Mughal dynasty: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:03, 28 June 2022

The Mughal dynasty ( Hindustani: मुग़ल ख़ानदान/مغل خاندان‎; romanized: Mug̱ẖāl Kẖāndhān) comprised the members of the imperial House of Babur ( Hindustani: बाबर का परिवार; romanized: Bābar kā parivār/ خاندانِ آل بابر‎; romanized: Kẖāndhān-ı Āl-i ʿBābuŕ), also known as the Gurkanis (Persian: گورکانیان‎; Gūrkāniyān).^[1] The Mughals originated as a Central Asian branch of the Timurid dynasty, supplemented with extra Borjigin (the clan which ruled the Mongol Empire and its successor states) bloodlines. The dynasty's founder, Babur (born 1483), was a direct descendant of the Asian conqueror Timur (1336–1405) on his father's side and of Mongol emperor Genghis Khan (died 1227) on his mother's side, and Babur's ancestors had other affiliations with Genghisids through marriage and common ancestry.^[2] The term "Mughal" is itself a derivative form of "Mongol" in the Arabic and Persian languages: it emphasised the Mongol origins of the Mughal dynasty.^[3] The Mughal dynasty ruled the Mughal Empire from c. 1526 to 1857.

During much of the Empire's history, the emperor functioned as the absolute head of state, head of government and head of the military, while during its declining era much of the power shifted to the office of the Grand Vizier and the empire became divided into many regional kingdoms and princely states.^[4] However, even in the declining era, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty on the Indian subcontinent. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Rajput, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the Emperor as the sovereign of South Asia.^[5] The British East India Company deposed the imperial family and abolished the empire on 21 September 1857 during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The UK declared the establishment of the British Raj the following year.

The British trialled and convicted the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II (r. 1837–1857), and exiled him (1858) to Rangoon in British-controlled Burma (present-day Myanmar).^[6]

History[edit | edit source]

The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a Timurid prince from Ferghana which today is in Uzbekistan. After losing his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur first established himself in Kabul and ultimately moved towards the Indian subcontinent.^[7] Mughal rule was interrupted for 16 years by the Sur Emperors during Humayun's reign.^[8] The Mughal imperial structure was founded by Akbar the Great around the 1580s which lasted until the 1740s, until shortly after the Battle of Karnal. During the reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, the dynasty reached its zenith in terms of geographical extent, economy, military and cultural influence.^[9]

Around 1700, the dynasty was ruling the wealthiest empire in the world, with also the largest military on earth.^[10] Mughals had approximately 24 percent share of world's economy and a military of one million soldiers.^[11]^[12] At that time the Mughals ruled almost the whole of the South Asia with 160 million subjects, 23 percent of world's population.^[13] The Dynasty's power rapidly dwindled during 18th century with internal dynastic conflicts, incompatible monarchs, foreign invasions from Persians and Afghans, as well as revolts from Marathas, Sikh, Rajputs and regional Nawabs.^[14]^[15] The power of the last emperor was limited only to the Walled city of Delhi.

Many of the Mughals had significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as they were born to Rajput and Persian princesses.^[16]^[17] Mughals played a great role in the flourishing of Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb (Indo-Islamic civilization).^[18] Mughals were also great patrons of art, culture, literature and architecture. Mughal painting, architecture, culture, clothing, cuisine and Urdu language; all were flourished during Mughal era. Mughals were not only guardians of art and culture but they also took interest in these fields personally. Emperor Babur, Aurangzeb and Shah Alam II were great calligraphers,^[19] Jahangir was a great painter,^[20] Shah Jahan was a great architect^[21] while Bahadur Shah II was a great poet of Urdu.^[22]

Succession to the Throne[edit | edit source]

Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from Babur to Aurangzeb, with the Mughal ancestor Timur seated in the middle. On the right: Shah Jahan, Akbar and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, Miran Shah. On the left: Aurangzeb, Jahangir and Humayun, and two of Timur's other offspring Umar Shaykh and Muhammad Sultan. Created c. 1707–12

The Mughal dynasty operated under several basic premises: that the Emperor governed the empire's entire territory with complete sovereignty, that only one person at a time could be the Emperor, and that every male member of the dynasty was hypothetically eligible to become Emperor, even though an heir-apparent was appointed several times in dynastic history. The certain processes through which imperial princes rose to the Peacock Throne, however, were very specific to the Mughal Empire. To go into greater detail about these processes, the history of succession between Emperors can be divided into two eras: Era of Imperial successions (1526–1713) and Era of Regent successions (1713–1857).

