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{{Short description|Indian military officer (1916–2005)}}
{{Short description|Indian military officer (1916–2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
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[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Jagjit Singh Arora''' {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM}}<ref name="DCOAS"/> (also '''Jagjit Singh Aurora''')<ref name="Gazette_India"/><ref name="Indian_Army_List_47">{{cite book|pages=245–246|title=Indian Army List (Special Edition) 1947|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1947}}</ref><ref name="name" group="note">Both spellings are used in official documents; though "Aurora" predominates in the listings in the pre-Independence ''Indian Army List'', as do those in the ''[[Gazette of India]]''.</ref>  (13 February 1916<ref name="birthdate" group="note">As given in the pre-Independence ''Indian Army List''.</ref> – 3 May 2005) was an [[Indian Army]] [[General Officer]] who was the [[General Officer Commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (GOC-in-C) [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with Pakistan in 1971.
[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Jagjit Singh Arora''' {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM}}<ref name="DCOAS"/> (also '''Jagjit Singh Aurora''')<ref name="Gazette_India"/><ref name="Indian_Army_List_47">{{cite book|pages=245–246|title=Indian Army List (Special Edition) 1947|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1947}}</ref><ref name="name" group="note">Both spellings are used in official documents; though "Aurora" predominates in the listings in the pre-Independence ''Indian Army List'', as do those in the ''[[Gazette of India]]''.</ref>  (13 February 1916<ref name="birthdate" group="note">As given in the pre-Independence ''Indian Army List''.</ref> – 3 May 2005) was an [[Indian Army]] [[General Officer]] who was the [[General Officer Commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (GOC-in-C) [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with Pakistan in 1971.


He organised and led the ground forces campaign in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Eastern Front]] of the war, which led to an overwhelming defeat of the combined [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] [[Eastern Command (Pakistan)|in East-Pakistan]] that led to the creation of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="br-homage">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Legends/170-JS-Arora.html|title=Homage to a Hero: Lt Gen J. S. Arora|date=17 June 2005|publisher=Frontline|access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>
He organised and led the ground forces campaign in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Eastern Front]] of the war, which led to an overwhelming defeat of the combined [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] [[Eastern Command (Pakistan)|in East-Pakistan]] that led to the creation of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="br-homage">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Legends/170-JS-Arora.html|title=Homage to a Hero: Lt Gen J. S. Arora|date=17 June 2005|publisher=Frontline|access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>


As the General commanding the Indian and Bangladesh Forces in the Eastern theater, Gen Aurora received the surrender from the Governor of [[East Pakistan]] and Commander of the Eastern Command of the [[Pakistan Army]], Lt Gen [[A. A. K. Niazi]].
As the General commanding the Indian and Bangladesh Forces in the Eastern theater, Gen Aurora received the surrender from the Governor of [[East Pakistan]] and Commander of the Eastern Command of the [[Pakistan Army]], Lt Gen [[A. A. K. Niazi]].
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==Army career==
==Army career==
Aurora graduated from the [[Indian Military Academy]] in 1939 and was commissioned into the 1st Battalion, [[2nd Punjab Regiment]] on 1 February.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/> He saw action in the [[Burma Campaign]] during World War II.<ref name=nyt-obit>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/06/obituaries/06aurora.html |title=Jagjit Singh Aurora, 89, Indian War Hero, Is Dead |work=The New York Times |date= 6 May 2005|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>
Aurora graduated from the [[Indian Military Academy]] in 1939 and was commissioned into the 1st Battalion, [[2nd Punjab Regiment]] on 1 February.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/> He saw action in the [[Burma Campaign]] during World War II.<ref name=nyt-obit>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/06/obituaries/06aurora.html |title=Jagjit Singh Aurora, 89, Indian War Hero, Is Dead |work=The New York Times |date= 6 May 2005|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>


After [[independence of India|Independence]] and the ensuing [[Partition of India]], he opted to join the [[Indian Army]] and was a commissioned officer in the [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].<ref name=ia-punjabregiment>{{cite web | url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=CVpxJM4HyDk=&ParentID=VBMAob67zU4= | title = Punjab Regiment: Colonels of the Regiment | publisher = Indian Army | access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> On 3 February 1957, he was promoted acting [[Brigadier]] and given command of an infantry brigade.<ref name="brigade">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=76  |date=30 March 1957 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
After [[independence of India|Independence]] and the ensuing [[Partition of India]], he opted to join the [[Indian Army]] and was a commissioned officer in the [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].<ref name=ia-punjabregiment>{{cite web | url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=CVpxJM4HyDk=&ParentID=VBMAob67zU4= | title = Punjab Regiment: Colonels of the Regiment | publisher = Indian Army | access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref> On 3 February 1957, he was promoted acting [[Brigadier]] and given command of an infantry brigade.<ref name="brigade">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=76  |date=30 March 1957 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>


