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{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2016}}
{{short description|Pakistani general}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name          =Gul Hassan Khan
|honorific_prefix=Lt. Gen.
| image        =Lieutenant-General Gul Hassan Khan of Pakistan Army..jpg
| name          =Gul Hassan Khan {{post-nominals|country=PAK|size=75%|sep=,|SQA|SPk}}
| caption      =Khan as a Major General
| image        = File:Gul Hassan Khan.png
| caption      =Khan photographed as a Maj. Gen.
| order              = 6th [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)|Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]]
| order              = 6th [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)|Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]]
| term_start          = 20 December 1970
| term_start          = 20 December 1971
| term_end            = 2 March 1972
| term_end            = 2 March 1972
| predecessor        = General [[Yahya Khan]]
| president          = [[Yahya Khan]]<br/>[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| successor          = General [[Tikka Khan]] (as Chief of Army Staff)
| predecessor        = [[Yahya Khan]]
| successor          = [[Tikka Khan]]  
<br/>{{small|(as [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]])}}
| birth_date    =1921
| birth_date    =1921
| death_date    ={{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|10|10|1921|}}  
| death_date    ={{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|10|10|1921|}}  
| birth_place  =[[Quetta]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Balochistan]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_place  =[[Quetta]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Balochistan]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place  =
| death_place  =
| placeofburial =[[Pabbi]], [[Nowshera District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]
| resting_place =[[Pabbi]], [[Nowshera District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| nickname      =
| nickname      =
| birth_name    =Gul Hassan Khan
| birth_name    =Gul Hassan Khan
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| branch        ={{army|British India}}<br>{{army|PAK}}
| branch        ={{army|British India}}<br>{{army|PAK}}
| serviceyears  =1942-1972
| serviceyears  =1942-1972
| rank          =[[File:OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
| rank          =[[File:OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant general]]
| servicenumber =PA-457
| unit          =[[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps]]
| unit          =[[Frontier Force Regiment]]
| commands      =[[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]], [[Pakistan Army]]<br>[[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff (CGS)]]<br>1 Armoured Division<br>[[Directorate-General|Directorate]] for [[Military operation plan|Military Operations]]
| commands      =[[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]], [[Pakistan Army]]<br>[[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff (CGS)]]<br>1 Armoured Division<br>[[Directorate-General|Directorate]] for [[Military operation plan|Military Operations]]
| battles      =[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]<br>[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]<br>[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]
| battles      =[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]<br>[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]<br>[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]
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| awards        =[[Sitara-e-Pakistan|''Star of Pakistan'']]
| awards        =[[Sitara-e-Pakistan|''Star of Pakistan'']]
| relations    =
| relations    =
| laterwork    =Author
| signature    =
| signature    =
}}
}}


'''Gul Hassan Khan''' ({{lang-ur|گل حسن خان}}) (1921; b. 1921—10 October 1999<ref name="Col. A. Quyyum, Defence Journal" />), was a former [[Lieutenant-General|lieutenant-general]] and the last [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]] of [[Pakistan Army]], serving under [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] from 20 December 1971 until 3 March 1972.
'''Gul Hassan Khan''' ({{lang-ur|گل حسن خان}}) (1921; b. 1921—10 October 1999<ref name="Col. A. Quyyum, Defence Journal" />), was a [[Pakistan Army]] senior general who served as the 6th and the last [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]] of [[Pakistan Army]], serving under [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] from 20 December 1971 until 3 March 1972.


He was succeeded by [[Tikka Khan]] who was promoted as [[Four-star general|four-star]] rank and designated as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]].
He was succeeded by [[Tikka Khan]], who was promoted to full general rank and designated as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
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===Early life and military career===
===Early life and military career===


