Treaty of Sugauli: Difference between revisions

Sugauli Treaty
	Bhimsen Thapa's Gorkha troops (right) at Segauli, (c. 1849)
Drafted	2 December 1815
Signed	4 March 1816
Location	Sugauli, India
Condition	one fourth of Nepalese controlled territory was ceded to British East India Company
Expiration	None
Signatories	Parish Bradshaw; Guru Gajaraj Mishra;
Parties	East India Company; Nepal;
Language	English
	Treaty of Sugauli at Wikisource

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Latest revision as of 01:28, 28 October 2022

The territorial effects of the Treaty of Sugauli (1816)

Map of Hindostan or India (1814) by Mathew Carey.

The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and Guru Gajaraj Mishra following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16.^[1]^[2]

Background[edit | edit source]

Following the Unification of Nepal under Prithvi Narayan Shah, Nepal attempted to enlarge its domains, conquering much of Sikkim in the east and, in the west, the basins of Gandaki and Karnali and the Uttarakhand regions of Garhwal and Kumaon. This brought them in conflict with the British, who controlled directly or indirectly the north Indian plains between Delhi and Calcutta. A series of campaigns termed the Anglo-Nepalese War occurred in 1814–1816. In 1815 the British general Ochterlony evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Kali River,^[3]^[4] ending their 12-year occupation, which is remembered for its brutality and repression.^[5]^[6]

Octherlony offered peace terms to the Nepalese demanding British suzerainty in the form of a British resident and the delimitation of Nepal's territories corresponding roughly to its present-day boundaries. The Nepalese refusal to accede to the terms led to another campaign the following year, targeting the Kathmandu Valley, after which the Nepalese capitulated.^[7]^[8]

Terms[edit | edit source]

Historian John Whelpton writes:

Negotiations for a general settlement produced a draft which was initialled at Sagauli in Bihar in December 1815 and required Nepal to give up all territories west and east of its present-day borders, to surrender the entire Tarai and to accept a permanent British representative (or 'resident') in Kathmandu. The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital.^[9]

Ongoing disputes[edit | edit source]

Among the border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary, the most significant are in the Susta and Kalapani regions.^[10] The two regions cover some 40 km of the Indo-Nepal border.

References[edit | edit source]

↑ "Original copies of both Sugauli Treaty and Nepal-India Friendship Treaty are missing". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
↑ "Treaty of Sagauli | British-Nepalese history [1816]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
↑ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 41-42.
↑ Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971), pp. 83–85: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."
↑ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 58.
↑ Oakley, E. Sherman (1905), Holy Himalaya: The Religion, Traditions, and Scenery of a Himalayan Province (Kumaon and Garhwal), Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, pp. 124–125 – via archive.org
↑ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 41-42: "The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital."
↑ Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971), pp. 87–88: "[In 1816] With the collapse of the main defense line, the Darbar quickly dispatched Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya to Ochterlony's camp with a copy of the Sugauli treaty bearing the seal of the Maharaja."
↑ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 42.
↑ Stephen Groves (22 September 2014). "India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

Atkinson, Edwin Thomas (1981) [first published 1884], The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2, Cosmo Publications – via archive.org
Atkinson, Edwin Thomas (1981) [first published 1884], The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 3, Part 2, Cosmo Publications – via archive.org
Chatterjee, Bishwa B. (January 1976), "The Bhotias of Uttarakhand", India International Centre Quarterly, 3 (1): 3–16, JSTOR 23001864
Cowan, Sam (2015), The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani, School of Oriental and African Studies
Dhungel, Dwarika Nath; Pun, Santa Bahadur (2014), "Nepal-India Relations: Territorial/Border Issue with Specific Reference to Mahakali River", FPRC Journal, New Delhi: Foreign Policy Research Centre – via academia.edu
Manandhar, Mangal Siddhi; Koirala, Hriday Lal (June 2001), "Nepal-India Boundary Issue: River Kali as International Boundary", Tribhuvan University Journal, 23 (1)
Rose, Leo E. (1971), Nepal – Strategy for Survival, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-01643-9
Rose, Leo E. (January–February 1999), "Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms", Asian Survey, 39 (1): 155–162, doi:10.2307/2645605, JSTOR 2645605
Schrader, Heiko (1988), Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas, Bow Historical Books, ISBN 978-3-88156-405-2
Shrestha, Buddhi N. (2013), "Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal" (PDF), in Haim Srebro (ed.), International Boundary Making, Copenhagen: International Federation of Surveyors, pp. 149–182, ISBN 978-87-92853-08-0
Upadhya, Sanjay (2012), Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-33550-1
Walton, H. G., ed. (1911), Almora: A Gazetteer, District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, vol. 35, Government Press, United Provinces – via archive.org
Whelpton, John (2005), A History of Nepal, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-80470-7

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Foreign relations of Nepal

[1] "Original copies of both Sugauli Treaty and Nepal-India Friendship Treaty are missing". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

[2] "Treaty of Sagauli | British-Nepalese history [1816]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

[FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200541-42-3] Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 41-42.