In May 1961, as BGS [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]], Brigadier Arora led a team of military officers and men sent by the [[Government of India]] on a [[reconnaissance]] mission to [[Bhutan]]. This later led to the establishment of the [[Indian Military Training Team]] in Bhutan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT), Bhutan |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/index_imtrat.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071023/http://indianarmy.nic.in/index_imtrat.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 June 2009 |date=19 June 2009}}</ref>
In May 1961, as BGS [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]], Brigadier Arora led a team of military officers and men sent by the [[Government of India]] on a [[reconnaissance]] mission to [[Bhutan]]. This later led to the establishment of the [[Indian Military Training Team]] in Bhutan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT), Bhutan |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/index_imtrat.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071023/http://indianarmy.nic.in/index_imtrat.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 June 2009 |date=19 June 2022}}</ref>


As a brigadier, he fought in the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962. He was appointed a division commander on 21 February 1963,<ref name="GOC_div"/> with a promotion to the rank of [[Major General]] on 20 June 1964.<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=371  |date=12 September 1964 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He was then appointed Director of Military Training (DMT) on 23 November 1964.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=509  |date=19 December 1964 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He also participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].
As a brigadier, he fought in the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962. He was appointed a division commander on 21 February 1963,<ref name="GOC_div"/> with a promotion to the rank of [[Major General]] on 20 June 1964.<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=371  |date=12 September 1964 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He was then appointed Director of Military Training (DMT) on 23 November 1964.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=509  |date=19 December 1964 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He also participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].
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For the next nine months, with tensions escalating between India and Pakistan and anticipating possible hostilities, Aurora oversaw the logistical preparations of the Indian Army on the Eastern front, including the improvement of roads, communications and bridges, as well as the movement of 30,000 tons of supplies close to the border with East Pakistan.
For the next nine months, with tensions escalating between India and Pakistan and anticipating possible hostilities, Aurora oversaw the logistical preparations of the Indian Army on the Eastern front, including the improvement of roads, communications and bridges, as well as the movement of 30,000 tons of supplies close to the border with East Pakistan.


At the outbreak of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war]] on 3 December 1971, as Eastern Army Commander, Gen. Aurora oversaw the Indian ground forces into battle in East Pakistan.  In a meticulously planned operation, forces under Aurora's command formed numerous small combat teams and launched a four-front attack with the strategy of confronting and defeating the Pakistani forces on selected fronts, while bypassing Pakistani forces on others. In under two weeks, his forces advanced from the Indian border to capture [[Dhaka]], the capital of East Pakistan.<ref name=guardian-obit>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/11/india.bangladesh |title=Obituary: Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora |publisher=guardian.co.uk |date= 11 May 2005|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>
At the outbreak of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war]] on 3 December 1971, as Eastern Army Commander, Gen. Aurora oversaw the Indian ground forces into battle in East Pakistan.  In a meticulously planned operation, forces under Aurora's command formed numerous small combat teams and launched a four-front attack with the strategy of confronting and defeating the Pakistani forces on selected fronts, while bypassing Pakistani forces on others. In under two weeks, his forces advanced from the Indian border to capture [[Dhaka]], the capital of East Pakistan.<ref name=guardian-obit>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/11/india.bangladesh |title=Obituary: Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora |publisher=guardian.co.uk |date= 11 May 2005|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>