Gul Hassan Khan was born in [[Quetta]], [[British Balochistan|Balochistan]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] into a [[middle class]] [[Pashtun Peoples|Pashtun family]] in 1921.<ref name="Trafford Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Alikozai|first1=Hamid|title=A Concise History of Afghanistan-Central Asia and India in 25 Volumes|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=9781490735948|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHxRBgAAQBAJ&q=gul+hassan+khan+pashtun&pg=PA42|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|date=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Rowman & Littlefield">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=1999|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442241480|pages=236–237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=gul+hassan+khan+&pg=PA235|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/19gul.htm |title = Rediff on the NeT: An interview with General Gul Hassan Khan, the former Pakistani army chief|work=Rediff|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> In 1939, he was admitted and joined the Royal Indian Military College in [[Dehradun]] and moved to the [[Indian Military Academy]] at [[Dehra Dun]] to graduate from there in 1942. He was an excellent [[Field hockey|Hockey]] player and gained fame as [[Boxing|boxer]] at the [[Indian Military Academy|Military Academy]].<ref name="Partridge Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482814767|pages=488–489|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTlcAgAAQBAJ&q=gul+hassan+khan+born&pg=PA488|language=en|date=12 November 2013}}</ref>
Gul Hassan Khan was born in [[Quetta]], [[British Balochistan|Balochistan]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] into a [[middle class]] [[Pashtun Peoples|Pashtun family]] in 1921.<ref name="Trafford Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Alikozai|first1=Hamid|title=A Concise History of Afghanistan-Central Asia and India in 25 Volumes|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=9781490735948|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHxRBgAAQBAJ&q=gul+hassan+khan+pashtun&pg=PA42|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|date=19 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Rowman & Littlefield">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=1999|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442241480|pages=236–237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=gul+hassan+khan+&pg=PA235|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/19gul.htm |title = Rediff on the NeT: An interview with General Gul Hassan Khan, the former Pakistani army chief|work=Rediff|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> In 1939, he was admitted and joined the Royal Indian Military College in [[Dehradun]] and moved to the [[Indian Military Academy]] at [[Dehra Dun]] in January 1941. He was an excellent [[Field hockey|Hockey]] player and gained fame as [[Boxing|boxer]] at the [[Indian Military Academy|Military Academy]].<ref name="Partridge Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482814767|pages=488–489|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTlcAgAAQBAJ&q=gul+hassan+khan+born&pg=PA488|language=en|date=12 November 2022}}</ref>


He was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as [[Second lieutenant|2nd Lieutenant]] in [[Frontier Force Regiment]] (FF Regiment) and posted in [[GHQ India (British)|Army GHQ]] in [[New Delhi]].{{rp|488}}<ref name="Partridge Publishing"/> He was later stationed in [[Assam]] with [[Assam Rifles]] and participated in [[Burma Campaign 1944–45|Burma Campaign]] in 1944–45 on the side of the [[Great Britain]].{{rp|236–237}}<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield"/> During [[World War II]], he selected to serve as [[Aide-de-Camp]] (ADC) to [[William Joseph Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Viscount Slim]] who commanded the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|14th Army]].{{rp|488}}<ref name="Partridge Publishing"/> He was promoted to [[Two star rank|two-star]] rank and elevated as [[Major-General]] in the army.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Gul Hassan|title=Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=438|language=en}}</ref>
In 22 February 1942, he was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as a [[Second lieutenant|2nd Lieutenant]] in the 9th battalion of the Frontier Force Rifles and was later transferred to the Armoured Corps. He was later stationed in [[Assam]] with [[Assam Rifles]] and participated in [[Burma Campaign 1944–45|Burma Campaign]] in 1944–45 on the side of the [[Great Britain]].{{rp|236–237}}<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield"/> During [[World War II]], he selected to serve as [[Aide-de-Camp]] (ADC) to General [[William Joseph Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Viscount Slim]] who commanded the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|14th Army]].{{rp|488}}<ref name="Partridge Publishing"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Gul Hassan|title=Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=438|language=en}}</ref>


