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{{See also|Origin of Polo}}
{{Short description|Classical polo sports of Meitei civilization}}
'''"Sagol Kangjei"''' ({{lang-mni|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ|sa-gol kaang-jei}}, {{lang-omp|ꯁꯀꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯆꯩ|sa-kol kaang-chei|horse-hockey}}) is a ancient traditional form of the modern [[polo]],<ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/sagolkangjei.html</ref><ref>http://sports.indiapress.org/sagol_kangjei.php</ref><ref>https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/7613-sagol-kangjei/</ref> which was played in [[Ancient Manipur]] since 3100 BC till present.<ref>https://www.sportstract.com/guinness-book-of-world-records-1991-says-polo-can-be-traced-to-origins-in-manipur-state-c-3100-b-c-when-it-was-played-as-sagol-kangjei/amp/</ref><ref>https://edtimes.in/the-game-of-polo-was-born-in-manipur-before-the-britishers-influenced-it/?amp</ref><ref>https://www.lapolo.in/blog/manipur-beginning-modern-polo/</ref><ref>http://e-pao.net/epSubPageSelector.asp?src=Manipuri_Polo&ch=manipur&sub1=Sports_and_Manipur</ref> It was reproduced into a formal sports form by King Kangba, of [[Ancient Manipur]].<ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/sagolkangjei.html</ref> [[Manipuri horse]]s are notably used in the game.<ref>https://www.mesopet.com/horse-breeds/manipuri-20012.htm</ref><ref>http://imh.org/exhibits/online/breeds-of-the-world/asia/manipuri-pony/</ref><ref>https://www.horsebreedspictures.com/manipuri-pony.asp</ref><ref>https://www.globetrotting.com.au/horse-breed-manipuri-pony/</ref><ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipur-gets-back-on-the-horse/article30770325.ece</ref>
{{Redirect2|Meitei polo|Manipur polo|polo in national level|polo in India}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox sport
| name      = Sagol Kangjei<br />{{small|({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|}})}}
| image      = Stamp of India - 2014 - Colnect 510569 - Sagol Kangjei.jpeg
| imagesize  = 300
| alt        =
| caption    = The illustration of the traditional Meitei game of Sagol Kangjei in a postage stamp of India
| union      =
| nicknames  = Game of Kings, Horse Hockey, Sakol Kangchei, Shakol Kangchei, Shagol Kangjei
| first      = c. 3100 BCE in [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]){{efn|name=Guinness|as per the [[Guinness World Records]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aldous |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1_XAwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA9 |title=International Turf Management |date=2014-06-17 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-84491-4 |pages=9 |language=en |quote=The early sport of polo, which also involves horse and rider, had its origins in Manipur State, India, circa. 3100 BC when it was played at Sagol Kangjei. Polo was introduced to England from India in 1869 and now has a keen following in the United States, Argentina and Australia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |publisher= [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title=Manipur's ancient polo wows G20 delegates |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipurs-ancient-polo-wows-g20-delegates/articleshow/98056172.cms |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris |url=http://books.e-pao.net/Heritage_Manipur/epShowChapter.asp?src=kangla/polo |website=books.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian seal on Manipur polo origin – Milan-based writer to visit Imphal to collect material for book on game's history |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/italian-seal-on-manipur-polo-origin-milan-based-writer-to-visit-imphal-to-collect-material-for-book-on-game-s-history/cid/791135 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>}}
| firstlabel =
| registered =
| clubs      =
| contact    =
| team      =
| mgender    = no
| type      = [[equestrian sport]]
| equipment  =
| venue      =
| glossary  =
| countries involved = {{IND}}
| region    = {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}} (present day [[Manipur, India]]){{efn|name=Guinness}} <!-- or |country/region= -->
| olympic    = no
| world      = yes
| paralympic = no
| obsolete  =
| IWGA      = no
}}


[[File:Traditional Polo in Manipur India.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|A game of Sagol Kangjei (traditional polo) in [[Manipur]], [[India]]]]
[[File:Marjing Polo Statue — World's tallest statue of a polo player — Classical monumental Meitei equestrian sculpture — G20 summit — Cultural heritage of Meitei civilization — Cradle of "modern polo".jpg|thumb|300px|[[Marjing Polo Statue]], the world's tallest statue of a polo player, dedicated to Meitei polo deity [[Marjing]], [[:en:wikt:commemoratively|commemoratively]] built in the sport's birthplace, {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}, shown during the [[G20 summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Excursion to historic and places of tourists interest marks the second day of G20 delegates visit to Manipur |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1900407 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB), [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], Government of India}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sagol Kangjei match.JPG]]