The [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Unified Commander of Pakistan Armed Forces's Eastern Military High Command]], Lieutenant General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]] was forced to sign an unconditional [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]]. The photograph of Niazi and Aurora at the signing of the Instruments of Surrender became an iconic image of the war,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh honours Gen. Aurora|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/22/stories/2005052201860900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111400/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/22/stories/2005052201860900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2014|access-date=21 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 May 2005}}</ref> with ''[[The Guardian]]'' describing the scene as "the glum Pakistani officer bowed over his signature. The turbaned figure beside him, showing not a scrap of elation".<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/11/india.bangladesh|access-date=21 November 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 May 2005}}</ref> The 90,000 Pakistani troops under Niazi's command surrendered to Gen Aurora as [[prisoners of war]] in what remains to date the largest surrender of soldiers since the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/the-bangladeshi-liberation-has-lessons-for-india-today/articleshow/88412623.cms|title=The Bangladeshi liberation has lessons for India today|date=2021-12-21|access-date=2021-12-29|website=[[The Times of India]]|last=Srinivasaraju|first=Sugata}}</ref><ref name=nyt-obit/> Pakistan lost almost {{convert|57000|sqmi|km2}} of its territory and 70 million of its people to the newly formed nation of Bangladesh.
The [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Unified Commander of Pakistan Armed Forces's Eastern Military High Command]], Lieutenant General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]] was forced to sign an unconditional [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]]. The photograph of Niazi and Aurora at the signing of the Instruments of Surrender became an iconic image of the war,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh honours Gen. Aurora|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/22/stories/2005052201860900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111400/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/22/stories/2005052201860900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2014|access-date=21 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 May 2022}}</ref> with ''[[The Guardian]]'' describing the scene as "the glum Pakistani officer bowed over his signature. The turbaned figure beside him, showing not a scrap of elation".<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/11/india.bangladesh|access-date=21 November 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 May 2022}}</ref> The 90,000 Pakistani troops under Niazi's command surrendered to Gen Aurora as [[prisoners of war]] in what remains to date the largest surrender of soldiers since the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/the-bangladeshi-liberation-has-lessons-for-india-today/articleshow/88412623.cms|title=The Bangladeshi liberation has lessons for India today|date=2021-12-21|access-date=2021-12-29|website=[[The Times of India]]|last=Srinivasaraju|first=Sugata}}</ref><ref name=nyt-obit/> Pakistan lost almost {{convert|57000|sqmi|km2}} of its territory and 70 million of its people to the newly formed nation of Bangladesh.


==Later life==
==Later life==
Aurora was honoured with the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]],  the [[Padma Bhushan]] and the [[Bir Protik]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-10 |title=Punjab Govt. to Confer Punjab 'Rattan Award' |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/punjab-govt-confer-punjab-rattan-award |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref>  for his role in the war.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He retired from the Indian Army in 1973. [[J. F. R. Jacob|Lt Gen JFR Jacob]] has written in his book ''An Odyssey in War And Peace'' that Gen. Aurora approached then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] for governorship of a state but she declined.<ref name="An Odyssey in War and Peace">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110508/jsp/7days/story_13954083.jsp= | title = Jake and I, we broke the Naxals | publisher = The Telegraph | access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> Jacob also writes that Gen Aurora and Mrs. Aurora were a regular part of the social life of Calcutta.<ref name="An Odyssey in War and Peace"/>
Aurora was honoured with the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]],  the [[Padma Bhushan]] and the [[Bir Protik]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-10 |title=Punjab Govt. to Confer Punjab 'Rattan Award' |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/punjab-govt-confer-punjab-rattan-award |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref>  for his role in the war.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He retired from the Indian Army in 1973. [[J. F. R. Jacob|Lt Gen JFR Jacob]] has written in his book ''An Odyssey in War And Peace'' that Gen. Aurora approached then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] for governorship of a state but she declined.<ref name="An Odyssey in War and Peace">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110508/jsp/7days/story_13954083.jsp= | title = Jake and I, we broke the Naxals | publisher = The Telegraph | access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> Jacob also writes that Gen Aurora and Mrs. Aurora were a regular part of the social life of Calcutta.<ref name="An Odyssey in War and Peace"/>