During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|war]] with [[India]] in 1965, he was Director-General of Military Operations, DGMO (then known as Director of Military Operations, DMO) and directed military operations against the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="SAGE Publications India">{{cite book|last1=Koithara|first1=Verghese|title=Crafting Peace in Kashmir: Through A Realist Lens|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132103370|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZOHAwAAQBAJ&q=Gul+Hassan&pg=PA94|language=en|date=10 August 2004}}</ref> His actions of valor won him the nomination of prestigious [[Sitara-e-Pakistan]] by the [[President of Pakistan|President]]. In 1967, he was made [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|1st Armoured Division]] of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] stationed in [[Multan]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name="Col. A. Quyyum, Defence Journal">{{cite web|last1=Qayyum|first1=Colonel Abdul|title=Remembering Lt Gen Gul Hasan|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/gul-hassan.htm|website=defencejournal.com|publisher=Col. A. Quyyum, Defence Journal|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|date=March 2000}}</ref> In 1969, he was promoted to [[three-star rank]] as [[Lieutenant-General|lieutenant-general]] and subsequently was the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff (CGS)]] at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Praveen K.|last2=Vanduzer-Snow|first2=Marta|title=The United States and India: A History Through Archives: The Later Years|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9788132104773|page=443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZPJtOkc3qcC&q=gul+hassan+khan+Chief+of+General+Staff&pg=PA443|language=en|date=6 January 2011}}</ref>
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|war]] with [[India]] in 1965, he was the Director of Military Operations, DMO and directed military operations against the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="SAGE Publications India">{{cite book|last1=Koithara|first1=Verghese|title=Crafting Peace in Kashmir: Through A Realist Lens|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132103370|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZOHAwAAQBAJ&q=Gul+Hassan&pg=PA94|language=en|date=10 August 2022}}</ref> His actions of valor won him the nomination of prestigious [[Sitara-e-Pakistan]] by the [[President of Pakistan|President]]. After the 1965 war, he was promoted to Maj. Gen. and was made the [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] of the 1st Armoured Division headquartered in [[Multan]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name="Col. A. Quyyum, Defence Journal">{{cite web|last1=Qayyum|first1=Colonel Abdul|title=Remembering Lt Gen Gul Hasan|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/gul-hassan.htm|website=defencejournal.com|publisher=Col. A. Quyyum, Defence Journal|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|date=March 2000}}</ref> In December 1966, he was posted to [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters]] as the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff (CGS)]], and was promoted to Lieutenant General while serving in this post in 1971.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Praveen K.|last2=Vanduzer-Snow|first2=Marta|title=The United States and India: A History Through Archives: The Later Years|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9788132104773|page=443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZPJtOkc3qcC&q=gul+hassan+khan+Chief+of+General+Staff&pg=PA443|language=en|date=6 January 2022}}</ref>


===Role in 1971 Black September===
===Role in 1971 Black September===
{{Main article|Black September}}
{{Main article|Black September}}
According to the testimonies provided by [[Major-General]] [[Aboobaker Osman Mitha|A.O. Mitha]], it was Gul Hasan's lobbying at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] who also saved then Brigadier [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] (Chief of [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|Pakistan military mission]]) from being terminated. [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Brigadier Zia]] who was in Jordan in 1971 was recommended to be [[court-martialled]] by Major-General Nawazish in his submission to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Yahya Khan]] for disobeying GHQ orders by commanding a Jordanian armoured division against the Palestinians, as part of actions in which thousands were killed.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Mitha">{{cite book|last1=Mitha|first1=A.O.|title=Unlikely beginnings : a soldier's life|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, Mitha|location=Karachi|isbn=978-0-19-579413-7|pages=500}}</ref> That event is known as "Operation [[Black September in Jordan|Black September]]". It was Gul Hasan who interceded for Zia and Yahya Khan let Zia off the hook.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers">{{cite news|last1=Newspaper|first1=the|title=Zia: A Counter-view|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1279709|access-date=2 September 2016|work=Dawn|date=25 August 2016}}</ref>
According to the testimonies provided by [[Major-General]] [[Aboobaker Osman Mitha|A.O. Mitha]], it was Gul Hasan's lobbying at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] who also saved then Brigadier [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] (Chief of [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|Pakistan military mission]]) from being terminated. [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Brigadier Zia]] who was in Jordan in 1971 was recommended to be [[court-martialled]] by Major-General Nawazish in his submission to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Yahya Khan]] for disobeying GHQ orders by commanding a Jordanian armoured division against the Palestinians, as part of actions in which thousands were killed.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Mitha">{{cite book|last1=Mitha|first1=A.O.|title=Unlikely beginnings : a soldier's life|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, Mitha|location=Karachi|isbn=978-0-19-579413-7|pages=500}}</ref> That event is known as "Operation [[Black September in Jordan|Black September]]". It was Gul Hasan who interceded for Zia and Yahya Khan let Zia off the hook.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers">{{cite news|last1=Newspaper|first1=the|title=Zia: A Counter-view|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1279709|access-date=2 September 2016|work=Dawn|date=25 August 2022}}</ref>