==Guinness World Records==
{{langnf|mni|'''Sagol Kangjei'''|[[polo]]}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%20%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=188 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=sagol kāngjei ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ  /sə.gol káŋ.jəi/ n. polo: a game played on horseback. Morph: sagol kāng‑jei [horse; sth round‑stick].}}</ref> also known as 
The fact that [[Manipur]] is the birth place of [[polo]] is already supported by the [[Guinness World Records]], by a declaration in the year 1991, as:
'''''Sakol Kangchei,'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery of Kangleipak 1 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Discovery_of_Kangleipak.Discovery_of_Kangleipak_1 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website= |quote=...Polo (Kanglei indigenous people called Sakol Kangchei)...}}</ref> '''''Shakol Kangchei, Shagol Kangjei''''',<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Governor opens meet |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/governor-opens-meet/cid/632592 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |quote=A shagol kangjei (modern polo in traditional dress)...}}<br />—{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |author-link=Imphal Free Press |date=2014-09-28 |title=Manipuri Ponies are critically endangered – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2014/09/manipuri-ponies-are-critically-endangered/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |language=en-US |quote=... the rally was carried out to save the Manipuri pony from extinction because it has given an identity to Manipur through Shagol Kangjei and Polo.}}</ref> is a [[Meitei tradition|traditional Meitei]] game,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dzüvichü |first1=Lipokmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2Q-DwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PT373 |title=Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation |last2=Baruah |first2=Manjeet |date=2017-11-13 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-27134-9 |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref> resembling [[hockey]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref> played on a {{langnf|mni|Sagol|horse}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=188 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=sagol ꯁꯒꯣꯜ /sə.gol/ n. horse.}}</ref> with a long-handled {{langnf|mni|[[Khong Kangjei|Kangjei]]|[[hockey stick]]}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngjei ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ  /kaŋ.jəi/ n. hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑jei [a round/spherical object‑stick].}}</ref> or {{langnf|mni|Kang-hu|mallet/hockey stick}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kanghu") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kānghu ꯀꯥꯡꯍꯨ  /káŋ.hu/ n. a type of hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑hu [a round or spherical object‑id.].}}</ref> and a {{langnf|mni|Kangdrum|polo ball}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangdrum") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngdrum ꯀꯥꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯨꯝ /kaŋ.drum/ n. hockey ball. Morph: kāng‑drum( [a round/spherical object‑to be round].}}</ref> usually in a {{langnf|mni| Kangjeibung|Polo Ground}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjeibung") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngjeibung ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯕꯨꯡ  /kaŋ.jəi.buŋ/ n. pologround. Morph: kāng‑jei‑bung [a round/spherical object‑stick‑mound].}}</ref> It is the predecessorial as well as traditional form of modern [[polo]] in the [[intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization]].<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PT200 |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=200 |language=en |quote=... It's the birthplace of polo. Its indigenous name is Sagol Kangjei. Every year polo teams from all over the world come to Manipur to participate in the polo match-but more pertinently to pay homage to the place which gave them their game. The Indian hockey team, both male and female have prominent Manipuri players. ...}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Levin |first=Jonathan V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qAuDwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA152 |title=Where Have All the Horses Gone?: How Advancing Technology Swept American Horses from the Road, the Farm, the Range and the Battlefield |date=2017-10-04 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-6713-3 |pages=152, 153 |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wx06bctfl4C&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA48 |title=Defenders of the dawn |date=2000 |publisher=LP |isbn=978-81-7062-279-6 |pages=48 |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=G. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FH4Bb7dD4qYC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA108 |title=Bamboo: The Wonderful Grass |date=2008 |publisher=APH |isbn=978-81-313-0369-6 |pages=108 |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Institute |first=Bathroom Readers' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bilZDwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PT61 |title=Uncle John's Bathroom Reader Sports Spectacular |date=2012-08-15 |publisher=S&S |isbn=978-1-60710-692-0 |pages=61 |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Col Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA1558 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2007 |publisher=APD |isbn=978-81-269-0706-9 |pages=1558 |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEAvZF4TBEcC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA351 |title=From Bharata to India: Volume 1: Chrysee the Golden |date=2012 |publisher=Universe |isbn=978-1-4759-0765-0 |pages=351 |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%20%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=188 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=sagol kāngjei ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ  /sə.gol káŋ.jəi/ n. polo: a game played on horseback. Morph: sagol kāng‑jei [horse; sth round‑stick].}}</ref>
<blockquote><poem>
"[[Polo]] can be traced to origins in [[Ancient Manipur|Manipur state]] '''c. 3100 BC''', when it was played as '''Sagol Kangjei'''."
</poem></blockquote>
_[[Guinness World Records]], 1991, page no. 706.<ref>https://www.sportstract.com/guinness-book-of-world-records-1991-says-polo-can-be-traced-to-origins-in-manipur-state-c-3100-b-c-when-it-was-played-as-sagol-kangjei/amp/</ref>


==Sources==
{{langnf|mni|Sagol Kangjei|horse hockey}} is considered to be one of the three types of Kangjei (or hockey), with the other two types being {{langnf|mni|[[Khong Kangjei]]|[[field hockey]]}} and {{langnf|mni| [[Mukna Kangjei]]|[[wrestling]] and [[hockey]]}}, which are the traditional sports of [[Meitei people]], being played since time immemorial.<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEAvZF4TBEcC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA351 |title=From Bharata to India: Volume 1: Chrysee the Golden |date=2012 |publisher=Universe |isbn=978-1-4759-0765-0 |pages=351 |language=en}}</ref>
* https://www.sriramsias.com/article/sagol-kangjei-polo-200226133900425/
* https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Sports/Sagol-Kangjei-The-Traditional-Manipuri-Polo/1070
* https://www.sportskeeda.com/polo/from-sagol-kangjei-to-polo-recording-the-evolution-of-the-game-in-manipur


