Gaur Brahmins: Difference between revisions

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|17%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi News: हिंदी समाचार, Latest News in Hindi, Live Breaking News {{!}} Patrika |url=https://www.patrika.com/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Apki |first=Khabar |date=2017-01-19 |title=भाजपा को बड़ा झटका: यूपी का सबसे बड़ा वोट बैंक भाजपा के खिलाफ करेगा मतदान … |url=https://khabarapki.wordpress.com/2017/01/19/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8b-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a5%9c%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%9d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%b8/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Khabar Apki |language=en}}</ref> (including [[Tyagi|Tyagi Gaurs]])
|17%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi News: हिंदी समाचार, Latest News in Hindi, Live Breaking News {{!}} Patrika |url=https://www.patrika.com/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Apki |first=Khabar |date=2017-01-19 |title=भाजपा को बड़ा झटका: यूपी का सबसे बड़ा वोट बैंक भाजपा के खिलाफ करेगा मतदान … |url=https://khabarapki.wordpress.com/2017/01/19/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8b-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a5%9c%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%9d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%b8/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Khabar Apki |language=en}}</ref> (including [[Tyagi|Tyagi Gaurs]])
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== Social status ==
In places where Gaur Brahmins reside, Brahmins who are not of the Gaur community are often considered to have an inferior status.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=XyCBDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT80&dq=anomalies+have+always+have+been+there+regarding+rank&hl=en</ref>
In Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, too, Gaur Brahmins enjoy a higher social status relative to communities such as the [[Saraswat]] and [[Kanyakubja Brahmins]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gf1m6isJ8JgC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dichhat+are+known+as+Gaur+Brahmins++Chhajwan+,+Ror+and+Sitya+have+a+lower+social+status&q=Dichhat+are+known+as+Gaur+Brahmins++Chhajwan+,+Ror+and+Sitya+have+a+lower+social+status&hl=en&redir_esc=y</ref>
== Military ==
== Military ==
During [[British Raj]], [[Brahmins]] were described as '[[Martial race|the oldest martial community]]'. Gaur Brahmins were one of the Brahmin sub-castes who were described as "[[martial race]]" by British.
During [[British Raj]], [[Brahmins]] were described as '[[Martial race|the oldest martial community]]'. Gaur Brahmins were one of the Brahmin sub-castes who were described as "[[martial race]]" by British.

Revision as of 19:10, 8 October 2023

For the Southern Indians caste, see Goud.

Gaur Brahmin
Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpg
Hemu, a Gaur Brahmin of Bhargav gotra re-imagined in this 1910s bazaar-art poster in very Mughal courtly style, and glorified in Hindi, Persian (from the Akbar-namah), and English, as "the last Hindu emperor of Hindustan", with his genius certified by the Imperial Gazetteer.
Regions with significant populations
Delhi • Rajasthan • Punjab • Haryana • Himachal Pradesh • Western Uttar Pradesh • North India
Languages
Haryanvi • Punjabi • Rajasthani • Pahari • Hindi
Religion
Hinduism • Islam • Sikhism
Related ethnic groups
Brahmins • Pancha Gauda • Haryanvi People • Punjabis • Garha

Gaur Brahmins (spelling variations: Gor or Gour), also Gaud Brahmins, is a landholding class of Brahmin community in India. The Gauda Brahmins are one of the five Pancha Gauda Brahmin communities that lives in the north of the Vindhyas.[1][2]

Map showing hills and elevated regions of India mostly Gaurs live above of the Vindhya Range which is shown in the map by line in center.

Origins

Gaur Brahmins likely originated from Kurukshetra region.[3] Initially inhabiting tracts of land between the Yamuna and Sutlej rivers. Today they are most numerous in the western half of Northern India, particularly in the states of Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan as well as in the western parts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh and a significant amount are present in other northern states of India as well.[4]

The Gaurs claim that the other four main divisions of North Indian Brahmins were originally Gaur, and have acquired their present designations of Saraswat Brahmins, Kanyakubja Brahmins, Maithil Brahmins and Utkala Brahmins by immigrating to the provinces where they are now domiciled.[3] In Sir George Campbell's Ethnology of India, it is suggested that Gaurs may have derived their names from the Ghaggar-Hakra River, which, in ancient times, was a tributary of Saraswati and now discharges its waters into the Sutlej near Firozpur.[3]