===1971 war and Bangladesh===
===1971 war and Bangladesh===


In 1971, he was the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] and allegedly either executed or approved [[Operation Searchlight|military operations]] in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="genwatch" /> As [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|CGS]] of Pakistan Army, he was heading the military operations and intelligence during this period.<ref name= genwatch>{{cite web|url=http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html |title=''Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971.'' Gendercide Watch |publisher=Gendercide.org |access-date=10 November 2011}}</ref> It is also alleged that he was the "intellectual planner" of Pakistan Army's crackdown in the [[East Pakistan|East]] and that he preferred a military solution of the political crisis looming over the horizon of Pakistan during 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banglar.webng.com/banglar/liberation/bangla/article7.htm |title=Gul Hassan Khan |last=Ullah |first=A. H. Jaffor |access-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120722124559/http://www.banglar.webng.com/banglar/liberation/bangla/article7.htm |archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> He lacked foresight as was viewed by some of his colleagues in Pakistan Army as "short on strategic vision but good as field commander".<ref name="Qayyum">{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/gul-hassan.htm |title=Remembering Gen Gul Hassan |last=Qayyum |first=Col(Rtd) Abdul |publisher=Defence Journal |access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref>
In 1971, he was the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] and allegedly either executed or approved [[Operation Searchlight|military operations]] in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="genwatch" /> As [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|CGS]] of Pakistan Army, he was heading the military operations and intelligence during this period.<ref name= genwatch>{{cite web|url=http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html |title=''Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971.'' Gendercide Watch |publisher=Gendercide.org |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> It is also alleged that he was the "intellectual planner" of Pakistan Army's crackdown in the [[East Pakistan|East]] and that he preferred a military solution of the political crisis looming over the horizon of Pakistan during 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banglar.webng.com/banglar/liberation/bangla/article7.htm |title=Gul Hassan Khan |last=Ullah |first=A. H. Jaffor |access-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722124559/http://www.banglar.webng.com/banglar/liberation/bangla/article7.htm |archive-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> He lacked foresight as was viewed by some of his colleagues in Pakistan Army as "short on strategic vision but good as field commander".<ref name="Qayyum">{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/gul-hassan.htm |title=Remembering Gen Gul Hassan |last=Qayyum |first=Col(Rtd) Abdul |publisher=Defence Journal |access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref>


He, along with [[Air Marshal]] [[Abdul Rahim Khan|A.R. Khan]], played a crucial role in forcing [[Yahya Khan]] to step down from the [[Pakistani presidency|presidency]].<ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book|last1=Prabhakar|first1=Peter Wilson|title=Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&q=Gul+Hassan+Khan+Hamoodur+Rahman+Commission&pg=PA113|language=en|year=2003}}</ref>
He, along with [[Air Marshal]] [[Abdul Rahim Khan|A.R. Khan]], played a crucial role in forcing [[Yahya Khan]] to step down from the [[Pakistani presidency|presidency]].<ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book|last1=Prabhakar|first1=Peter Wilson|title=Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&q=Gul+Hassan+Khan+Hamoodur+Rahman+Commission&pg=PA113|language=en|year=2022}}</ref>


==Army Commander (1971–72)==
==Army Chief (1971–72)==


After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 war]] which ended with [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|unilateral surrender]] to [[India]], [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] called Lieutenant-General Gul Hassan to take over the post of [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander in Chief]] of [[Pakistan Army]], which he refused.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot">{{cite book|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christopher|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience|publisher=Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot|isbn=9780190613303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XdeCwAAQBAJ&q=gul+hassan+khan+1971+war&pg=PT151|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|date=15 August 2015}}</ref> However, he reluctantly accepted the post on several of his set conditions and took over the command of [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot"/> In controversy, Khan was avoided to be promoted the [[four-star rank]] as opposed to his predecessors, by Bhutto.{{rp|210}}<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications"/>
After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 war]] which ended with [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|unilateral surrender]] to [[India]], [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] called Lieutenant-General Gul Hassan to take over the post of [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander in Chief]] of [[Pakistan Army]], which he refused.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot">{{cite book|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christopher|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience|publisher=Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot|isbn=9780190613303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XdeCwAAQBAJ&q=gul+hassan+khan+1971+war&pg=PT151|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|date=15 August 2022}}</ref> However, he reluctantly accepted the post on several of his set conditions and took over the command of [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot"/> In controversy, Khan was avoided to be promoted the [[four-star rank]] as opposed to his predecessors, by Bhutto.{{rp|210}}<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications"/>
Initially, he provided his support to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]] but began [[Obstruction of justice|obstructing]] the hearings of [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]].<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications">{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan Askari|title=The Military & Politics in Pakistan, 1947–1997|date=2000|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693511482|pages=382|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMreAAAAMAAJ&q=Gul+Hassan+Khan+Hamoodur+Commission|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en}}</ref> Reports were surfacing that Gul Hassan Khan, alongside with [[Air Marshal]] [[Abdul Rahim Khan|A.R. Khan]], were interfering in state's affairs and influencing on [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]].{{rp|213}}<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications"/>
Initially, he provided his support to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]] but began [[Obstruction of justice|obstructing]] the hearings of [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]].<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications">{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan Askari|title=The Military & Politics in Pakistan, 1947–1997|date=2000|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693511482|pages=382|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMreAAAAMAAJ&q=Gul+Hassan+Khan+Hamoodur+Commission|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en}}</ref> Reports were surfacing that Gul Hassan Khan, along with [[Air Marshal]] [[Abdul Rahim Khan|A.R. Khan]], were interfering in state's affairs and influencing on [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]].{{rp|213}}<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications"/>