==References==
In accordance to [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Royal Chronicle of [[Manipur Kingdom]], Sagol Kangjei was used as an instrument of diplomacy, [[politics of Manipur|politics]] as well as [[palace intrigue]]s, besides [[Sports in Manipur|sports]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Etymology {{Anchor|Word origin}} ==
In [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), "Sagol" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ}}|}}) means horse, and "Kangjei" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|}}) means a [[mallet]] or a long-handled wooden headed hammer, used to strike a ball.<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%20%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=188 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=sagol kāngjei ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ  /sə.gol káŋ.jəi/ n. polo: a game played on horseback. Morph: sagol kāng‑jei [horse; sth round‑stick].}}<br />—{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=188 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=sagol ꯁꯒꯣꯜ /sə.gol/ n. horse.}}<br />—{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngjei ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ  /kaŋ.jəi/ n. hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑jei [a round/spherical object‑stick].}}</ref>
 
== History ==
=== During the reign of King Kangba ===
In accordance to the Kangjeirol ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯔꯣꯜ}}|}}), an [[ancient Meitei language]] text, the Sagol Kangjei ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|}}) was played during the reign of King [[Ningthou Kangba]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯀꯥꯡꯕ}}|}}) (1405-1397/1359 BCE) of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}. King Kangba organized the sport tournament to be played by his official subjects on horseback.<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA701 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher=GPH |isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=701 |language=en}}</ref>
=== During the reign of King Khagemba ===
{{Main|Khagemba}}
During the reign of King [[Khagemba]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯥꯒꯦꯝꯕ}}|}}) (1597-1652 CE) in [[Kangleipak]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ}}|}}), Sagol Kangjei was popularized, along with the upgradation as well as revision of a set of rules and regulations for the game.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
=== Introduction to the Europeans {{Anchor|Introduction to the Britishers}} ===
Sagol Kangjei ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|}}) was introduced to the British officers at [[Cachar]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯁꯥꯔ}}|}}) in [[Assam]] by Sir Chandrakirti Singh (1834–44 CE), the then ruler of [[Manipur Kingdom]].<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Kalita |first=Jayanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9g4DwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PT32 |title=I am HIV Positive, So What?: A World Champion's Fight Against Drugs,Disease and Discrimination |date=2017-10-25 |publisher=BP |isbn=978-93-86606-10-5 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Mythology and religion {{Anchor|Folklore|Mythology|Religion}} ==
{{See|Samaton}}
In ancient [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]], the sport of Sagol Kangjei was played by [[ancient Meitei gods]] led by [[Marjing]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ}}|}}) and [[Thangjing]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ}}|}}).<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Taneja |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYOuxbW_hlEC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA213 |title=World of Sports Indoor |date=2009 |publisher=GPH |isbn=978-81-7835-765-2 |pages=213, 214, 215 |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEAvZF4TBEcC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA351 |title=From Bharata to India: Volume 1: Chrysee the Golden |date=2012 |publisher=Universe |isbn=978-1-4759-0765-0 |pages=351 |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA21 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=2019-06-16 |publisher=LP |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Rules and regulations {{Anchor|Rules|Regulations}} ==
* The {{langnf|mni| Kangjeibung|Polo Ground}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjeibung") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngjeibung ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯕꯨꯡ  /kaŋ.jəi.buŋ/ n. pologround. Morph: kāng‑jei‑bung [a round/spherical object‑stick‑mound].}}</ref> is usually rectangular in shape, and is around 210 yards long and 100 yards wide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* There is no-goal post and the player has to strike the ball with his polo stick.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* When the ball crosses the end line on the wide side, a goal is considered to be scored.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Sagol {{Anchor|Horse|Horses|Pony|Ponies}} ==
{{Main|Manipuri Pony{{!}}Meitei Sagol|Samaton}}
[[File:An exhibition of a Sagol Kangjei (Meitei Classical Polo) match & a demonstration of ‘Arambai’ (Meitei martial iron tipped peacock feathered weapon) in a pologround of the Marjing Polo Complex, during the G20 summit.jpg|thumb|300px|A match of a Sagol Kangjei, the Meitei classical polo, followed with an exhibition of {{langnf|mni|[[Arambai]]|Meitei martial iron tipped peacock feathered weapon}} in a pologround of the [[Marjing Polo Complex]], during the [[G20 summit]]]]
Every player rides on a [[Manipuri pony]] (alias Meitei horse), having an average height of 4 to 5 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Kangjei and other equipments {{Anchor|Kangjei|Equipment|Equipments}} ==
; Kangjei
The {{langnf|mni|[[Khong Kangjei|Kangjei]]|[[hockey stick]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngjei ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ  /kaŋ.jəi/ n. hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑jei [a round/spherical object‑stick].}}</ref> or {{langnf|mni|Kang-hu|mallet/hockey stick}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kanghu") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kānghu ꯀꯥꯡꯍꯨ  /káŋ.hu/ n. a type of hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑hu [a round or spherical object‑id.].}}</ref> is made of seasoned cane. It has a narrow angled wooden head, which is fixed at its striking end.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
; Kangdrum
The {{langnf|mni|Kangdrum|polo ball}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangdrum") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngdrum ꯀꯥꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯨꯝ /kaŋ.drum/ n. hockey ball. Morph: kāng‑drum( [a round/spherical object‑to be round].}}</ref> is made of bamboo roots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=G. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FH4Bb7dD4qYC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA108 |title=Bamboo: The Wonderful Grass |date=2008 |publisher=APH |isbn=978-81-313-0369-6 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> It is generally 14 inches in circumference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Players and teams {{Anchor|Players|Teams}} ==
[[File:SAGOL KANGJEI - POLO IN MANIPUR.jpg|thumb|300px|Sagol Kangjei – Polo in Manipur]]
Sagol Kangjei ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|}}) is traditionally played between two teams, which are referred to as the northern team and the southern team. Both of the teams have seven players each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
 