Description of Brahmins of Kurukshetra area in Manusmriti:

Kurukshetra and the land of Matsyas, Pañcāla and Sursenkas constitutes the land of Brahmin seers which borders on the Brahmavarta. All the people on Earth should learn their respective practices from a Brahmin born in that land.[5]

Classification

Mostly Gaur Brahmins practice agriculture and till their soil with their own hands and do other secular professions there are different sub sections of Gaurs such as Gujjar Gaur, Shri Gaur, Tyagi Gaur , Sanadhya Gaur all of them belong to Gaurs/Adi Gaurs (Adi means "the first one").[6]

Ghaggar-Hakra river bed where Gaur Brahmins originates and they still found in heavy numbers in this area i.e. Karnal Belt[7]

Demographics

File:Brahmin distribution.jpg
A Map Depicting the Distribution and Diversity of Brahmin Communities, with Gaur Brahmins Boldly Standing Out.

Gaurs are mostly concentrated in below states with significant population.

Gaurs concentration in North India
S. No State Population
1. Haryana 10-16%[8][9][7]
2. Delhi (capital of India) 14%[10]
3. Rajasthan 10-12%[11][12]
4. Western Uttar Pradesh 17%[13][14] (including Tyagi Gaurs)

Social status

In places where Gaur Brahmins reside, Brahmins who are not of the Gaur community are often considered to have an inferior status.[15]

In Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, too, Gaur Brahmins enjoy a higher social status relative to communities such as the Saraswat and Kanyakubja Brahmins.[16]

Military

During British Raj, Brahmins were described as 'the oldest martial community'. Gaur Brahmins were one of the Brahmin sub-castes who were described as "martial race" by British.

Description of Brahmins in British army:

The British army portrayed Brahmins as fighters with excellent physical attributes and a strong sense of pride in their lineage. Their cleanliness, smartness on parade, athletic abilities, expertise in wrestling, and exceptional strength capabilities were highly praised. They were also held in high regard for their courage, having fought alongside the British against the French, helped to crush the Nawab of Oudh, and served with distinction in various wars including those in Mahratta, Nepal, Afghan, and Sikh wars. They formed an integral part of the British Indian Army and proved their mettle repeatedly in battles. If class regiments existed during their time, the prestige of the Rajput and Brahmin sepoy would have been even higher than it already was.[17]

They were mostly composed in below regiments and companies of British Indian Army:

  • Pictures related to above listed regiments
  • Badge of Bhopal Infantry

    Badge of Bhopal Infantry

  • Group photo of Haryanvi Gaur Brahmin soldiers of Haryana in the 9th Bhopal Infantry Regiment at Faizabad on the eve of going to war.

    Group photo of Haryanvi Gaur Brahmin soldiers of Haryana in the 9th Bhopal Infantry Regiment at Faizabad on the eve of going to war.

  • British and Indian officers of the 1st Brahmans, 1912.

    British and Indian officers of the 1st Brahmans, 1912.

Military spirit

Sikh Author Ajaypal Singh Brar mentions a story of World War-I, he says:

"After losing three of her sons, a Gaur Brahmin woman from Rawalpindi sent her remaining sons to war (WW1)."[22]

Haryana State Gazetteer mentions:

"Given the new circumstances, a significant number of Brahman youths have developed a strong interest in joining the army. As a result, they have become excellent officers who serve their country with distinction. In addition to their military service, many Brahman individuals have pursued careers as advocates, bureaucrats, successful businessmen, and skilled agriculturists."[23]

Society & Culture

Delhi & NCR

In a research on Gaur Brahmins in the National Capital Region/Delhi, involving 506 households using pretested interview schedules (aged between 25 and 70 years), it was discovered that more than 95% of them were literate, with a notably high literacy rate of 97.03%. The primary occupation for most individuals in the community is business. In terms of marital status, approximately 80% of the population is married, with 78.99% being males and 80.48% being females.