As [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Army Commander-in-Chief]], he lessened the role and value of the [[Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter–Services Intelligence]] which lost its importance throughout this time, and the new Army Commander did not pay any attention to ISI as he relied on [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) instead.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Sirrs|first1=Owen L.|title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317196099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ&q=Gul+Hassan+Khan+ISI&pg=PA88|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|date=July 2016}}</ref> The ISI's covert operations were never revealed to him and Khan was reluctant and incompetent commander to control the ISI; instead the ISI began directly reporting to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]].{{rp|88}}<ref name="Routledge"/>
As [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Army Commander-in-Chief]], he lessened the role and value of the [[Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter–Services Intelligence]] which lost its importance throughout this time, and the new Army Commander did not pay any attention to ISI as he relied on [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) instead.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Sirrs|first1=Owen L.|title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317196099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ&q=Gul+Hassan+Khan+ISI&pg=PA88|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|date=July 2022}}</ref> The ISI's covert operations were never revealed to him and Khan was reluctant and incompetent commander to control the ISI; instead the ISI began directly reporting to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]].{{rp|88}}<ref name="Routledge"/>


In 1972, the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] implicated him for his role in [[1971 East Pakistan genocide|atrocities]] committed in [[East Pakistan]] which eventually led towards his termination. Upon approval of his termination papers, the [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab]] [[Ghulam Mustafa Khar]] allegedly huddled up in a car and taken to Lahore.{{rp|122}}<ref name="Harvard University Press">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Army and Democracy|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674419773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&q=Gul+Hassan&pg=PA334|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|date=21 April 2014}}</ref> Khan's alleged involvement and his controversial approvals of military operations during 1971 in East Pakistan<ref name="genwatch"/> created a public resentment towards him, as he was the Director-General of the Director-general for the Military Operations (DGMO). When it was cleared by [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]], led by [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Hamoodur Rahman]], Bhutto fired Khan as Army Commander-in-Chief and appointed General Tikka Khan instead.
In 1972, the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] implicated him for his role in [[1971 East Pakistan genocide|atrocities]] committed in [[East Pakistan]] which eventually led towards his termination. Upon approval of his termination papers, the [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab]] [[Ghulam Mustafa Khar]] allegedly huddled up in a car and taken to Lahore.{{rp|122}}<ref name="Harvard University Press">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Army and Democracy|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674419773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&q=Gul+Hassan&pg=PA334|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|date=21 April 2022}}</ref> Khan's alleged involvement and his controversial approvals of military operations during 1971 in East Pakistan<ref name="genwatch"/> created a public resentment towards him, as he was the Director-General of the Director-general for the Military Operations (DGMO). When it was cleared by [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]], led by [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Hamoodur Rahman]], Bhutto fired Khan as Army Commander-in-Chief and appointed General Tikka Khan instead.