Each player has to occupy a certain position in the polo field, which are as follows: {{langnf|mni|pun-ngakchun(g)|full back}}, {{langnf|mni|pun-ngakchun(g)|half back}}, {{langnf|mni|pulluk|left wing}}, {{langnf|mni|langjei|centre}}, {{langnf|mni|pulluk|right wing}}, {{langnf|mni|punjen(g)|inner}} and {{langnf|mni|pun-jenchun(g)|inner}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Uniforms {{Anchor|Clothes|Clothing|Clothings|Dresses}} ==
=== Of the player humans ===
; of lower part
* The players wear a white long piece of unstitched cloth, tucked up above the knees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* A {{langnf|mni|Khongyon|leg guard}} is used to protect the shins and the calves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* A Khuning Khang is used to protect the heels and the ankles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[stirrup]] has a flat base with a narrow foothold, where the player keeps his naked toe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
; of head part
A {{langnf|mni|[[kokyet]]|headgear}}, held by a {{langnf|mni|khadangchet|chin strap}} is used as a headdress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
; of trunk part
The players wear a short-sleeved jacket having the same colour for its whole team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Of the player horses ===
* A {{langnf|mni|Chanam Maru|Snaffle}} is used as rein for the player horse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Saddles]] are made of decorated leather, attached to a wooden frame called ukang khe, made from Khe-U tree, for decorations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Heritage Sites ==
{{Main|List of Meitei traditional polo and pony cultural heritage sites}}
=== Kangjeibung ===
{{See|Manung Kangjeibung|Imphal Polo Ground{{!}}Mapal Kangjeibung|Hapta Kangjeibung}}
 
== National recognition ==
{{See|National recognition of Meitei civilization}}
 
== International recognition ==
{{See|International recognition of Meitei civilization}}
=== Guinness World records ===
The [[Guinness World Records]] stated:
{{Quote|''"Polo can be traced to origins in Manipur state in 3,100 BC, when it was played as '[[Sagol Kangjei]]'."''|Guinness World Records<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |publisher= [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title=Manipur's ancient polo wows G20 delegates |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipurs-ancient-polo-wows-g20-delegates/articleshow/98056172.cms |issn=0971-8257}}<br />—{{Cite web |title=E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris |url=http://books.e-pao.net/Heritage_Manipur/epShowChapter.asp?src=kangla/polo |website=books.e-pao.net}}<br />—{{Cite web |title=Italian seal on Manipur polo origin – Milan-based writer to visit Imphal to collect material for book on game's history |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/italian-seal-on-manipur-polo-origin-milan-based-writer-to-visit-imphal-to-collect-material-for-book-on-game-s-history/cid/791135 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>}}
 
=== International tournaments ===
==== India's only international women's polo tournament ====
{{Main|Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament}}
[[Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯍꯨꯗ ꯗꯦ ꯋꯨꯃꯦꯟ'ꯁ ꯄꯣꯂꯣ ꯇꯨꯔꯅꯥꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯠ}}|}}) is the first and the only international women's polo tournament ever organized in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur celebrates Statehood Day with first international women's polo tournament |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-manipur-celebrates-statehood-day-with-first-international-women-s-polo-tournament-2167827 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st Manipur Statehood Day Women Polo Tournament 20160114 |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2016.1st_Manipur_Statehood_Day_Women_Polo_Tournament_20160114 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2010-09-15 |title=1st Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo |url=https://assamtribune.com/1st-manipur-statehood-day-womens-polo |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>
 
