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{{Short description|1798-99 conflict between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company}}
{{Short description|1798–99 conflict in the Kingdom of Mysore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict   = Fourth Anglo–Mysore War
| conflict         = Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
| partof     = the [[Anglo-Mysore wars]] and the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]
| partof           = the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]
| image       = Anglo-Mysore War 4.png
| image             = Anglo-Mysore War 4.png
| image_size = 300
| image_size       = 300
| caption     = A map of the war thereafter
| caption           = A map of the war thereafter
| date       = 1798 – 4 May 1799
| date             = 1798 – 4 May 1799
| place       = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| place             = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| result     = Anglo-Hyderabadi victory
| result           = Anglo-Hyderabadi victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.jpg}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]<br />'''Supported by:'''<br />{{flag|French First Republic|name=France}} (Until December 1798) <br />[[Arcot State|The Carnatic]] {{small|(suspected)}}
| combatant1       = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
| combatant2  = {{flagu|Travancore|name=[[Travancore]]}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}}<br />[[East India Company]]<br />{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]]
| combatant2        = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| commander1 = [[Tipu Sultan]]{{KIA}}<br />Sipahsalar Sayyid Abdul Ghaffar Sahib<br />Mir Golam Hussain<br />Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran<br />[[Mir Sadiq]]<br />[[Ghulam Muhammad Khan]]
*{{flag|East India Company|1707}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[George Harris, 1st Baron Harris|George Harris]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[James Stuart (British Army general)|James Stuart]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} James Dalrymple{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=180}}<br />{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]]<br />{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Mir Alam]]<br />{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Sham Raj I]]{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=179}}
<hr />
| strength1   = {{circa}} 37,000{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=191}}
{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]]
| strength2   = East India Company:<br />Tens of thousands<br />Hyderabad:<br />4 infantry battalions{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=179}}<br />10,000 cavalry{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=180}}
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Fourth Anglo-Mysore War}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}} [[Tipu Sultan]]{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}} [[Purnaiah]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}} [[Mir Sadiq]] (defected)<ref name="Sunderlal 2018 p. 364">{{cite book | last=Sunderlal | first=Pandit | title=How India Lost Her Freedom | publisher=SAGE Publications | year=2018 | isbn=978-93-5280-642-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4lIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364 | access-date=20 January 2022 | page=364}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}} [[Ghulam Muhammad Khan]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}} Sipahsalar Sayyid Abdul Ghaffar Sahib
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}}  Mir Golam Hussain
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}} Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran
 
}}
| commander2       = {{plainlist|
*{{flagdeco|East India Company|1707}} [[George Harris, 1st Baron Harris|George Harris]]
*{{flagdeco|East India Company|1707}} [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]]
*{{flagdeco|East India Company|1707}} [[James Stuart (British Army general)|James Stuart]]
*{{flagdeco|East India Company|1707}} James Dalrymple{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=180}}
*{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]]
*{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Mir Alam]]
*{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Renuka Das Bhalerao|Sham Raj I Rai Rayan]]{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=179}}
}}
| strength1         = {{circa}} 37,000{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=191}}
| strength2         = East India Company:<br />60,000<br />
 
Hyderabad:<br />4 infantry battalions{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=179}}<br />10,000 cavalry{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=180}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Fourth Anglo-Mysore War}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Mysore Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Mysore Wars}}
}}
}}
The '''Fourth Anglo–Mysore War''' was a conflict in [[South India]] between the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] against the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[East India Company]] and the [[Hyderabad Deccan]] in 1798–99.<ref name="Kohn2013">{{cite book|author=George Childs Kohn|title=Dictionary of Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA322|date=31 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-95494-9|pages=322–323}}</ref>
The '''Fourth Anglo-Mysore War''' was a conflict in [[South India]] between the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] against the British [[East India Company]] and the [[Hyderabad Deccan]] in 1798–99.<ref name="Kohn2013">{{cite book|last=Kohn|first=George Childs |year=2013|title=Dictionary of Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA322 |edition=Revised|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge |pages=322–323 |isbn=978-1-135-95494-9}}</ref>