==Diplomatic career==
==Diplomatic career==
After his stint as the commander-in-chief of Pakistan Army, Khan was appointed as Pakistan's ambassador to Austria.<ref name="Khan1993">{{cite book|author=Gul Hassan Khan|title=Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRVuAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-577447-4}}</ref><ref name="SinghMishra1997">{{cite book|author1=Bikram Singh|author2=Sidharth Mishra|title=Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College : Plantinum Jubilee Volume, 1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w-4VTtJ2xkC&pg=PA68|year=1997|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-649-8|pages=68–}}</ref> He also served as ambassador to Greece from April 1975 to April 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistanembassy.gr/former-ambassadors|title=Ambassadors of Pakistan - Athens, Greece|work=Embassy of Pakistan, Athens|access-date=24 September 2020|date=2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924163156/https://www.pakistanembassy.gr/former-ambassadors|archive-date=24 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> He resigned from the latter position in protest against alleged rigging during the [[1977 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/16/archives/two-bhutto-envoys-assail-his-actions-military-men-who-helped-leader.html|title=TN BHUTTO ENVOYS ASSAIL HIS ACTIONS|work=The New York Times|date=16 April 1977|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>
After his stint as the commander-in-chief of Pakistan Army, Khan was appointed as Pakistan's ambassador to Austria.<ref name="Khan1993">{{cite book|author=Gul Hassan Khan|title=Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRVuAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-577447-4}}</ref><ref name="SinghMishra1997">{{cite book|author1=Bikram Singh|author2=Sidharth Mishra|title=Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College : Plantinum Jubilee Volume, 1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w-4VTtJ2xkC&pg=PA68|year=1997|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-649-8|pages=68–}}</ref> He also served as ambassador to Greece from April 1975 to April 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistanembassy.gr/former-ambassadors|title=Ambassadors of Pakistan - Athens, Greece|work=Embassy of Pakistan, Athens|access-date=24 September 2020|date=2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924163156/https://www.pakistanembassy.gr/former-ambassadors|archive-date=24 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> He resigned from the latter position in protest against alleged rigging during the [[1977 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/16/archives/two-bhutto-envoys-assail-his-actions-military-men-who-helped-leader.html|title=TN BHUTTO ENVOYS ASSAIL HIS ACTIONS|work=The New York Times|date=16 April 1977|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>


==Family==
==Family==
He had three brothers and a sister. He has relatives still residing in Pabbi [[Nowshera District]], and in [[Quetta]], [[Pakistan]]. General Gul Hassan Khan died in 1999 and was buried in Pabbi in [[Nowshera District]] (Main town of Chirrat Cant, Chowki Mumriaz, Taroo Jaba, Akber Pura).
He had three brothers and a sister. He has relatives still residing in Pabbi [[Nowshera District]], and in [[Quetta]], [[Pakistan]]. General Gul Hassan Khan died in 1999 and was buried in Pabbi in [[Nowshera District]] (Main town of Chirrat Cant, Chowki Mumriaz, Taroo Jaba, Akber Pura).


In the last few years of his life he was dividing his time between [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] and [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan. He has one son, Sher Hassan Khan, who resides in Vienna with his mother. He wrote a book ''[[Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan]]''.
In the last few years of his life he was dividing his time between [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] and [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan. He has one son, Sher Hassan Khan, who resides in Vienna with his mother. He wrote a book ''Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}


==See also==
==See also==
*General [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]]
*General [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]]
*General [[Muhammad Musa]]
*General [[Musa Khan (general)|Musa Khan]]
*General [[Rao Farman Ali]]
*General [[Rao Farman Ali]]
*[[General Mitha]]
*[[General Mitha]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Gul Hassan Khan, ''Memoirs of Lt.Gen.Gul Hassan Khan'', OUP Pakistan (1994) {{ISBN|0-19-577445-0}}
* Gul Hassan Khan, ''Memoirs of Lt.Gen.Gul Hassan Khan'', OUP Pakistan (1994) {{ISBN|0-19-577445-0}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170507102744/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=388 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170507102744/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=388 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]
*[http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/gul-hassan.htm Article about General Gul Hassan]
*[http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/gul-hassan.htm Article about General Gul Hassan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927035942/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/gul-hassan.htm |date=27 September 2011 }}


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[[Category:Pakistan Armoured Corps officers]]
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[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]

Revision as of 21:25, 21 December 2022


Lt. Gen.
Gul Hassan Khan SQA, SPk
Khan photographed as a Maj. Gen.
6th Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army
In office
20 December 1971 – 2 March 1972
PresidentYahya Khan
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Preceded byYahya Khan
Succeeded byTikka Khan
(as Chief of Army Staff)
Personal details
Born
Gul Hassan Khan

1921
Quetta, Balochistan, British India
Died10 October 1999(1999-10-10) (aged 77–78)
Resting placePabbi, Nowshera District, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
AwardsStar of Pakistan
Military service
Allegiance British India
 Pakistan
Branch/service British Indian Army
 Pakistan Army
Years of service1942-1972
Rank Lieutenant general
UnitPakistan Army Armoured Corps
CommandsCommander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army
Chief of General Staff (CGS)
1 Armoured Division
Directorate for Military Operations
Battles/warsIndo-Pakistani War of 1947
Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
Indo-Pakistani war of 1971

Gul Hassan Khan (Urdu: گل حسن خان‎) (1921; b. 1921—10 October 1999[1]), was a Pakistan Army senior general who served as the 6th and the last Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army, serving under President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 20 December 1971 until 3 March 1972.