==== Manipur International Polo Tournament ====
{{Main|Manipur International Polo}}
[[Manipur International Polo]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯄꯣꯂꯣ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯨꯔꯅꯥꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯠ}}|}}) is participated by multiple nations including but not limited to [[Argentina]], Australia, Canada, [[Egypt]], France, Germany, [[Haiti]], India, [[Kenya]], [[Mongolia]], [[Morocco]], [[Poland]], South Africa, [[Thailand]], United Kingdom, United States and [[Uruguay]], competing with the team of players from [[Manipur]].<ref>—{{Cite web|title=Manipur lift Polo International trophy|url=http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/6126|website=www.thepeopleschronicle.in|language=en}}<br />—{{Cite news|title=Manipur USA win in Manipur Polo International|work=UNI India|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/manipur-usa-win-in-manipur-polo-international/Sports/news/1803253.html}}<br />—{{Cite news|title=Manipur lifts Polo International Trophy defeating England|work=UNI India|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/manipur-lifts-polo-international-trophy-defeating-england/Sports/news/1805281.html}}<br />—{{Cite web|title=India B wins Manipur International polo tournament – The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/29/india-b-wins-manipur-international-polo-tournament-1713955.amp|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=November 2017 }}<br />—{{Cite web|date=2018-10-21|title=Ampareen hits back at 'surrendered' HNLC leader; dares government to make procedure public|url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/ampareen-hits-back-surrendered-hnlc-leader-dares-government-make-procedure-public.html|website=Northeast Now|language=en-US}}<br />—{{Cite web|title=11th Manipur International Polo Tournament|url=https://www.poloplus10.com/11th-manipur-international-polo-tournament-73179/|website=POLO+10 The Polo Magazine|date=19 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
== In popular culture ==
* [[Daughters of the Polo God]]
* [[Eigi Kona]]
* [[Manipuri Pony (film)|Manipuri Pony]]
 
== Gallery ==
<gallery showfilename="true">
File:Manipur Polo Players 1875.jpg
File:Sagol Kangjei match.JPG
File:Traditional Polo in Manipur India.jpg
</gallery>
 
== See also ==
* [[Intangible cultural heritage of Meitei people]]
* [[Classicism in Meitei culture]]
* [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]]
* [[Tangja Leela Pakhangba]]
* [[Constitutionalism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Animals in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Birds in Meitei culture]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei culture]]
 
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=1st CHIEF MINISTER'S SAGOL KANGJEI CHAMPIONSHIP 2022. |url=https://manipur.mygov.in/talk/1st-chief-ministers-sagol-kangjei-championship-2022/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Manipur.MyGov.in |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=CM Biren kicks off 1st Chief Minister's Sagol Kangjei championship |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/cm-biren-kicks-off-1st-chief-ministers-sagol-kangjei-championship |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Historical perspective of Sagol Kangjei 1 |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Sports_and_Manipur.Historical_perspective_of_Sagol_Kangjei_1 |access-date=2023-12-30}}
* {{Cite web |title=Saving Manipuri pony & polo |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/1/16/Free-ThinkerToday-we-can-t-revive-the-Manipur-Royal-Cavalry-which-was-once-feared-by-the-Burmese-Awas-and-other-neighboring-countries-including-Takhels-and-Ahoms-But-we-can-still-maintain-and-pr.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei- The Traditional Manipuri Polo |url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Sports/Sagol-Kangjei-The-Traditional-Manipuri-Polo/1070 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=CYS |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=SAGOL-KANGJEI |url=https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/sagolkangjei.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=TMP}}
* {{Cite web |last= |title=Sagol Kangjei (Manipur, India) – Traditional Sports |url=https://www.traditionalsports.org/traditional-sports/asia/sagol-kangjei-manipur-india.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=TS |language=en-gb}}
* {{Cite web |title=Recently, Union Home Minister inaugurated a 122-foot-high Sagol Kangjei (Polo) Statue at the Ibudhou Marjing complex at Heingang in Imphal. |url=https://vajiramias.com/current-affairs/sagol-kangjei/63b92b1dc302e72e228ef070/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=VIAS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Indigenous Game of Manipur |url=https://manipurtourism.gov.in/indigenous-game-of-manipur/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |title=29-11-2014: Indian Postage stamp on Sagol Kangjei – Indian Stamps |url=https://philacy.com/product/stamps/29-11-2014-indian-postage-stamp-on-sagol-kangjei-buy-online |access-date=2023-12-30 |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Sagol Kangjei: The ancient polo of Manipur, played on the celebrated Manipur Pony |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/sagol-kangjei-ancient-polo-of-manipur-played-manipur-pony-8365959/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}


== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Sagol Kangjei}}
{{Wikivoyage|Polo in Manipur}}
{{Portal bar|Animals|Arts|Asia|Civilization|History|India|Royalty|Sports}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Polo]]
[[Category:Polo in India]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Polo in Manipur]]
[[Category:Animals in Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:Sports in Manipur]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
 
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
{{India-stub}}
[[Category:World record holders]]
[[Category:3rd-millennium BC establishments]]

Latest revision as of 19:54, 11 February 2024


"Meitei polo" and "Manipur polo" redirect here. For polo in national level, see polo in India.
Sagol Kangjei
(Meitei: ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ)
The illustration of the traditional Meitei game of Sagol Kangjei in a postage stamp of India
NicknamesGame of Kings, Horse Hockey, Sakol Kangchei, Shakol Kangchei, Shagol Kangjei
First playedc. 3100 BCE in Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur)[lower-alpha 1]
Characteristics
Mixed genderno
Typeequestrian sport
Presence
Country or regionKangleipak (Meitei for 'Manipur') (present day Manipur, India)[lower-alpha 1]
Olympicno
World Championshipsyes
Paralympicno
World Gamesno
Marjing Polo Statue, the world's tallest statue of a polo player, dedicated to Meitei polo deity Marjing, commemoratively built in the sport's birthplace, Kangleipak (Meitei for 'Manipur'), shown during the G20 summit.[6]