References[edit | edit source]

↑ Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (10 September 2002). Thackston, Wheeler M. (ed.). The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. New York: Modern Library. p. xlvi. ISBN 978-0-375-76137-9. In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temür's title Gurkân, the Persianized form of the Mongolian kürägän, 'son-in-law,' a title Temür assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess.
↑ Berndl, Klaus (2005). National Geographic Visual History of the World. National Geographic Society. pp. 318–320. ISBN 978-0-7922-3695-5.
↑ Dodgson, Marshall G.S. (2009). The Venture of Islam. Vol. 3: The Gunpowder Empires and Modern Times. University of Chicago Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-226-34688-5.
↑ Sharma, S. R. (1999). Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-7156-817-8.
↑ Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2004). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-203-71253-5.
↑ Bhatia, H.S. Justice System and Mutinies in British India. p. 204.
↑ Eraly, Abraham (2007), Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-93-5118-093-7
↑ Kissling, H. J.; N. Barbour; Bertold Spuler; J. S. Trimingham; F. R. C. Bagley; H. Braun; H. Hartel (1997). The Last Great Muslim Empires. BRILL. pp. 262–263. ISBN 90-04-02104-3. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
↑ "BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
↑ Lawrence E. Harrison, Peter L. Berger (2006). Developing cultures: case studies. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 9780415952798.
↑ Maddison, Angus (25 September 2003). Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics. OECD Publishing. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-92-64-10414-3.
↑ Art of Mughal Warfare." Art of Mughal Warfare. Indiannetzone, 25 Aug. 2005.
↑ József Böröcz (2009-09-10). The European Union and Global Social Change. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 9781135255800. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
↑ Hallissey, Robert C. (1977). The Rajput Rebellion Against Aurangzeb. University of Missouri Press. pp. ix, x, 84. ISBN 978-0-8262-0222-2.
↑ Claude Markovits (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. Anthem Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.
↑ Duindam, Jeroen (2016). Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-06068-5.
↑ Mohammada, Malika (2007). The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India. Aakar Books. ISBN 978-81-89833-18-3.
↑ Alvi, Sajida Sultana (2012-08-02). Perspectives on Indo-Islamic Civilization in Mughal India: Historiography, Religion and Politics, Sufism and Islamic Renewal. OUP Pakistan. ISBN 978-0-19-547643-9.
↑ Taher, Mohamed (1994). Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-524-9.
↑ Dimand, Maurice S. (1944). "The Emperor Jahangir, Connoisseur of Paintings". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2 (6): 196–200. doi:10.2307/3257119. ISSN 0026-1521. JSTOR 3257119.
↑ Asher 2003, p. 169
↑ Bilal, Maaz Bin (2018-11-09). "Not just the last Mughal: Three ghazals by Bahadur Shah Zafar, the poet king". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2020-06-24.

Notes[edit | edit source]

Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard (2003) [First published 1992]. Architecture of Mughal India. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I:4. Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-521-26728-1.

[Thackston2-1] Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (10 September 2002). Thackston, Wheeler M. (ed.). The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. New York: Modern Library. p. xlvi. ISBN 978-0-375-76137-9. In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temür's title Gurkân, the Persianized form of the Mongolian kürägän, 'son-in-law,' a title Temür assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess.

[Berndl-2] Berndl, Klaus (2005). National Geographic Visual History of the World. National Geographic Society. pp. 318–320. ISBN 978-0-7922-3695-5.

[Hodgson-3] Dodgson, Marshall G.S. (2009). The Venture of Islam. Vol. 3: The Gunpowder Empires and Modern Times. University of Chicago Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-226-34688-5.