Father Monserrate, who visited Delhi in 988/1581 but completed his travel account outside India a decade later in 999/1591, mentioned Brahmins of Delhi in his commendatory :

Delinum [Delhi] is inhabited by substantial and wealthy Brachmanae [Brahmin], and of course by a Mongol garrison. Hence its many private mansions add considerably to the magnificence of the city. For the neighborhood is rich in stone and lime, and the rich men construct for themselves well-built, lofty and handsomely decorated residences ... Time fails me to describe the lovely parks and the many residential districts on both sides of the Jomanis [Yamuna], which passes close to the city on the east. The parks and gardens are filled with a rich profusion of fruit and flowers.

International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Scientific Assembly mentions :

In a typical Delhi village, Jat and Brahmins are the most dominant castes.

Haryana & Rajasthan

Gaur Brahmins, who reside in Rajasthan and Haryana typically do not engage in priestly duties. A majority of them strictly adhere to a vegetarian diet, with wheat and millet as the foundation of their staple foods, supplemented by various pulses and rice, while maize is consumed occasionally. Mustard and Sesame oil are primarily used for cooking. Their diet includes a substantial consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as milk and dairy products. Smoking habits include beedis, cigarettes, and hookah.

Within the Gaur Brahmin community, distinct exogamous clans exist, and they practice endogamy, avoiding marriage within the mother's clan. Monogamy is the norm in their marriages. Marital symbols include vermilion, bangles (bor), toe rings, and bindis. Widows frequently remarry, and polygamy is permitted under circumstances of infertility or the wife's mental illness. Extended families are prevalent. Women within the community are actively engaged in agricultural work, fetching water, cooking, tending to children, and participating in various household and family management tasks. The cornerstone of their economic resources lies in land, often utilized for share cropping, as agriculture constitutes their primary occupation.

Gaur Brahmins maintain their own institutions and panchayats at village, tehsil, district, and state levels. In terms of religion, they worship Hindu deities such as Hanuman, Shiva, Durga, and Sheetla Mata and partake in celebrations like Holi, Diwali, Dussehra, Sankranti, and Shivratri. They also establish inter-community connections with other groups like Dhobi, Nai, Chamar, Gujjar and Bania. A significant portion of the Gaur Brahmin population is educated and actively involved in politics.

Politics

Due to signification population in Haryana , Delhi , Rajasthan , West UP. Gaur Brahmins are politically strong community in these state and Western UP.

Haryana

GT-Karnal belt is known as the Brahmin belt of Haryana along with other communities most of the time here MP comes from the Brahmin community.[8]

Delhi

Brahmins mostly Gaurs have large population , larger than than the combined population of Jats are Gujjars[10] and they plays a dominant role in politics.[24]

List of Notable Gaur Brahmins

Religious figures

Swami Ramananda
  • Ramananda[25] - Ramananda was a 15th-century (c. 1400s) Indian saint and religious reformer who promoted the idea of devotion to God through love and service, and played a significant role in the development of Vaishnavism and the Bhakti movement.
  • Dadu Dayal[26][27] - Dadu Dayal was a 16th-century (1544-1603 AD) Indian saint and poet who emphasized the importance of inner purity, social harmony, and unity in his teachings as part of the Bhakti movement.
  • Parmananda[28] - Parmananda was a 15th-century (1483 AD) Indian saint and poet of Bhakti movement.
  • Bhai Almast[29] - Almast was a 16th century (1553-1643 AD) Udasi saint and leader of a branch of the Udasi Sampradaya who preached Udasi faith in Sindh and East regions of india.
  • Bhai Balu Hasna[30] - Balu Hasna was a 16th century (1564-1660 AD) Udasi saint and leader of a branch of the Udasi Sampradaya who preached Udasi faith in Pothohar region of Punjab and other regions of India.
  • Bhai Sant Rain[31][32][33] - Sant Rain was a 18th century (1741-1871 AD) Udasi saint and scholar, who wrote Guru Nanak Vijay, Man Prabodh, Anbhai Amrit, Sri Guru Nanak Bodh and Udasi Bodh.
  • Baba Mula Sant[34] - Mula Sant was a 16th century Vaishnav saint from Wazirabad, most of his followers comes from Jhang, Shahpur, Gujranwala (Pakistan), and Aroras have a great reverence for him.
  • Bhai Kirat Bhatt[35] - son of Bhai Bhikkha and grandson of Bhai Raiya and brother of Bhatt Mathura , a Kaushish/Kaushik was a poet of Bhatt family . Eight stanzas written by him have been included in Guru Granth Sahib.
  • Bhai Bhatt Mattura[36] - (brother of Kirat Bhatt) was bard in the court of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, whose 14 hymns are present in Guru Granth Sahib.