This was the final conflict of the four [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. The British captured the capital of Mysore. The ruler [[Tipu Sultan]] was killed in the battle. Britain took indirect control of Mysore, restoring the [[Wodeyar]] Dynasty to the Mysore throne (with a British commissioner to advise him on all issues). Tipu Sultan's young heir, Fateh Ali, was sent into exile. The Kingdom of Mysore became a [[princely state]] in a [[subsidiary alliance]] with [[British India]] covering parts of present [[Kerala]]-[[Karnataka]] and ceded [[Coimbatore District|Coimbatore]], [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Uttara Kannada]] to the British.
This was the final conflict of the four [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. The British captured the capital of Mysore. The ruler [[Tipu Sultan]] was killed in the battle. Britain took indirect control of Mysore, restoring the [[Wadiyar dynasty]] to the Mysore throne (with a British commissioner to advise him on all issues). Tipu Sultan's young heir, Fateh Ali, was sent into exile. The Kingdom of Mysore became a [[princely state]] in a [[subsidiary alliance]] with [[British India]] covering parts of present [[Kerala]]–[[Karnataka]] and ceded [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]], [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Uttara Kannada]] to the British.


==Background==
==Background==
[[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|landing]] in [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman Egypt]] in 1798 was intended to further the capture of the British possessions in India, and the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] was a key to that next step, as the ruler of Mysore, [[Tipu Sultan]], sought France as an ally and his letter to Napoleon resulted in the following reply, "You have already been informed of my arrival on the borders of the Red Sea, with an innumerable and invincible army, full of the desire of releasing and relieving you from the iron yoke of England." Additionally, General Malarctic, French Governor of [[Mauritius]], issued the Malarctic Proclamation seeking volunteers to assist Tipu. [[Horatio Nelson]] ended any possibility of help from Napoleon after the [[Battle of the Nile]]. However, [[Lord Wellesley]] had already set in motion a response to prevent any alliance between Tipu Sultan and France.<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2018|isbn=9788131300343 |pages=178–181}}</ref>
[[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|landing]] in [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman Egypt]] in 1798 was intended to further the capture of the British possessions in India, and the Kingdom of Mysore was a key to that next step, as the ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, sought France as an ally and his letter to Napoleon resulted in the following reply, "You have already been informed of my arrival on the borders of the Red Sea, with an innumerable and invincible army, full of the desire of releasing and relieving you from the iron yoke of England." Additionally, General [[Anne Joseph Hippolyte de Maurès, Comte de Malartic|Malartic]], French Governor of [[Mauritius]], issued the Malartic Proclamation seeking volunteers to assist Tipu. [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] ended any possibility of help from Napoleon after the [[Battle of the Nile]]. However, Lord [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Wellesley]] had already set in motion a response to prevent any alliance between Tipu Sultan and France.<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane|first=M. S.|year=2014|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |location=New Delhi|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |pages=178–181|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3}}</ref>


==Course of Events==
==Invasion and British victory==
Three armies – one from [[Bombay]] and two British (one of which contained a division that was commanded by Colonel [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], the future 1st [[Duke of Wellington (title)|Duke of Wellington]]), marched into Mysore in 1799 and besieged the capital, [[Srirangapatnam]], after some engagements with Tipu. On 8 March, a forward force managed to hold off an advance by Tipu at the [[Battle of Seedaseer]]. On 4 May, in the [[Battle of Seringapatam]], broke through the defending walls. [[Tipu Sultan]], rushing to the breach, was shot and killed.
Three armies, one from [[Bombay]] and two British (one of which contained a division that was commanded by Colonel [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], the future 1st [[Duke of Wellington (title)|Duke of Wellington]]), marched into Mysore in 1799 and besieged the capital, [[Srirangapatnam]], after some engagements with Tipu. On 8 March, a forward force managed to hold off an advance by Tipu at the [[Battle of Seedaseer]].  