[4] Sharma, S. R. (1999). Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-7156-817-8.

[MSA2-5] Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2004). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-203-71253-5.

[Last_Mughal-6] Bhatia, H.S. Justice System and Mutinies in British India. p. 204.

[7] Eraly, Abraham (2007), Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-93-5118-093-7

[The-Last-Great-Muslim-Empires-8] Kissling, H. J.; N. Barbour; Bertold Spuler; J. S. Trimingham; F. R. C. Bagley; H. Braun; H. Hartel (1997). The Last Great Muslim Empires. BRILL. pp. 262–263. ISBN 90-04-02104-3. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

[9] "BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-15.

[harrison-10] Lawrence E. Harrison, Peter L. Berger (2006). Developing cultures: case studies. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 9780415952798.

[Maddison2003-11] Maddison, Angus (25 September 2003). Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics. OECD Publishing. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-92-64-10414-3.

[:0-12] Art of Mughal Warfare." Art of Mughal Warfare. Indiannetzone, 25 Aug. 2005.

[borocz-13] József Böröcz (2009-09-10). The European Union and Global Social Change. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 9781135255800. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

[14] Hallissey, Robert C. (1977). The Rajput Rebellion Against Aurangzeb. University of Missouri Press. pp. ix, x, 84. ISBN 978-0-8262-0222-2.

[15] Claude Markovits (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. Anthem Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.

[16] Duindam, Jeroen (2016). Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-06068-5.

[17] Mohammada, Malika (2007). The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India. Aakar Books. ISBN 978-81-89833-18-3.

[18] Alvi, Sajida Sultana (2012-08-02). Perspectives on Indo-Islamic Civilization in Mughal India: Historiography, Religion and Politics, Sufism and Islamic Renewal. OUP Pakistan. ISBN 978-0-19-547643-9.

[19] Taher, Mohamed (1994). Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-524-9.

[20] Dimand, Maurice S. (1944). "The Emperor Jahangir, Connoisseur of Paintings". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2 (6): 196–200. doi:10.2307/3257119. ISSN 0026-1521. JSTOR 3257119.