Historical figures

During Sur Empire (1538–1556)

During Mughal Empire (1526–1857)

Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two
  • Hemu Bhargav[39][40][41][42] - Hemchandra Vikramaditya, also known as Hemu Bhargav, was a 16th-century Indian ruler who briefly served as the Prime Minister and de facto ruler of Delhi after winning a series of battles against the Mughal emperor Akbar's forces.
  • Rao Nandlal Chaudhary[43] - Rao Nandlal Chaudhary, Chief of Zamindars of Kampel near Indore, who controlled Indore and its surrounding area under the Mughals, and founder of Indore.
  • Tansen[44] - Tansen, considered one of the greatest musicians in Indian history, was a prominent composer and singer in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar during the 16th century.
  • Sheo Nath Singh[45] - was a brave soldier in Shah Alam II's court, he fought bravely against Afghans and received jagir of forty two villages and title of Raja himself from the Mughal emperor.

During Sikh Empire (1799–1849)

Portrait of Jamadar Khushal Singh
Painting of Raja Teja Singh

Indian Independence Movement (1857-1947)

Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Ji at the BHU
  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya[55] - Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, also known as Mahamana Malaviya, was a prominent Indian educationist and freedom fighter who founded Banaras Hindu University, worked tirelessly for the promotion of education and Hind unity, and was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, in 2014.
  • Pandit Neki Ram Sharma[56] - Pandit Neki Ram Sharma, also known as Haryana Kesari, was an Indian politician, freedom fighter, and advocate for Indian independence and social justice who served as a Member of Parliament representing Haryana in the Rajya Sabha from 1952 to 1956 as a member of the Indian National Congress; he was also involved in anti-British movements, including the Non-Cooperation Movement and Quit India movement, and spent over 2200 days in jail.
  • Rao Dhan Singh[57] - was the Military Governor of Shekhawati during the upheaval of 1857. He along with his kinsman played an active role in the struggle for independence in 1857 A.D. against the British and fought bravely in the Battle of Narnaul.
  • Raja Dhayan Singh[58] - was the last ruler of Sheikhupura (his lineage can be traced from Jamadar Khushal Singh), was President of All India Gaur Brahmin Mahasabha, and he was the main reason for the separate unit of Brahmins in army.

Politics

  • B..D Sharma[59]- Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, also known as B.D. Sharma, was an Indian politician and freedom fighter who served as the first Chief Minister of Haryana and worked to develop the state through initiatives in agriculture, education, and industrial development.
  • Gopi Chand Bhargav[60]- Gopi Chand Bhargava, a member of the Indian National Congress and the first Chief Minister of Punjab from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1949 to 1951, as well as serving as caretaker Chief Minister in 1964, was born on March 8, 1889, in Sirsa district of Punjab province in British India, and completed his medical degree in 1912 before entering politics; his brother Pandit Thakur Das Bhargava was also an INC politician and freedom fighter who founded several educational institutions.
  • Shankar Dayal Sharma[61][62]- Indian politician who served as the ninth President of India from 1992 to 1997. He was known for his commitment to secularism and social justice, and played a key role in shaping India's political discourse during his time in office.
  • Tika Ram Paliwal[63] - was an Indian politician, who served as the fourth Chief Minister of Rajasthan State of India
  • Hansraj Bharadwaj[64] - was an Indian politician who served as Governor of Karnataka from 2009 to 2014 and Governor of Kerala in 2012-2013, with the second longest tenure in Law Ministry since independence, as a member of the Indian National Congress.
  • Arvind Kumar Sharma[65] - is an Indian dental surgeon, politician, and MP in the 17th Lok Sabha from Rohtak who previously represented the Karnal constituency of Haryana in the 15th Lok Sabha as a member of the Indian National Congress but switched to the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2019.