Sagol Kangjei (Meitei for 'polo'),[7] also known as Sakol Kangchei,[8] Shakol Kangchei, Shagol Kangjei,[9] is a traditional Meitei game,[10] resembling hockey,[11] played on a Sagol (Meitei for 'horse')[12] with a long-handled Kangjei (Meitei for 'hockey stick'),[13] or Kang-hu (Meitei for 'mallet/hockey stick')[14] and a Kangdrum (Meitei for 'polo ball'),[15] usually in a Kangjeibung (Meitei for 'Polo Ground').[16] It is the predecessorial as well as traditional form of modern polo in the intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization.[17]

Sagol Kangjei (Meitei for 'horse hockey') is considered to be one of the three types of Kangjei (or hockey), with the other two types being Khong Kangjei (Meitei for 'field hockey') and Mukna Kangjei (Meitei for 'wrestling and hockey'), which are the traditional sports of Meitei people, being played since time immemorial.[18]

In accordance to Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Royal Chronicle of Manipur Kingdom, Sagol Kangjei was used as an instrument of diplomacy, politics as well as palace intrigues, besides sports.[19]

Etymology [edit | edit source]

In Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), "Sagol" (Meitei: ꯁꯒꯣꯜ) means horse, and "Kangjei" (Meitei: ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ) means a mallet or a long-handled wooden headed hammer, used to strike a ball.[20]

History[edit | edit source]

During the reign of King Kangba[edit | edit source]

In accordance to the Kangjeirol (Meitei: ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯔꯣꯜ), an ancient Meitei language text, the Sagol Kangjei (Meitei: ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ) was played during the reign of King Ningthou Kangba (Meitei: ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯀꯥꯡꯕ) (1405-1397/1359 BCE) of Kangleipak (Meitei for 'Manipur'). King Kangba organized the sport tournament to be played by his official subjects on horseback.[21]

During the reign of King Khagemba[edit | edit source]

Main article: Khagemba

During the reign of King Khagemba (Meitei: ꯈꯥꯒꯦꯝꯕ) (1597-1652 CE) in Kangleipak (Meitei: ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ), Sagol Kangjei was popularized, along with the upgradation as well as revision of a set of rules and regulations for the game.[22]

Introduction to the Europeans [edit | edit source]

Sagol Kangjei (Meitei: ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ) was introduced to the British officers at Cachar (Meitei: ꯀꯁꯥꯔ) in Assam by Sir Chandrakirti Singh (1834–44 CE), the then ruler of Manipur Kingdom.[23]

Mythology and religion [edit | edit source]

Further information: Samaton

In ancient Meitei mythology and folklore, the sport of Sagol Kangjei was played by ancient Meitei gods led by Marjing (Meitei: ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ) and Thangjing (Meitei: ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ).[24]

Rules and regulations [edit | edit source]

  • The Kangjeibung (Meitei for 'Polo Ground')[25] is usually rectangular in shape, and is around 210 yards long and 100 yards wide.[26]
  • There is no-goal post and the player has to strike the ball with his polo stick.[27]
  • When the ball crosses the end line on the wide side, a goal is considered to be scored.[28]

Sagol [edit | edit source]

Main articles: Meitei Sagol and Samaton
A match of a Sagol Kangjei, the Meitei classical polo, followed with an exhibition of Arambai (Meitei for 'Meitei martial iron tipped peacock feathered weapon') in a pologround of the Marjing Polo Complex, during the G20 summit

Every player rides on a Manipuri pony (alias Meitei horse), having an average height of 4 to 5 feet.[29]

Kangjei and other equipments [edit | edit source]

Kangjei

The Kangjei (Meitei for 'hockey stick')[30] or Kang-hu (Meitei for 'mallet/hockey stick')[31] is made of seasoned cane. It has a narrow angled wooden head, which is fixed at its striking end.[32]

Kangdrum

The Kangdrum (Meitei for 'polo ball')[33] is made of bamboo roots.[34] It is generally 14 inches in circumference.[35]

Players and teams [edit | edit source]

Sagol Kangjei – Polo in Manipur

Sagol Kangjei (Meitei: ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ) is traditionally played between two teams, which are referred to as the northern team and the southern team. Both of the teams have seven players each.[36]

Each player has to occupy a certain position in the polo field, which are as follows: pun-ngakchun(g) (Meitei for 'full back'), pun-ngakchun(g) (Meitei for 'half back'), pulluk (Meitei for 'left wing'), langjei (Meitei for 'centre'), pulluk (Meitei for 'right wing'), punjen(g) (Meitei for 'inner') and pun-jenchun(g) (Meitei for 'inner').[37]

Uniforms [edit | edit source]

Of the player humans[edit | edit source]

of lower part
  • The players wear a white long piece of unstitched cloth, tucked up above the knees.[38]
  • A Khongyon (Meitei for 'leg guard') is used to protect the shins and the calves.[39]
  • A Khuning Khang is used to protect the heels and the ankles.[40]
  • The stirrup has a flat base with a narrow foothold, where the player keeps his naked toe.[41]
of head part