[21] Asher 2003, p. 169

[22] Bilal, Maaz Bin (2018-11-09). "Not just the last Mughal: Three ghazals by Bahadur Shah Zafar, the poet king". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2020-06-24.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{About|the historical imperial family|the territorial state over which it ruled|Mughal Empire|rulers of that empire|Mughal emperors}}
+{{Short description|History of the Mughals}}
-{{Royal house||surname=House of Babur|country=[[Mughal Empire]]|parent house=[[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]]|coat of arms=[[Image:Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire.svg|230px]]|coat_of_arms_caption=Imperial seal of the Mughal dynasty|titles=List
+{{About|the historical imperial family|the territorial state over which it ruled| Mughal Empire|rulers of that empire|Mughal emperors}}
+{{Royal house||surname= House of Babur|country= [[Mughal Empire]]|parent house= [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]]|coat of arms= [[Image:Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire.svg |200px]]|coat_of_arms_caption= Imperial seal of the Mughal dynasty|titles= List
 * [[Mughal emperors|Emperor of the Mughal Empire]]
-* [[Khagan|Khan of Khans]]
+* [[Khan of Khans]]
 * [[Sultan of Sultans]]
-* [[Shahanshah|Shah of Shahs]]
+* [[Shahanshah |Shah of Shahs]]
+* [[Caliphate |Mughal Caliph]]
 ** [[Shah]]
-** [[Shahzada (title)|Shahzade]]
+** [[Shahzad (title)|Shahzade]]
 ** [[Shahzadi]]
+** Hazrat Ishaan (Title), special title for a distinguished branch of [[Shahzadi |Princes]], descending from [[Jahangir]] and [[Aurangzeb]], leading the [[Naqshbandi]] Sufi order
 ** [[Mirza]]
-** [[Khan Bahadur]]|founder=[[Babur]]|final ruler=[[Bahadur Shah II]]|current head=|founding year=[[First Battle of Panipat|c. 1526]]|deposition=[[Siege of Delhi|21 September 1857]]|ethnicity=[[Turk|Turko]]-[[Mongol]]|traditions=[[Sunni Islam]] (1526-1857) and [[Din-i Ilahi]] (1582-1605)}}
+** [[Khan Barname]]|founder= [[Babur]]|final ruler= [[Bahadur Shah II]]|current head= |founding year= [[First Battle of Panipat|21 April 1526]]|deposition= [[Siege of Delhi|21 September 1857]]<br>|ethnicity= [[Mongol]]|traditions= [[Sunni Islam]] (1526–1857) and [[Din-i Ilahi]] (1582–1605)}}
-The '''Mughal dynasty''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{Lang-hi|मुग़ल ख़ानदान|label=none}}/{{Lang-ur|{{nq|مغل خاندان}}|label=none}}; romanized: ''Mug̱ẖāl Kẖāndhān'') was made up of the members of the imperial '''House of Babur''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{Lang-hi|बाबर का परिवार|label=none}}; romanized: ''Bābar kā parivār''/ {{Lang-ur|{{nq|خاندانِ آل بابر}}|label=none}}; romanized: ''Kẖāndhān-ı Āl-i ʿBābuŕ''), also known as the '''Gurkanis''' ({{lang-fa|{{Nastaliq|گورکانیان}}}}; ''Gūrkāniyān'').<ref name="Thackston2">{{cite book|title=The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor|publisher=Modern Library|isbn=978-0-375-76137-9|author=Zahir ud-Din Mohammad|author-link=Babur|editor=Thackston, Wheeler M.|editor-link=Wheeler Thackston|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu/page/ xlvi]|date=10 September 2002|quote=In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temür's title Gurkân, the Persianized form of the Mongolian {{lang|mn-Latn|kürägän}}, 'son-in-law,' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess.|title-link=Baburnama}}</ref> The Mughals were a branch of the [[Timurid dynasty]] of [[Turco-Mongol]] origin from [[Central Asia]]. The dynasty's founder, [[Babur]], was a direct descendant of the Asian conqueror Timur on his father's side and of [[Mongol emperor]] [[Genghis Khan]] on his mother's side, and Babur's ancestors had other affiliations with [[Descent from Genghis Khan|Genghisid]]s through marriage and common ancestry.<ref name="Berndl">{{Cite book
+The '''Mughal dynasty''' ([[Hindustani language| Hindustani]]: {{Lang-hi|मुग़ल ख़ानदान|label= none}}/{{Lang-ur|{{nq|مغل خاندان}}|label= none}}; romanized: ''Mug̱ẖāl Kẖāndhān'') comprised the members of the imperial '''House of Babur''' ([[Hindustani language| Hindustani]]: {{Lang-hi|बाबर का परिवार|label= none}}; romanized: ''Bābar kā parivār''/ {{Lang-ur|{{nq|خاندانِ آل بابر}}|label= none}}; romanized: ''Kẖāndhān-ı Āl-i ʿBābuŕ''), also known as the '''Gurkanis''' ({{lang-fa| {{Nastaliq|گورکانیان}}}}; ''Gūrkāniyān'').<ref name="Thackston2">{{cite book|title= The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor|publisher= Modern Library|isbn= 978-0-375-76137-9|author= Zahir ud-Din Mohammad|author-link= Babur|editor= Thackston, Wheeler M.|editor-link= Wheeler Thackston|location= New York|page= [https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu/page/ xlvi]|date= 10 September 2002|quote= In India the dynasty always called itself ''Gurkani'', after Temür's title ''Gurkân'', the Persianized form of the Mongolian {{lang|mn-Latn| kürägän}}, 'son-in-law,' a title Temür assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess.|title-link= Baburnama}}</ref> The Mughals originated as a [[Central Asia]]n branch of the [[Timurid dynasty]], supplemented with extra [[Borjigin]] (the clan which ruled the [[Mongol Empire]] and its successor states) bloodlines. The dynasty's founder, [[Babur]] (born 1483), was a direct descendant of the Asian conqueror [[Timur]] (1336–1405) on his father's side and of [[Mongol emperor]] [[Genghis Khan]] (died 1227) on his mother's side, and Babur's ancestors had other affiliations with [[Descent from Genghis Khan| Genghisid]]s through marriage and common ancestry.<ref name="Berndl">{{Cite book