Sports

XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Yogeshwar Dutt of India won the gold medal in (Men's) Wrestling 60 kg Freestyle

Wrestling

  • Yogeshwar Dutt[66] - Indian wrestler and Olympic bronze (later converted to Silver) medalist who has won numerous medals in international competitions, including the Gold in both Commonwealth Games and Asian Games.
  • Neeraj Bhardwaj[67] - Bronze medalist World Junior Wrestling

Boxing

  • Manish Kaushik[68] - Indian amateur boxer who competes in the lightweight category and has won several medals, including a silver medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, a bronze medal at the 2019 Asian Boxing Championships, and represented India at the World Championships and the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

Cricket

  • Ishant Sharma[69] - Indian cricketer who is known for his fast bowling and has played for the Indian national cricket team since 2007, taking over 300 wickets in international cricket.
  • Mohit Sharma[70] - Indian cricketer known for his bowling.

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)

Hockey

  • Maharaj Krishan Kaushik[74] - was a member of India's gold medal-winning field hockey team at the 1980 Summer Olympics and later coached the India women's national field hockey team; he received the Arjuna Award in 1998 and the Dronacharya Award in 2002 for his contributions to Indian hockey, and passed away on May 8, 2021 due to COVID-19.
  • Haripal Kaushik , Veer Chakra recipient was an Indian field hockey player, military officer and television commentator who won gold medals in the 1956 and 1964 Summer Olympics and received the Arjuna Award in 1998.

Military

Immortal Martyr Major Mohit Sharma, AC,SM, COASM
Captain Deepak Sharma , KC (2011)
  • Major Mohit Sharma[75] - Indian Army officer and a recipient of the Ashoka Chakra, India's highest peacetime military decoration, who sacrificed his life in action during counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir in 2009.
  • W/C Rakesh Sharma[76] - First Indian cosmonaut, recipient of the Ashok Chakra and Hero of the Soviet Union.
  • Col Ashutosh Sharma[77] - A highly decorated officer in the Indian Army, with over 20 years of service. He was known for his bravery and dedication to duty, and had been awarded the Sena Medal twice for his gallantry. On May 2, 2020, he led a team of soldiers on an anti-terrorist operation in Jammu and Kashmir, where he was martyred in action while trying to neutralize terrorists. His sacrifice will always be remembered as a shining example of the valor and courage displayed by members of the Indian Armed Forces.
  • Asaram Tyagi[78] - An Indian Army officer who was instrumental in the destruction of two enemy tanks during the 1965 Indo-Pak War,originally recommended for Param Vir Chakra and was ultimately awarded the Mahavir Chakra
  • Captain Deepak Sharma[79] - Indian Army officer and a recipient of the Kirti Chakra who sacrificed his life in action during counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir in 2010.
  • Sachin Sharma[80][81] - Indian army soldier martyred in Arunachal Pradesh in 2018.
  • Saurabh Katara[82] - Indian army soldier martyred in Jammu and Kashmir in 2019.
  • Prashant Sharma[83] - Indian army soldier martyred in Jammu and Kashmir in 2020.
  • Havaldar H R Kaushik[84] - Indian army soldier martyred during Op Pawan in1988.
  • Naik Hari Dutta Kaushik[85] - Naik in Indian army martyred during Op Prakram in 2002.
  • Rifleman Gajender Kaushik[86] - Rifleman in Indian army martyred during CI & IS 2012.
  • Major RP Kaushik[87] - Indian Army officer martyred during the 1962 Indo-China war.
  • Flying Officer Sudhir Tyagi[88] - Flying Officer in Indian Air Force recipient of the Veer Chakra in 1971.
  • MCPO I Krishan Kumar[89] - Master Chief Petty Officer in Indian Navy martyred in 2022 in INS Vikrant blast.

Business and industries

  • Jaiprakash Gaur[90] - Indian industrialist, founder of Jaiprakash Associates Limited, and known for his philanthropic activities.
  • B.L Gaur - founder of Gaur and Sons[91]
  • Vijay Shekar Sharma[92] - Indian tech entrepreneur and founder of One97 Communications and Paytm, appointed as UA Ambassador in India in 2022, with a net worth of $1.1 billion as of September 2022 according to Forbes.
  • Madan Paliwal[93] - founder and chairman of the Miraj Group, leading multiple companies including Miraj Products, Miraj Developers, Miraj Entertainment, Miraj Multicolours, Miraj Pipes and Fittings, Miraj Cinemas, and Miraj Tradecom.