[4] Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971), pp. 83–85: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."

[FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200558-5] Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 58.

[6] Oakley, E. Sherman (1905), Holy Himalaya: The Religion, Traditions, and Scenery of a Himalayan Province (Kumaon and Garhwal), Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, pp. 124–125 – via archive.org

[7] Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 41-42: "The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital."

[8] Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971), pp. 87–88: "[In 1816] With the collapse of the main defense line, the Darbar quickly dispatched Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya to Ochterlony's camp with a copy of the Sugauli treaty bearing the seal of the Maharaja."

[FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200542-9] Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 42.

[Groves-10] Stephen Groves (22 September 2014). "India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.

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[2]

[3]

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[9]

[10]

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 | date_sealed     =
 | date_effective  =
-| condition_effective = Some Nepalese controlled land was ceded to British East India Company
+| condition_effective = one fourth of Nepalese controlled territory was ceded to British East India Company
-| date_expiration =
+| date_expiration = None
 | signatories     =
 * {{flagdeco|East India Company|1707}} [[Parish Bradshaw]]
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 [[File:Hindoostan map 1814.jpg|thumb|300px|Map of Hindostan or India (1814) by [[Mathew Carey]].]]
-The '''Treaty of Sugauli''' (also spelled '''Sugowlee''', '''Sagauli''' and '''Segqulee'''), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 4 March 1816 between the [[East India Company]] and Guru Gajaraj Mishra] following the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] of 1814–16.
+The '''Treaty of Sugauli''' (also spelled '''Sugowlee''', '''Sagauli''' and '''Segqulee'''), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 4 March 1816 between the [[East India Company]] and Guru [[Gajaraj Mishra]] following the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] of 1814–16.<ref>
-<ref>
+{{Cite web |title=Original copies of both Sugauli Treaty and Nepal-India Friendship Treaty are missing |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/08/13/original-copies-of-sugauli-treaty-and-nepal-india-friendship-treaty-are-both-missing |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en |access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Sagauli {{!}} British-Nepalese history [1816] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Sagauli |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
-{{Cite web |title=Original copies of both Sugauli Treaty and Nepal-India Friendship Treaty are missing |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/08/13/original-copies-of-sugauli-treaty-and-nepal-india-friendship-treaty-are-both-missing |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en |access-date=2020-05-27}}
-</ref><ref>
-{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Sagauli {{!}} British-Nepalese history [1816] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Sagauli |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2020-05-27}}
-</ref>
 == Background ==
 Following the [[Unification of Nepal]] under [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], Nepal attempted to enlarge its domains, conquering much of [[Sikkim]] in the east and, in the west, the basins of [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]] and [[Karnali River|Karnali]] and the [[Uttarakhand]] regions of [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]]. This brought them in conflict with the [[British Raj|British]], who controlled directly or indirectly the north Indian plains between Delhi and Calcutta. A series of campaigns termed the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] occurred in 1814–1816. In 1815 the British general [[David Ochterlony|Ochterlony]] evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Kali River,{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=41-42}}<ref>
 {{harvp|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971|pp=83–85}}: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."
-</ref> ending their 12-year occupation, which is remembered for its brutality and repression.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=58}}<ref>{{citation |first=E. Sherman |last=Oakley |title=Holy Himalaya: The Religion, Traditions, and Scenery of a Himalayan Province (Kumaon and Garhwal) |publisher=Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier |year=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/holyhimalayareli00oaklrich/page/n7 |via=archive.org |pp=124–125}}</ref>
+</ref> ending their 12-year occupation, which is remembered for its brutality and repression.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=58}}<ref>{{citation |first=E. Sherman |last=Oakley |title=Holy Himalaya: The Religion, Traditions, and Scenery of a Himalayan Province (Kumaon and Garhwal) |publisher=Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier |year=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/holyhimalayareli00oaklrich/page/n7 |via=archive.org |pages=124–125}}</ref>
 Octherlony offered peace terms to the Nepalese demanding British suzerainty in the form of a British resident and the delimitation of Nepal's territories corresponding roughly to its present-day boundaries. The Nepalese refusal to accede to the terms led to another campaign the following year, targeting the [[Kathmandu Valley]], after which the Nepalese capitulated.<ref>
@@ Line 55: / Line 51: @@
 == Ongoing disputes ==
-Among the border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary, the most significant are in the [[Susta territory|Susta]] and [[Kalapani territory|Kalapani]] regions.<ref name=Groves>{{cite web |author=Stephen Groves |title=India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=22 September 2014 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |access-date=2017-03-28  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050346/https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The two regions cover some 40&nbsp;km of the Indo-Nepal border.