 | last1     = Berndl
 | first1    = Klaus
@@ Line 19: / Line 22: @@
 | pages     = 318–320
 | isbn      = 978-0-7922-3695-5
-}}</ref> The term "Mughal" is itself a corrupted form of "[[Mongol]]" in the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages, as it emphasised the Mongol origins of the Mughal dynasty.<ref name="Hodgson">{{cite book
+}}</ref> The term "Mughal" is itself a derivative form of "[[Mongol]]" in the [[Arabic language |Arabic]] and [[Persian language |Persian]] languages: it emphasised the Mongol origins of the Mughal dynasty.<ref name="Hodgson">{{cite book
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
-| page      = 62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COOGFSH_jUkC&pg=PA62|isbn=978-0-226-34688-5
+| page      = 62|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=COOGFSH_jUkC&pg=PA62|isbn=978-0-226-34688-5
 | last      = Dodgson
 | first     = Marshall G.S.
-| title     = The Venture of Islam|volume=Volume 3: The Gunpowder Empires and Modern Times
+| title     = The Venture of Islam|volume= 3: The Gunpowder Empires and Modern Times
 | year      = 2009
-}}</ref> The Mughal dynasty ruled the [[Mughal Empire]] from c. 1526 to 1857.
+}}</ref> The Mughal dynasty ruled the [[Mughal Empire]] from {{circa |1526}} to 1857.
-During much of the Empire's history, the emperor was the absolute [[head of state]], [[head of government]] and [[Commander-in-chief|head of the military]], while during its [[Mughal Empire#Decline (1707–1857)|declining era]] much of the power shifted to the [[Grand Vizier#Mughal Empire|Grand Vizier]] and the empire was divided into many regional kingdoms and [[princely state]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=S. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnP0Lcp0TGoC&pg=PA297&dq=mughal+emperor+was+supreme+leader#q=mughal%20emperor|title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material|date=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-817-8|language=en}}</ref> But even in the declining era, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty on the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Not only the [[Nawab|Muslim gentry]], but the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]], [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput]], and [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of [[South Asia]].<ref name="MSA2">{{Cite book
+During much of the Empire's history, the emperor functioned as the absolute [[head of state]], [[head of government]] and [[Commander-in-chief |head of the military]], while during its [[Mughal Empire#Decline (1707–1857)|declining era]] much of the power shifted to the office of the [[Grand Vizier#Mughal Empire |Grand Vizier]] and the empire became divided into many regional kingdoms and [[princely state]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Sharma|first= S. R.|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OnP0Lcp0TGoC&dq=mughal+emperor&pg=PA297|title= Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material|date=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn= 978-81-7156-817-8|language=en}}</ref> However, even in the declining era, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty on the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Not only the [[Nawab| Muslim gentry]], but the [[Maratha Empire| Maratha]], [[List of Rajput dynasties and states| Rajput]], and [[Sikh Empire |Sikh]] leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the Emperor as the sovereign of [[South Asia]].<ref name="MSA2">{{Cite book
 | last1        = Bose
 | first1       = Sugata
@@ Line 41: / Line 44: @@
 | page         = 41
 | isbn         = 978-0-203-71253-5
-}}</ref> The imperial family was deposed from power and the empire was abolished on 21 September 1857 during the [[Indian War of Independence]]. The [[British Raj]] was declared the following year.
+}}</ref> The British [[East India Company]] deposed the imperial family and abolished the empire on 21 September 1857 during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The UK declared the establishment of the [[British Raj]] the following year.
-The last emperor [[Bahadur Shah II]] was exiled to [[Rangoon]] in British-controlled [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] (now Myanmar), after being convicted on several charges.<ref name="Last Mughal">{{Cite book|title=Justice System and Mutinies in British India|last=Bhatia|first=H.S.|page=204}}</ref>
+The British trialled and convicted the last emperor, [[Bahadur Shah II]] ({{reign | 1837 | 1857}}), and exiled him (1858) to [[Rangoon]] in British-controlled [[British rule in Burma| Burma]] (present-day Myanmar).<ref name="Last Mughal">
+{{Cite book
+|title=Justice System and Mutinies in British India|last=Bhatia|first=H.S.|page=204
+}}
+</ref>
 ==History==