In 1984, Aurora  fiercely criticised the [[Indian National Congress]] leadership following [[Operation Blue Star]], which was an operation by the then government of flushing out armed Sikh militants who had taken up positions inside the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]] but also caused extensive damage to the holiest shrine of Sikhism. Subsequently, he spent several years as a member of parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper House of the Indian Parliament, for the [[Akali Dal]], a political party.
In 1984, Aurora  fiercely criticised the [[Indian National Congress]] leadership following [[Operation Blue Star]], which was an operation by the then government of flushing out armed Sikh militants who had taken up positions inside the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]] but also caused extensive damage to the holiest shrine of Sikhism. Subsequently, he spent several years as a member of parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper House of the Indian Parliament, for the [[Akali Dal]], a political party.
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==Death==
==Death==
Jagjit Singh Aurora died on 3 May 2005, at age 89, in New Delhi.<ref name=toi-notice>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-03/india/27837229_1_army-officer-eastern-army-command-goc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-03/india/27837229_1_army-officer-eastern-army-command-goc |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2011 |title=1971 war hero Lt General J S Aurora dead |date= 3 May 2005|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> He was survived by a son and a daughter. After his death, the gratitude of Bangladesh to General Aurora was emphasized in a message to India, from [[Morshed Khan]], the Bangladeshi [[Foreign Minister]], stating: ''"Aurora will be remembered in the history of Bangladesh for his contribution during our war of liberation in 1971, when he led the allied forces."''
Jagjit Singh Aurora died on 3 May 2005, at age 89, in New Delhi.<ref name=toi-notice>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-03/india/27837229_1_army-officer-eastern-army-command-goc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-03/india/27837229_1_army-officer-eastern-army-command-goc |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2011 |title=1971 war hero Lt General J S Aurora dead |date= 3 May 2005|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> He was survived by a son and a daughter. After his death, the gratitude of Bangladesh to General Aurora was emphasized in a message to India, from [[Morshed Khan]], the Bangladeshi [[Foreign Minister]], stating: ''"Aurora will be remembered in the history of Bangladesh for his contribution during our war of liberation in 1971, when he led the allied forces."''


The site of the Pakistani surrender, where Lt. Gen. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender with Lt. Gen. Aurora on 16 December 1971 has been converted into a national monument [[Swadhinata Stambha]]. The main attraction is the glass Stambha which is built on the precise location where the instrument of surrender was signed. The monument also includes an [[eternal flame]], terracotta murals of martyrs and a body of water.
The site of the Pakistani surrender, where Lt. Gen. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender with Lt. Gen. Aurora on 16 December 1971 has been converted into a national monument [[Swadhinata Stambha]]. The main attraction is the glass Stambha which is built on the precise location where the instrument of surrender was signed. The monument also includes an [[eternal flame]], terracotta murals of martyrs and a body of water.
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[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:St. Anthony's High School, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:St. Anthony's High School, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Protik]]

Revision as of 21:54, 25 September 2022


Lieutenant General

Jagjit Singh Arora

PVSM
Gen. Niazi (Pakistan) surrenders to Gen. Jagit Singh Aurora (India).png
Aurora (left) taking Pakistani instrument of surrender in 1971
Born(1916-02-13)13 February 1916
Kala Gujran, Jhelum District, Punjab, British India (now in Punjab, Pakistan)
Died3 May 2005(2005-05-03) (aged 89)
New Delhi, India
Allegiance British India
 India
Service/branch British Indian Army
 Indian Army
Years of service1939-1973
RankLieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg Lieutenant General
Service numberIC-214[1]
Unit2nd Punjab Regiment (until 1947)
Punjab Regiment (after 1947)
Commands heldIA Eastern Command.jpg Eastern Army
Battles/warsBurma Campaign, World War II
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
Sino-Indian War
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Nathu La and Cho La clashes
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
AwardsParam Vishisht Seva Medal
Padma Bhushan
Bir Protik

Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora PVSM[2] (also Jagjit Singh Aurora)[1][3][note 1] (13 February 1916[note 2] – 3 May 2005) was an Indian Army General Officer who was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) Eastern Command during the third war with Pakistan in 1971.

He organised and led the ground forces campaign in the Eastern Front of the war, which led to an overwhelming defeat of the combined Pakistan Armed Forces in East-Pakistan that led to the creation of Bangladesh.[4]

As the General commanding the Indian and Bangladesh Forces in the Eastern theater, Gen Aurora received the surrender from the Governor of East Pakistan and Commander of the Eastern Command of the Pakistan Army, Lt Gen A. A. K. Niazi.

After retirement from the Indian Army, he joined Akali Dal and served as a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha.

Early life

Jagjit Singh Aurora was born to a Sikh Arora Khatri family in Kala Gujran, Jhelum District, Punjab, British India.[5] He was the son of an engineer.