He was succeeded by Tikka Khan, who was promoted to full general rank and designated as the Chief of Army Staff.

Biography

Early life and military career

Gul Hassan Khan was born in Quetta, Balochistan, British India into a middle class Pashtun family in 1921.[2][3][4] In 1939, he was admitted and joined the Royal Indian Military College in Dehradun and moved to the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun in January 1941. He was an excellent Hockey player and gained fame as boxer at the Military Academy.[5]

In 22 February 1942, he was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the 9th battalion of the Frontier Force Rifles and was later transferred to the Armoured Corps. He was later stationed in Assam with Assam Rifles and participated in Burma Campaign in 1944–45 on the side of the Great Britain.:236–237[3] During World War II, he selected to serve as Aide-de-Camp (ADC) to General Viscount Slim who commanded the 14th Army.:488[5][6]

During the war with India in 1965, he was the Director of Military Operations, DMO and directed military operations against the Indian Army.[7] His actions of valor won him the nomination of prestigious Sitara-e-Pakistan by the President. After the 1965 war, he was promoted to Maj. Gen. and was made the GOC of the 1st Armoured Division headquartered in Multan, Punjab.[1] In December 1966, he was posted to General Headquarters as the Chief of General Staff (CGS), and was promoted to Lieutenant General while serving in this post in 1971.[8]

Role in 1971 Black September

Main article: Black September

According to the testimonies provided by Major-General A.O. Mitha, it was Gul Hasan's lobbying at the Army GHQ who also saved then Brigadier Zia-ul-Haq (Chief of Pakistan military mission) from being terminated. Brigadier Zia who was in Jordan in 1971 was recommended to be court-martialled by Major-General Nawazish in his submission to President Yahya Khan for disobeying GHQ orders by commanding a Jordanian armoured division against the Palestinians, as part of actions in which thousands were killed.[9] That event is known as "Operation Black September". It was Gul Hasan who interceded for Zia and Yahya Khan let Zia off the hook.[10]

1971 war and Bangladesh

In 1971, he was the Chief of General Staff at the Army GHQ and allegedly either executed or approved military operations in East Pakistan.[11] As CGS of Pakistan Army, he was heading the military operations and intelligence during this period.[11] It is also alleged that he was the "intellectual planner" of Pakistan Army's crackdown in the East and that he preferred a military solution of the political crisis looming over the horizon of Pakistan during 1971.[12] He lacked foresight as was viewed by some of his colleagues in Pakistan Army as "short on strategic vision but good as field commander".[13]

He, along with Air Marshal A.R. Khan, played a crucial role in forcing Yahya Khan to step down from the presidency.[14]

Army Chief (1971–72)

After the 1971 war which ended with unilateral surrender to India, President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto called Lieutenant-General Gul Hassan to take over the post of Commander in Chief of Pakistan Army, which he refused.[15] However, he reluctantly accepted the post on several of his set conditions and took over the command of Pakistan Army.[15] In controversy, Khan was avoided to be promoted the four-star rank as opposed to his predecessors, by Bhutto.:210[16] Initially, he provided his support to President Bhutto but began obstructing the hearings of Hamoodur Rahman Commission.[16] Reports were surfacing that Gul Hassan Khan, along with Air Marshal A.R. Khan, were interfering in state's affairs and influencing on Hamoodur Rahman Commission.:213[16]

As Army Commander-in-Chief, he lessened the role and value of the Inter–Services Intelligence which lost its importance throughout this time, and the new Army Commander did not pay any attention to ISI as he relied on Intelligence Bureau (IB) instead.[17] The ISI's covert operations were never revealed to him and Khan was reluctant and incompetent commander to control the ISI; instead the ISI began directly reporting to President Bhutto.:88[17]

In 1972, the Hamoodur Rahman Commission implicated him for his role in atrocities committed in East Pakistan which eventually led towards his termination. Upon approval of his termination papers, the Governor of Punjab Ghulam Mustafa Khar allegedly huddled up in a car and taken to Lahore.:122[18] Khan's alleged involvement and his controversial approvals of military operations during 1971 in East Pakistan[11] created a public resentment towards him, as he was the Director-General of the Director-general for the Military Operations (DGMO). When it was cleared by Hamoodur Rahman Commission, led by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman, Bhutto fired Khan as Army Commander-in-Chief and appointed General Tikka Khan instead.