-The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by [[Babur]], a [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid prince]] from what today is [[Uzbekistan]]. After losing his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur first established himself in [[Kabul]] and ultimately moved towards the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{citation |first=Abraham |last=Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7}}</ref> Mughal rule was interrupted for 16 years by the [[Sur Empire|Sur Emperors]] during [[Humayun]]'s reign.<ref name=The-Last-Great-Muslim-Empires>{{cite book|title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |first1=H. J. |last1=Kissling|author2=N. Barbour |author3=Bertold Spuler |author4=J. S. Trimingham |author5=F. R. C. Bagley |author6=H. Braun |author7= H. Hartel |year=1997|publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-02104-3|pages=262–263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA262|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> The Mughal imperial structure was founded by [[Akbar the Great]] around the 1580s which lasted until the 1740s, until shortly after the [[Battle of Karnal]]. During the reigns of [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Aurangzeb]], the dynasty reached its zenith in terms of geographical extent, economy, military and cultural influence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml|access-date=2020-06-15|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref>
+The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by [[Babur]], a [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid prince]] from [[Ferghana]] which today is in [[Uzbekistan]]. After losing his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur first established himself in [[Kabul]] and ultimately moved towards the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{citation |first=Abraham |last=Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7}}</ref> Mughal rule was interrupted for 16 years by the [[Sur Empire|Sur Emperors]] during [[Humayun]]'s reign.<ref name=The-Last-Great-Muslim-Empires>{{cite book|title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |first1=H. J. |last1=Kissling|author2=N. Barbour |author3=Bertold Spuler |author4=J. S. Trimingham |author5=F. R. C. Bagley |author6=H. Braun |author7= H. Hartel |year=1997|publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-02104-3|pages=262–263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA262|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> The Mughal imperial structure was founded by [[Akbar the Great]] around the 1580s which lasted until the 1740s, until shortly after the [[Battle of Karnal]]. During the reigns of [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Aurangzeb]], the dynasty reached its zenith in terms of geographical extent, economy, military and cultural influence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml|access-date=2020-06-15|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref>
-Around 1700, the dynasty was ruling the wealthiest empire in the world, with also the largest military on earth.<ref name="harrison">{{cite book|title=Developing cultures: case studies|author=[[Lawrence Harrison (academic)|Lawrence E. Harrison]], [[Peter L. Berger]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2006|page=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9780415952798}}</ref> Mughals had approximately 24 percent share of world's economy and a military of one million soldiers.<ref name="Maddison2003">{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA256|title=Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics|date=25 September 2003|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-10414-3|pages=256–|author-link=Angus Maddison}}</ref><ref name=":0">Art of Mughal Warfare." Art of Mughal Warfare. Indiannetzone, 25 Aug. 2005.</ref> At that time the Mughals ruled almost the whole of the South Asia with 160&nbsp;million subjects, 23 percent of world's population.<ref name="borocz">{{cite book|author=József Böröcz|title=The European Union and Global Social Change|page=21|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0SPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|access-date=17 May 2020|isbn=9781135255800|date=2009-09-10|author-link=József Böröcz}}</ref> The Dynasty's power was rapidly dwindled during 18th century with internal dynastic conflicts, incompatible monarchs, foreign invasions from Persians and Afghans, as well as revolts from Marathas, Sikh, Rajputs and regional Nawabs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hallissey |first=Robert C. |year=1977 |title=The Rajput Rebellion Against Aurangzeb |publisher=University of Missouri Press |pages=ix, x, 84 |isbn=978-0-8262-0222-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Claude Markovits |date=2004 |orig-year=First published 1994 as ''Histoire de l'Inde Moderne'' |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA172 |publisher=Anthem Press |pages=172–173 |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4}}</ref> The power of the last emperor was limited only to the [[Old Delhi|Walled city of Delhi]].
