDF). Asian Journal of Conservation Biology. 7 (1): 28–45. ISSN 2278-7666. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.</ref> There are also about 155 species of freshwater fish from 28 families found across the waters in the region. Insects include nearly 150 species of butterflies and nine species of tarantulas amongst others.<ref name="EG"/>

Threats and conservation

A 2017 study indicated that the Eastern Ghats region has lost about 32,200 km² (12,400 sq mi) forest cover between 1920 and 2015. Forests which occupied 43.5% of the land area reduced by nearly 16 percent.<ref name="EG"/> An estimated 7.92 percent of the forest area converted for agriculture and 3.80 percent to grasslands from 1920 to 2015. As of 2018, only 3.53 percent of the total area was declared as protected areas.<ref name="Eco"/> The major threats included illegal logging, mining, grazing, agriculture, forest fires and tourism, poaching, and illegal tapping of forest resources which have resulted in deforestation and fragmentation of forests.<ref name="BSI"/><ref name="Eco"/> Various natural disasters such as heavy rainfalls, extreme temperature, environmental changes, competition due to invasive species have been threats to the biodiversity in the region. The absence of pollinators have also had an effect on the natural regeneration of vegetation.<ref name="BSI"/>

Seized illegally felled red sanders logs in Andhra Pradesh.

Till 1980, logging was a major contributor for the loss of forest cover with decrease in tree species such as teak, sal, red sanders, and sandalwood. Though laws in 1988 curtailed illegal logging, wood is still quarried by people for making charcoal, firewood, and construction.<ref name="EG"/> Forest produce is a source of income for people living in the fringes of the ranges. Over harvesting of forest produce for fodder, traditional medicine, and domestic uses along with unscientific extraction methods and burning of forests have been threats.<ref name="EG"/> The introduction of alien species either by deliberate or non deliberate means have resulted in competition to native species.<ref name="EG"/> The construction of large dams across rivers in the region have submerged more than 2,300 km² (890 sq mi) of forest cover.<ref name="EG"/>

An abandoned mine in Odisha.

The Eastern Ghats region is rich in minerals and semi-precious stones. Illegal mining, poor mining processes, over exploitation, and unsafe disposal of debris have resulted in issues bio-degeneration of the areas.<ref name="EG"/> Eight of the 29 forest fire prone districts are located in the region and, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh recorded the most forest fires in 2014. With more than 90% of these fires caused by humans, this has resulted in loss of forest cover.<ref name="EG"/> Practices such as shifting cultivation, plantations, and illegal encroachments are the major agricultural contributors to deforestation.<ref name="EG"/> Increased urbanisation, and expansion of cities, construction of roads and railways, and tourism have led to encroachments into forest lands, and threats to bio-diversity in the region.<ref name="EG"/>

The Government of India had enacted various policies over the years to address the environmental concerns, access to forest resources, and protection of wildlife.<ref name="EG"/> Three national parks, two biosphere reserves, and 22 wildlife sanctuaries are present in the Eastern Ghats region. The protected areas include five tiger reserves under the Project Tiger, and an elephant reserve under the Project Elephant protection plans. About 13 eco-sensitive zones have been declared, which are jointly managed with the local communities.<ref name="EG"/>

Birds at the Godavari River estuary at the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary

Blackbucks at the Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary

Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary

See also

• Ghat Roads
• Western Ghats