+Among the border dispute of the [[India–Nepal border|Indo-Nepal boundary]], the most significant are in the [[Susta territory|Susta]] and [[Kalapani territory|Kalapani]] regions.<ref name=Groves>{{cite web |author=Stephen Groves |title=India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=22 September 2014 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |access-date=2017-03-28  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050346/https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The two regions cover some 40&nbsp;km of the Indo-Nepal border.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 75: / Line 71: @@
 * {{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18114/page/n205 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |ref={{sfnref|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981}}}}
 * {{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 3, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15260/page/n5 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |ref={{sfnref|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 3, Part 2|1981}}}}
-* {{citation |first=Bishwa B. |last=Chatterjee |title=The Bhotias of Uttarakhand |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=3 |number=1 |date=January 1976 |pp=3–16 |JSTOR=23001864 |ref={{sfnref|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976}}}}
+* {{citation |first=Bishwa B. |last=Chatterjee |title=The Bhotias of Uttarakhand |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=3 |number=1 |date=January 1976 |pages=3–16 |jstor=23001864 |ref={{sfnref|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976}}}}
 * {{citation |first=Sam |last=Cowan |author-link=Samuel Cowan |title=The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2015 |url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/SWAY000513/00001}}
-* {{citation |last1=Dhungel |first1=Dwarika Nath |last2=Pun |first2=Santa Bahadur |title=Nepal-India Relations: Territorial/Border Issue with Specific Reference to Mahakali River |journal=FPRC Journal |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Centre |location=New Delhi |year=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12827172/Nepal_India_Relations-_Origin_of_Mahakai_River |via=academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Dhungel & Pun, Nepal–India Relations|2014}}}}
+* {{citation |last1=Dhungel |first1=Dwarika Nath |last2=Pun |first2=Santa Bahadur |title=Nepal-India Relations: Territorial/Border Issue with Specific Reference to Mahakali River |journal=FPRC Journal |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Centre |location=New Delhi |year=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12827172 |via=academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Dhungel & Pun, Nepal–India Relations|2014}}}}
 * {{citation |first1=Mangal Siddhi |last1=Manandhar |first2=Hriday Lal |last2=Koirala |title=Nepal-India Boundary Issue: River Kali as International Boundary |journal=Tribhuvan University Journal |volume=23 |number=1 |date=June 2001 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/4550/3782 |ref={{sfnref|Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue|2001}}}}
-* {{citation |last1=Rose |first1=Leo E. |title=Nepal – Strategy for Survival |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v07Vo3vAaKwC |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |ISBN=978-0-520-01643-9 |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971}}}}
+* {{citation |last1=Rose |first1=Leo E. |title=Nepal – Strategy for Survival |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v07Vo3vAaKwC |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01643-9 |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971}}}}
-* {{citation |first=Leo E. |last=Rose |title=Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms |journal=Asian Survey |volume=39 |number=1 |date=January–February 1999 |pp=155–162 |JSTOR=2645605 |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Nepal and Bhutan|1999}}}}
+* {{citation |first=Leo E. |last=Rose |title=Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms |journal=Asian Survey |volume=39 |number=1 |date=January–February 1999 |pages=155–162 |doi=10.2307/2645605 |jstor=2645605 |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Nepal and Bhutan|1999}}}}
 * {{citation |last=Schrader |first=Heiko |title=Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKEvAAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=Bow Historical Books |isbn=978-3-88156-405-2 |ref={{sfnref|Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas|1988}}}}
-* {{citation |first=Buddhi N. |last=Shrestha |chapter=Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal |editor=Haim Srebro |title=International Boundary Making |publisher=International Federation of Surveyors |location=Copenhagen |year=2013 |ISBN=978-87-92853-08-0 |pp=149–182 |url=https://www.fig.net/resources/publications/figpub/pub59/Figpub59_screen.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries|2013}}}}
+* {{citation |first=Buddhi N. |last=Shrestha |chapter=Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal |editor=Haim Srebro |title=International Boundary Making |publisher=International Federation of Surveyors |location=Copenhagen |year=2013 |isbn=978-87-92853-08-0 |pages=149–182 |chapter-url=https://www.fig.net/resources/publications/figpub/pub59/Figpub59_screen.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries|2013}}}}
 * {{citation |last=Upadhya |first=Sanjay |title=Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8nfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-33550-1 |ref={{sfnref|Upadhya, Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India|2012}}}}
 * {{citation |editor-first=H. G. |editor-last=Walton |title=Almora: A Gazetteer |series=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |volume=35 |publisher=Government Press, United Provinces |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181493/page/n3 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Walton, Almora District Gazetteer|1911}}}}