Army career

Aurora graduated from the Indian Military Academy in 1939 and was commissioned into the 1st Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment on 1 February.[3] He saw action in the Burma Campaign during World War II.[6]

After Independence and the ensuing Partition of India, he opted to join the Indian Army and was a commissioned officer in the Punjab Regiment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.[7] On 3 February 1957, he was promoted acting Brigadier and given command of an infantry brigade.[8]

In May 1961, as BGS XXXIII Corps, Brigadier Arora led a team of military officers and men sent by the Government of India on a reconnaissance mission to Bhutan. This later led to the establishment of the Indian Military Training Team in Bhutan.[9]

As a brigadier, he fought in the Sino-Indian War in 1962. He was appointed a division commander on 21 February 1963,[10] with a promotion to the rank of Major General on 20 June 1964.[11] He was then appointed Director of Military Training (DMT) on 23 November 1964.[12] He also participated in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

On 6 June 1966, Arora was appointed Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (DCOAS) with the acting rank of Lieutenant General,[2] and was promoted substantive Lieutenant General on 4 August.[13] He was then given command of a General Officer Commanding (GOC) of a corps on 27 April 1967.[14] On 8 June 1969, he was appointed the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) Eastern Command.[15]

East Pakistan

Lt. Gen A. A. K. Niazi, Commanding Officer of Pakistan Army forces in East Pakistan signing the instrument of surrender on 16 December 1971 in the presence of Lt. Gen. Arora

In March 1971, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight to curb the Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan. The operation resulted in commencement of the Bangladesh Liberation War which resulted in the Bangladesh genocide, including the systematic murder of Bengali intellectuals by the Pakistan Army. The ensuing violence led to almost 10 million Bengali refugees fleeing from East Pakistan into India. A spontaneous Bengali guerrilla force, the Mukti Bahini, was formed in response. This force along with the newly formed Bangladesh Forces, consisting of Bengali defectors from the Pakistan Army under the command of General Bangabir MAG Osmani, were engaged in escalating hostilities with the Pakistani Army.[16]

For the next nine months, with tensions escalating between India and Pakistan and anticipating possible hostilities, Aurora oversaw the logistical preparations of the Indian Army on the Eastern front, including the improvement of roads, communications and bridges, as well as the movement of 30,000 tons of supplies close to the border with East Pakistan.

At the outbreak of the war on 3 December 1971, as Eastern Army Commander, Gen. Aurora oversaw the Indian ground forces into battle in East Pakistan. In a meticulously planned operation, forces under Aurora's command formed numerous small combat teams and launched a four-front attack with the strategy of confronting and defeating the Pakistani forces on selected fronts, while bypassing Pakistani forces on others. In under two weeks, his forces advanced from the Indian border to capture Dhaka, the capital of East Pakistan.[17]

The Unified Commander of Pakistan Armed Forces's Eastern Military High Command, Lieutenant General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi was forced to sign an unconditional Instrument of Surrender. The photograph of Niazi and Aurora at the signing of the Instruments of Surrender became an iconic image of the war,[18] with The Guardian describing the scene as "the glum Pakistani officer bowed over his signature. The turbaned figure beside him, showing not a scrap of elation".[19] The 90,000 Pakistani troops under Niazi's command surrendered to Gen Aurora as prisoners of war in what remains to date the largest surrender of soldiers since the Second World War.[20][6] Pakistan lost almost 57,000 square miles (150,000 km2) of its territory and 70 million of its people to the newly formed nation of Bangladesh.

Later life

Aurora was honoured with the Param Vishisht Seva Medal, the Padma Bhushan and the Bir Protik[21] for his role in the war.[22] He retired from the Indian Army in 1973. Lt Gen JFR Jacob has written in his book An Odyssey in War And Peace that Gen. Aurora approached then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi for governorship of a state but she declined.[23] Jacob also writes that Gen Aurora and Mrs. Aurora were a regular part of the social life of Calcutta.[23]

In 1984, Aurora fiercely criticised the Indian National Congress leadership following Operation Blue Star, which was an operation by the then government of flushing out armed Sikh militants who had taken up positions inside the Golden Temple in Amritsar but also caused extensive damage to the holiest shrine of Sikhism. Subsequently, he spent several years as a member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha, the upper House of the Indian Parliament, for the Akali Dal, a political party.

Aurora was also an active member of the Citizen's Justice Committee which provided pro bono assistance to Sikh victims of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots.

Death

Jagjit Singh Aurora died on 3 May 2005, at age 89, in New Delhi.[24] He was survived by a son and a daughter. After his death, the gratitude of Bangladesh to General Aurora was emphasized in a message to India, from Morshed Khan, the Bangladeshi Foreign Minister, stating: "Aurora will be remembered in the history of Bangladesh for his contribution during our war of liberation in 1971, when he led the allied forces."