+Around 1700, the dynasty was ruling the wealthiest empire in the world, with also the largest military on earth.<ref name="harrison">{{cite book|title=Developing cultures: case studies|author=[[Lawrence Harrison (academic)|Lawrence E. Harrison]], [[Peter L. Berger]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2006|page=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9780415952798}}</ref> Mughals had approximately 24 percent share of world's economy and a military of one million soldiers.<ref name="Maddison2003">{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA256|title=Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics|date=25 September 2003|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-10414-3|pages=256–|author-link=Angus Maddison}}</ref><ref name=":0">Art of Mughal Warfare." Art of Mughal Warfare. Indiannetzone, 25 Aug. 2005.</ref> At that time the Mughals ruled almost the whole of the South Asia with 160&nbsp;million subjects, 23 percent of world's population.<ref name="borocz">{{cite book|author=József Böröcz|title=The European Union and Global Social Change|page=21|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0SPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|access-date=17 May 2020|isbn=9781135255800|date=2009-09-10|author-link=József Böröcz}}</ref> The Dynasty's power rapidly dwindled during 18th century with internal dynastic conflicts, incompatible monarchs, foreign invasions from Persians and Afghans, as well as revolts from Marathas, Sikh, Rajputs and regional Nawabs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hallissey |first=Robert C. |year=1977 |title=The Rajput Rebellion Against Aurangzeb |publisher=University of Missouri Press |pages=ix, x, 84 |isbn=978-0-8262-0222-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Claude Markovits |date=2004 |orig-year=First published 1994 as ''Histoire de l'Inde Moderne'' |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA172 |publisher=Anthem Press |pages=172–173 |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4}}</ref> The power of the last emperor was limited only to the [[Old Delhi|Walled city of Delhi]].
-Many of the Mughals had significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as they were born to Rajput and Persian princesses.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duindam|first=Jeroen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|title=Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06068-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohammada|first=Malika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|date=2007|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-89833-18-3|language=en}}</ref> Mughals played a great role in the flourishing of [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]] (Indo-Islamic civilization).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alvi|first=Sajida Sultana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHJaPgAACAAJ&dq=mughals+and+indo+Islamic+civilization|title=Perspectives on Indo-Islamic Civilization in Mughal India: Historiography, Religion and Politics, Sufism and Islamic Renewal|date=2012-08-02|publisher=OUP Pakistan|isbn=978-0-19-547643-9|language=en}}</ref> Mughals were also great patrons of art, culture, literature and architecture. [[Mughal painting]], [[Mughal architecture|architecture]], [[Mughal culture|culture]], [[Mughal clothing|clothing]], [[Mughal cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Urdu language]]; all were flourished during Mughal era. Mughals were not only guardians of art and culture but they also took interest in these fields personally. Emperor Babur, Aurangzeb and [[Shah Alam II]] were great calligraphers,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taher|first=Mohamed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRLXDBX5KzkC|title=Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives|date=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-524-9|language=en}}</ref> [[Jahangir]] was a great painter,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dimand|first=Maurice S.|date=1944|title=The Emperor Jahangir, Connoisseur of Paintings|journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|volume=2|issue=6|pages=196–200|doi=10.2307/3257119|jstor=3257119|issn=0026-1521}}</ref> Shah Jahan was a great architect<ref>{{harvnb|Asher|2003|p=169}}</ref> while [[Bahadur Shah II]] was a great poet of Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bilal|first=Maaz Bin|date=2018-11-09|title=Not just the last Mughal: Three ghazals by Bahadur Shah Zafar, the poet king|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1444563|access-date=2020-06-24|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>