A kokyet (Meitei for 'headgear'), held by a khadangchet (Meitei for 'chin strap') is used as a headdress.[42]

of trunk part

The players wear a short-sleeved jacket having the same colour for its whole team.[43]

Of the player horses[edit | edit source]

  • A Chanam Maru (Meitei for 'Snaffle') is used as rein for the player horse.[44]
  • Saddles are made of decorated leather, attached to a wooden frame called ukang khe, made from Khe-U tree, for decorations.[45]

Heritage Sites[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Meitei traditional polo and pony cultural heritage sites

Kangjeibung[edit | edit source]

Further information: Manung Kangjeibung, Mapal Kangjeibung, and Hapta Kangjeibung

National recognition[edit | edit source]

Further information: National recognition of Meitei civilization

International recognition[edit | edit source]

Further information: International recognition of Meitei civilization

Guinness World records[edit | edit source]

The Guinness World Records stated:

"Polo can be traced to origins in Manipur state in 3,100 BC, when it was played as 'Sagol Kangjei'."

— Guinness World Records[46]

International tournaments[edit | edit source]

India's only international women's polo tournament[edit | edit source]

Main article: Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament

Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament (Meitei: ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯍꯨꯗ ꯗꯦ ꯋꯨꯃꯦꯟ'ꯁ ꯄꯣꯂꯣ ꯇꯨꯔꯅꯥꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯠ) is the first and the only international women's polo tournament ever organized in India.[47][48][49]

Manipur International Polo Tournament[edit | edit source]

Main article: Manipur International Polo

Manipur International Polo (Meitei: ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯄꯣꯂꯣ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯨꯔꯅꯥꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯠ) is participated by multiple nations including but not limited to Argentina, Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Haiti, India, Kenya, Mongolia, Morocco, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and Uruguay, competing with the team of players from Manipur.[50]

In popular culture[edit | edit source]