The site of the Pakistani surrender, where Lt. Gen. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender with Lt. Gen. Aurora on 16 December 1971 has been converted into a national monument Swadhinata Stambha. The main attraction is the glass Stambha which is built on the precise location where the instrument of surrender was signed. The monument also includes an eternal flame, terracotta murals of martyrs and a body of water.

Dates of rank

Insignia Rank Component Date of rank
British Army OF-1a.svg Second Lieutenant British Indian Army 1 February 1939[3]
British Army OF-1b.svg Lieutenant British Indian Army 30 January 1940[25]
British Army OF-2.svg Captain British Indian Army 22 February 1940 (acting)[3]
5 February 1941 (temporary)[3]
1 May 1942 (war-substantive)[3]
30 January 1946 (substantive)[3]
British Army (1920-1953) OF-3.svg Major British Indian Army 1 February 1942 (acting)[3]
1 May 1942 (temporary)[3]
British Army OF-2.svg Captain Indian Army 15 August 1947[note 3][26]
Captain of the Indian Army.svg Captain Indian Army 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)[26]
Major of the Indian Army.svg Major Indian Army 26 February 1950 (temporary)
30 January 1951 (substantive)[1]
Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg Lieutenant-Colonel Indian Army 30 January 1952[27]
Colonel of the Indian Army.svg Colonel Indian Army 1 August 1958[28]
Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg Brigadier Indian Army 3 February 1957 (acting)[8]
1962 (substantive)
Major General of the Indian Army.svg Major General Indian Army 21 February 1963 (acting)[10]
20 June 1964 (substantive)[11]
Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg Lieutenant-General Indian Army 6 June 1966 (acting)[2]
4 August 1966 (substantive)[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Both spellings are used in official documents; though "Aurora" predominates in the listings in the pre-Independence Indian Army List, as do those in the Gazette of India.
  2. ↑ As given in the pre-Independence Indian Army List.
  3. ↑ Upon independence in 1947, India became a Dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. As a result, the rank insignia of the British Army, incorporating the Tudor Crown and four-pointed Bath Star ("pip"), was retained, as George VI remained Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces. After 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the President of India became Commander-in-Chief, and the Ashoka Lion replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 12 May 1951. p. 89.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 16 July 1966. p. 413.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Indian Army List (Special Edition) 1947. Government of India Press. 1947. pp. 245–246.
  4. ↑ "Homage to a Hero: Lt Gen J. S. Arora". Frontline. 17 June 2005. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  5. ↑ "Modesty in victory". The Tribune (Chandigarh). Indo-Asian News Service. 4 May 2005. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Jagjit Singh Aurora, 89, Indian War Hero, Is Dead". The New York Times. 6 May 2005. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  7. ↑ "Punjab Regiment: Colonels of the Regiment". Indian Army. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 30 March 1957. p. 76.
  9. ↑ "Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT), Bhutan". 19 June 2022. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 13 April 1963. p. 123.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 12 September 1964. p. 371.
  12. ↑ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 19 December 1964. p. 509.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 15 October 1966. p. 628.
  14. ↑ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 24 June 1967. p. 496.
  15. ↑ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 19 July 1969. p. 663.
  16. ↑ Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar, O GENERAL MY GENERAL (Life and Works of General M A G Osmany), p35-109, ISBN 978-984-8866-18-4
  17. ↑ "Obituary: Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora". guardian.co.uk. 11 May 2005. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  18. ↑ "Bangladesh honours Gen. Aurora". The Hindu. 22 May 2022. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  19. ↑ "Obituary: Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora". The Guardian. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  20. ↑ Srinivasaraju, Sugata (21 December 2021). "The Bangladeshi liberation has lessons for India today". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  21. ↑ "Punjab Govt. to Confer Punjab 'Rattan Award'". SikhNet. 10 February 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  22. ↑ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Jake and I, we broke the Naxals". The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  24. ↑ "1971 war hero Lt General J S Aurora dead". The Times of India. 3 May 2005. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  25. ↑ Indian Army List October 1945 (Part I). Government of India Press. 1945. pp. 243–244.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017.
  27. ↑ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 2 July 1955. p. 131.
  28. ↑ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 28 November 1959. p. 294.

External links

Military offices
Preceded by
Sam Manekshaw 		General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command
1969 - 1973 		Succeeded by
N. C. Rawlley
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