+Many of the Mughals had significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as they were born to Rajput and Persian princesses.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duindam|first=Jeroen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|title=Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06068-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohammada|first=Malika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|date=2007|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-89833-18-3|language=en}}</ref> Mughals played a great role in the flourishing of [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]] (Indo-Islamic civilization).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alvi|first=Sajida Sultana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHJaPgAACAAJ&q=mughals+and+indo+Islamic+civilization|title=Perspectives on Indo-Islamic Civilization in Mughal India: Historiography, Religion and Politics, Sufism and Islamic Renewal|date=2012-08-02|publisher=OUP Pakistan|isbn=978-0-19-547643-9|language=en}}</ref> Mughals were also great patrons of art, culture, literature and architecture. [[Mughal painting]], [[Mughal architecture|architecture]], [[Mughal culture|culture]], [[Mughal clothing|clothing]], [[Mughal cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Urdu language]]; all were flourished during Mughal era. Mughals were not only guardians of art and culture but they also took interest in these fields personally. Emperor Babur, Aurangzeb and [[Shah Alam II]] were great calligraphers,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taher|first=Mohamed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRLXDBX5KzkC|title=Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives|date=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-524-9|language=en}}</ref> [[Jahangir]] was a great painter,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dimand|first=Maurice S.|date=1944|title=The Emperor Jahangir, Connoisseur of Paintings|journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|volume=2|issue=6|pages=196–200|doi=10.2307/3257119|jstor=3257119|issn=0026-1521}}</ref> Shah Jahan was a great architect<ref>{{harvnb|Asher|2003|p=169}}</ref> while [[Bahadur Shah II]] was a great poet of Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bilal|first=Maaz Bin|date=2018-11-09|title=Not just the last Mughal: Three ghazals by Bahadur Shah Zafar, the poet king|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1444563|access-date=2020-06-24|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>
 ==Succession to the Throne==
-[[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0874.3.jpg|thumb|right|Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from [[Babur]] to [[Aurangzeb]], with the Mughal ancestor [[Timur]] seated in the middle. On the right: [[Shah Jahan]], [[Akbar]] and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, [[Miran Shah]]. On the left: Aurangzeb, [[Jahangir]] and [[Humayun]], and two of Timur's other offspring [[Umar Shaikh Mirza I|Umar Shaykh]] and [[Muhammad Sultan Mirza|Muhammad Sultan]]. Created {{circa|1707–12}}]]
+[[File: Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0874.3.jpg|thumb|right|Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from [[Babur]] to [[Aurangzeb]], with the Mughal ancestor [[Timur]] seated in the middle. On the right: [[Shah Jahan]], [[Akbar]] and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, [[Miran Shah]]. On the left: Aurangzeb, [[Jahangir]] and [[Humayun]], and two of Timur's other offspring [[Umar Shaikh Mirza I|Umar Shaykh]] and [[Muhammad Sultan Mirza|Muhammad Sultan]]. Created {{circa|1707–12}}]]
-The Mughal dynasty operated under several basic premises: that the [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] governed the empire's entire territory with complete sovereignty, that only one person at a time could be the Emperor, and that every male member of the dynasty was hypothetically eligible to become Emperor, even though an [[heir-apparent]] was appointed several times in dynastic history. The certain processes through which imperial princes rose to the [[Peacock Throne]], however, were very specific to the Mughal Empire. To go into greater detail about these processes, the history of succession between Emperors can be divided into two eras: Era of Imperial successions (1526-1713) and Era of Regent successions (1713-1857).
+The Mughal dynasty operated under several basic premises: that the [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] governed the empire's entire territory with complete sovereignty, that only one person at a time could be the Emperor, and that every male member of the dynasty was hypothetically eligible to become Emperor, even though an [[heir-apparent]] was appointed several times in dynastic history. The certain processes through which imperial princes rose to the [[Peacock Throne]], however, were very specific to the Mughal Empire. To go into greater detail about these processes, the history of succession between Emperors can be divided into two eras: Era of Imperial successions (1526–1713) and Era of Regent successions (1713–1857).
 ==References==
@@ Line 61: / Line 68: @@
 ===Notes===
-* {{cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine Ella Blanshard |year=2003 |orig-year=First published 1992 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] |volume=Volume I:4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=368 |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 }}
+* {{cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine Ella Blanshard |year=2003 |orig-year=First published 1992 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] |volume=I:4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=368 |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 }}
 [[Category:Mughal dynasty| ]]