Diplomatic career

After his stint as the commander-in-chief of Pakistan Army, Khan was appointed as Pakistan's ambassador to Austria.[19][20] He also served as ambassador to Greece from April 1975 to April 1977.[21] He resigned from the latter position in protest against alleged rigging during the 1977 Pakistani general election.[22]

Family

He had three brothers and a sister. He has relatives still residing in Pabbi Nowshera District, and in Quetta, Pakistan. General Gul Hassan Khan died in 1999 and was buried in Pabbi in Nowshera District (Main town of Chirrat Cant, Chowki Mumriaz, Taroo Jaba, Akber Pura).

In the last few years of his life he was dividing his time between Vienna, Austria and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. He has one son, Sher Hassan Khan, who resides in Vienna with his mother. He wrote a book Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Qayyum, Colonel Abdul (March 2000). "Remembering Lt Gen Gul Hasan". defencejournal.com. Col. A. Quyyum, Defence Journal. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  2. ↑ Alikozai, Hamid (19 January 2022). A Concise History of Afghanistan-Central Asia and India in 25 Volumes. Trafford Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 9781490735948. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Burki, Shahid Javed (1999). Historical Dictionary of Pakistan. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 236–237. ISBN 9781442241480.
  4. ↑ "Rediff on the NeT: An interview with General Gul Hassan Khan, the former Pakistani army chief". Rediff. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bhattacharya, Brigadier Samir (12 November 2022). NOTHING BUT!. Partridge Publishing. pp. 488–489. ISBN 9781482814767.
  6. ↑ Khan, Gul Hassan. Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan. Oxford University Press. p. 438.
  7. ↑ Koithara, Verghese (10 August 2022). Crafting Peace in Kashmir: Through A Realist Lens. SAGE Publications India. p. 94. ISBN 9788132103370.
  8. ↑ Chaudhry, Praveen K.; Vanduzer-Snow, Marta (6 January 2022). The United States and India: A History Through Archives: The Later Years. SAGE Publications. p. 443. ISBN 9788132104773.
  9. ↑ Mitha, A.O. (2003). Unlikely beginnings : a soldier's life. Karachi: Oxford University Press, Mitha. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-19-579413-7.
  10. ↑ Newspaper, the (25 August 2022). "Zia: A Counter-view". Dawn. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971. Gendercide Watch". Gendercide.org. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  12. ↑ Ullah, A. H. Jaffor. "Gul Hassan Khan". Retrieved 13 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  13. ↑ Qayyum, Col(Rtd) Abdul. "Remembering Gen Gul Hassan". Defence Journal. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  14. ↑ Prabhakar, Peter Wilson (2022). Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170998907.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Jaffrelot, Christopher (15 August 2022). The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience. Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot. ISBN 9780190613303. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Rizvi, Hasan Askari (2000). The Military & Politics in Pakistan, 1947–1997. Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 382. ISBN 9789693511482. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Sirrs, Owen L. (July 2022). Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations. Routledge. ISBN 9781317196099. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  18. ↑ Shah, Aqil (21 April 2022). The Army and Democracy. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674419773. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  19. ↑ Gul Hassan Khan (1993). Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577447-4.
  20. ↑ Bikram Singh; Sidharth Mishra (1997). Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College : Plantinum Jubilee Volume, 1997. Allied Publishers. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-81-7023-649-8.
  21. ↑ "Ambassadors of Pakistan - Athens, Greece". Embassy of Pakistan, Athens. 2020. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  22. ↑ "TN BHUTTO ENVOYS ASSAIL HIS ACTIONS". The New York Times. 16 April 1977. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

Further reading

  • Gul Hassan Khan, Memoirs of Lt.Gen.Gul Hassan Khan, OUP Pakistan (1994) ISBN 0-19-577445-0

External links

Military offices
Preceded by
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan 		Chief of General Staff
1969–1971 		Succeeded by
M. Rahim Khan
Preceded by
Yahya Khan 		Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army
1971–1972 		Succeeded by
Tikka Khan (as Chief of Army Staff)

Template:Pakistan Army Staff Chief

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