Gallery[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 as per the Guinness World Records[1][2][3][4][5]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Aldous, David (2014-06-17). International Turf Management. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-317-84491-4. The early sport of polo, which also involves horse and rider, had its origins in Manipur State, India, circa. 3100 BC when it was played at Sagol Kangjei. Polo was introduced to England from India in 1869 and now has a keen following in the United States, Argentina and Australia.
  2. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
  3. ↑ "Manipur's ancient polo wows G20 delegates". The Times of India. 19 February 2023. ISSN 0971-8257.
  4. ↑ "E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris". books.e-pao.net.
  5. ↑ "Italian seal on Manipur polo origin – Milan-based writer to visit Imphal to collect material for book on game's history". www.telegraphindia.com.
  6. ↑ "Excursion to historic and places of tourists interest marks the second day of G20 delegates visit to Manipur". pib.gov.in. Press Information Bureau (PIB), Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  7. ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol Kangjei")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 188. Retrieved 2023-12-10. sagol kāngjei ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /sə.gol káŋ.jəi/ n. polo: a game played on horseback. Morph: sagol kāng‑jei [horse; sth round‑stick].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  8. ↑ "Discovery of Kangleipak 1". Retrieved 2023-12-10. ...Polo (Kanglei indigenous people called Sakol Kangchei)...
  9. ↑ —"Governor opens meet". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2023-12-10. A shagol kangjei (modern polo in traditional dress)...
    —Press, Imphal Free (2014-09-28). "Manipuri Ponies are critically endangered – KanglaOnline". Retrieved 2023-12-10. ... the rally was carried out to save the Manipuri pony from extinction because it has given an identity to Manipur through Shagol Kangjei and Polo.
  10. ↑ Dzüvichü, Lipokmar; Baruah, Manjeet (2017-11-13). Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation. Taylor & Francis. p. 373. ISBN 978-1-351-27134-9.
  11. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  12. ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 188. Retrieved 2023-12-10. sagol ꯁꯒꯣꯜ /sə.gol/ n. horse.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  13. ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjei")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 38. Retrieved 2023-12-10. kāngjei ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /kaŋ.jəi/ n. hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑jei [a round/spherical object‑stick].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  14. ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kanghu")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 38. Retrieved 2023-12-10. kānghu ꯀꯥꯡꯍꯨ /káŋ.hu/ n. a type of hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑hu [a round or spherical object‑id.].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  15. ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangdrum")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 38. Retrieved 2023-12-10. kāngdrum ꯀꯥꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯨꯝ /kaŋ.drum/ n. hockey ball. Morph: kāng‑drum( [a round/spherical object‑to be round].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  16. ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjeibung")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 38. Retrieved 2023-12-10. kāngjeibung ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯕꯨꯡ /kaŋ.jəi.buŋ/ n. pologround. Morph: kāng‑jei‑bung [a round/spherical object‑stick‑mound].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  17. ↑ —"Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
    —Bhattacharyya, Rituparna (2022-07-29). Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History. Taylor & Francis. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-000-62390-1. ... It's the birthplace of polo. Its indigenous name is Sagol Kangjei. Every year polo teams from all over the world come to Manipur to participate in the polo match-but more pertinently to pay homage to the place which gave them their game. The Indian hockey team, both male and female have prominent Manipuri players. ...
    —Levin, Jonathan V. (2017-10-04). Where Have All the Horses Gone?: How Advancing Technology Swept American Horses from the Road, the Farm, the Range and the Battlefield. McFarland. pp. 152, 153. ISBN 978-1-4766-6713-3.
    —Defenders of the dawn. LP. 2000. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-7062-279-6.
    —Ghosh, G. K. (2008). Bamboo: The Wonderful Grass. APH. p. 108. ISBN 978-81-313-0369-6.
    —Institute, Bathroom Readers' (2012-08-15). Uncle John's Bathroom Reader Sports Spectacular. S&S. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-60710-692-0.
    —Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. APD. p. 1558. ISBN 978-81-269-0706-9.
    —Agarwal, M. K. (2012). From Bharata to India: Volume 1: Chrysee the Golden. Universe. p. 351. ISBN 978-1-4759-0765-0.
    —Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol Kangjei")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 188. Retrieved 2023-12-10. sagol kāngjei ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /sə.gol káŋ.jəi/ n. polo: a game played on horseback. Morph: sagol kāng‑jei [horse; sth round‑stick].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  18. ↑ —"Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
    —Agarwal, M. K. (2012). From Bharata to India: Volume 1: Chrysee the Golden. Universe. p. 351. ISBN 978-1-4759-0765-0.
  19. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  20. ↑ —"Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
    —Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol Kangjei")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 188. Retrieved 2023-12-10. sagol kāngjei ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /sə.gol káŋ.jəi/ n. polo: a game played on horseback. Morph: sagol kāng‑jei [horse; sth round‑stick].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
    —Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 188. Retrieved 2023-12-10. sagol ꯁꯒꯣꯜ /sə.gol/ n. horse.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
    —Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjei")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 38. Retrieved 2023-12-10. kāngjei ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /kaŋ.jəi/ n. hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑jei [a round/spherical object‑stick].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  21. ↑ —"Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
    —Lisam, Khomdan Singh (2011). Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.). GPH. p. 701. ISBN 978-81-7835-864-2.
  22. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  23. ↑ —"Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
    —Kalita, Jayanta (2017-10-25). I am HIV Positive, So What?: A World Champion's Fight Against Drugs,Disease and Discrimination. BP. p. 32. ISBN 978-93-86606-10-5.
  24. ↑ —"Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
    —Taneja, Anil (2009). World of Sports Indoor. GPH. pp. 213, 214, 215. ISBN 978-81-7835-765-2.
    —Agarwal, M. K. (2012). From Bharata to India: Volume 1: Chrysee the Golden. Universe. p. 351. ISBN 978-1-4759-0765-0.
    —Devi, Dr Yumlembam Gopi (2019-06-16). Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. LP. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7.
  25. ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjeibung")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 38. Retrieved 2023-12-10. kāngjeibung ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯕꯨꯡ /kaŋ.jəi.buŋ/ n. pologround. Morph: kāng‑jei‑bung [a round/spherical object‑stick‑mound].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  26. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  27. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  28. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  29. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  30. ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjei")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 38. Retrieved 2023-12-10. kāngjei ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /kaŋ.jəi/ n. hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑jei [a round/spherical object‑stick].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  31. ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kanghu")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 38. Retrieved 2023-12-10. kānghu ꯀꯥꯡꯍꯨ /káŋ.hu/ n. a type of hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑hu [a round or spherical object‑id.].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  32. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  33. ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). Written at US. "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangdrum")". dsal.uchicago.edu (in English and ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ). University of Chicago. Chicago: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. p. 38. Retrieved 2023-12-10. kāngdrum ꯀꯥꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯨꯝ /kaŋ.drum/ n. hockey ball. Morph: kāng‑drum( [a round/spherical object‑to be round].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  34. ↑ Ghosh, G. K. (2008). Bamboo: The Wonderful Grass. APH. p. 108. ISBN 978-81-313-0369-6.
  35. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  36. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  37. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  38. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  39. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  40. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  41. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  42. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  43. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  44. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  45. ↑ "Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  46. ↑ —"Sagol Kangjei". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
    —"Manipur's ancient polo wows G20 delegates". The Times of India. 19 February 2023. ISSN 0971-8257.
    —"E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris". books.e-pao.net.
    —"Italian seal on Manipur polo origin – Milan-based writer to visit Imphal to collect material for book on game's history". www.telegraphindia.com.
  47. ↑ "Manipur celebrates Statehood Day with first international women's polo tournament". DNA India. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  48. ↑ "1st Manipur Statehood Day Women Polo Tournament 20160114". Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  49. ↑ Correspondent (2010-09-15). "1st Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo". assamtribune.com. Retrieved 2023-12-11. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  50. ↑ —"Manipur lift Polo International trophy". www.thepeopleschronicle.in.
    —"Manipur USA win in Manipur Polo International". UNI India.
    —"Manipur lifts Polo International Trophy defeating England". UNI India.
    —"India B wins Manipur International polo tournament – The New Indian Express". www.newindianexpress.com. November 2017.
    —"Ampareen hits back at 'surrendered' HNLC leader; dares government to make procedure public". Northeast Now. 2018-10-21.
    —"11th Manipur International Polo Tournament". POLO+10 The Polo Magazine. 19 December 2017.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

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