Performing arts

0px
Bust of Pandit Lakhmicand
Pandit Jasraj

Singers , Writers , Lyricist , Poets , Comedians

  • Pandit Jasraj[97][98] - was an Indian classical vocalist from the Mewati gharana, had a musical career of 75 years with international recognition, major awards, and contributions to various genres including Haveli Sangeeth, and teaching students globally.
  • Surender Sharma[99] - Surender Sharma is an Indian poet, writer and humorist known for his comic sketches, honoured with Padma Shri award and appointed as Vice-Chairman of Hindi Academy and member of Central Board of Film Certification.
  • Kumar Vishwas[100] - born Vishwas Kumar Sharma, is an Indian poet, politician, and former member of the National Executive of the Aam Aadmi Party.

Actors , Directors , Producers

  • Satish Kaushik[101][102] - was Indian actor, director, producer, comedian, and screenwriter, rose to fame in Bollywood with his portrayal of the cook Calendar in Mr India and also served as an Assistant Director in the film.
  • Yashpal Sharma[103] - is a renowned Indian actor, known for his notable performances in movies like Lagaan, Gangaajal, Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi, Ab Tak Chhappan, Apaharan, Lakshyam, Singh Is Kinng, Aarakshan, Rowdy Rathore, and the TV series Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah, Mera Naam Karegi Roshan, and Neeli Chhatri Waale, and also for his stage acting; he was awarded for his performance in the Haryanvi film Pagdi: The Honour at the 62nd National Film Awards.
  • Vishal Bhardwaj[104] - Vishal Bhardwaj is an Indian film director, screenwriter, producer, music composer and playback singer, known for his work in Hindi cinema and recipient of eight National Film Awards and a Filmfare Award; he has also directed the Indian adaptations of three tragedies by William Shakespeare and produces films under his banner VB Pictures.

See also

References

  1. ↑ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. Rosen. pp. 490–491. ISBN 9780823931804.
  2. ↑ D. Shyam Babu and Ravindra S. Khare, ed. (2011). Caste in Life: Experiencing Inequalities. Pearson Education India. p. 168. ISBN 9788131754399.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya, ed. (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems. Spink Thacker. p. 52. ISBN 9781298966339.
  4. ↑ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Rosen. ISBN 9780823931804.
  5. ↑ Manu (Lawgiver) (2004). The Law Code of Manu. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280271-2.
  6. ↑ Bhattacharya, Jogendra Nath (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems. Thacker, Spink.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Pioneer, The. "Karnal: Brahmin belt of Haryana to see straight BJP-Cong contest". The Pioneer. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "हरियाणा में चुनाव से पहले गरमाई ब्राह्मण वोटों की सियासत, घिर सकती है बीजेपी". आज तक (in हिन्दी). 26 May 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  9. ↑ "Haryana CM Bhupinder Singh Hooda eyes non-Jat voters now, pushes MLA Venod Sharma's name". India Today. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Pioneer, The. "Fight for Brahmin votes intensifies". The Pioneer. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  11. ↑ Studio, Rajasthan (30 April 2021). "8 Communities Of Rajasthan - Full Of Culture And Life". Rajasthan Studio. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  12. ↑ Web Desk, Outlook (5 February 2022). "Distribution Of Brahmin Population". Outlook India.
  13. ↑ "Hindi News: हिंदी समाचार, Latest News in Hindi, Live Breaking News | Patrika". Patrika News (in हिन्दी). Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  14. ↑ Apki, Khabar (19 January 2017). "भाजपा को बड़ा झटका: यूपी का सबसे बड़ा वोट बैंक भाजपा के खिलाफ करेगा मतदान …". Khabar Apki. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  15. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XyCBDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT80&dq=anomalies+have+always+have+been+there+regarding+rank&hl=en
  16. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gf1m6isJ8JgC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dichhat+are+known+as+Gaur+Brahmins++Chhajwan+,+Ror+and+Sitya+have+a+lower+social+status&q=Dichhat+are+known+as+Gaur+Brahmins++Chhajwan+,+Ror+and+Sitya+have+a+lower+social+status&hl=en&redir_esc=y
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