Today, the spot where Tipu's body was discovered under the eastern gate has been fenced off by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], and a plaque erected. The gate was later demolished during the 19th century to lay a wide road.
One notable military advance championed by Tipu Sultan was the use of mass attacks with [[iron]]-cased [[rocket]] brigades in the army. The effect of the [[Mysorean rockets]] on the British during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|Third]] and Fourth Mysore Wars was sufficiently impressive to inspire [[Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet|William Congreve]] to develop the [[Congreve rocket]]s for [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=Narasimha>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034357/https://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |title=Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. |last=Narasimha |first=Roddam |date=27 July 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |publisher=National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.}}</ref>


One notable military advance championed by Tipu Sultan was the use of mass attacks with [[iron]]-cased [[rocket]] brigades in the army. The effect of the [[Mysorean rockets]] on the British during the Third and Fourth [[Anglo–Mysore Wars|Mysore Wars]] was sufficiently impressive to inspire [[William Congreve (inventor)|William Congreve]] to develop the [[Congreve rocket]]s.{{Citation needed|reason= please provide a contemporary evidence that congreve was inspired to invent rockets from tipu sultan|date=July 2020}}
During the war, rockets were used on several occasions. One of these involved Colonel [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]]. Wellesley was defeated by Tipu's Diwan, [[Purnaiah]], at the [[Battle of Sultanpet Tope]]. Quoting Forrest,
<blockquote>At this point (near the village of Sultanpet, Figure 5) there was a large tope, or grove, which gave shelter to Tipu's rocketmen and had obviously to be cleaned out before the siege could be pressed closer to Srirangapattana island. The commander chosen for this operation was Col. Wellesley, but advancing towards the tope after dark on the 5 April 1799, he was set upon with rockets and musket-fires, lost his way and, as Beatson politely puts it, had to "postpone the attack" until a more favourable opportunity should offer.<ref>{{cite book|last=Forrest |first=Denys |year=1970 |title=Tiger of Mysore: The Life and Death of Tipu Sultan |location=London|publisher=Chatto & Windus|isbn=0-7011-1581-5}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2021}}</blockquote>


Many members of the [[East India Company]] believed that [[Umdat Ul-Umra]], the [[Nawab of Carnatic]], secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War; and they immediately sought his deposition after the end of the conflict.
The following day, Wellesley launched a fresh attack with a larger force, and took the whole position without losing a single man.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Holmes (military historian)|year=2003|title=Wellington: The Iron Duke|location=London |publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|pages=58|isbn=0-00-713750-8}}</ref> On 22 April 1799, twelve days before the main battle, rocketeers worked their way around to the rear of the British encampment, then "threw a great number of rockets at the same instant" to signal the beginning of an assault by 6,000 Indian infantry and a corps of Frenchmen, all directed by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran. The rockets had a range of about 1,000 yards. Some burst in the air like shells. Others, called ground rockets, would rise again on striking the ground and bound along in a serpentine motion until their force was spent. According to one British observer, a young English officer named Bayly: "So pestered were we with the rocket boys that there was no moving without danger from the destructive missiles ...". He continued:
<blockquote>The rockets and musketry from 20,000 of the enemy were incessant. No hail could be thicker. Every illumination of blue lights was accompanied by a shower of rockets, some of which entered the head of the column, passing through to the rear, causing death, wounds, and dreadful lacerations from the long bamboos of twenty or thirty feet, which are invariably attached to them.</blockquote>


===Nawab of Savanur===
During the decisive British [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|attack on Seringapatam]] on 2 May 1799, a British shot struck a magazine of rockets within Tipu Sultan's fort, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. On the afternoon of 4 May, when the final attack on the fort was led by Baird, he was met by "furious musket and rocket fire", but this did not help much; in about an hour's time the fort was taken; perhaps within another hour Tipu had been shot (the precise time of his death is not known), and the war was effectively over.<ref>{{cite book|last=Narasimha|first=Roddam |author-link=Roddam Narasimha |date=May 1985 |url=http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |title=Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. |place=Bangalore, India |publisher=National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303205010/http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2012 }}</ref> The death of Tipu Sultan lead British General Harris to exclaim "now India is ours".<ref name="Moienuddin2000">{{cite book | author =Mohammad Moienuddin | title =Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the Death of Tipu Sultan | year =2000 | publisher =Sangam Books | isbn =978-0-86311-850-0 | oclc =48995204 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=tBFWAAAAYAAJ&q=exclaim}}</ref>
Territory of the [[Nawab of Savanur]] were split among the English and Maratha forces.


==Mysorean rockets==
== Aftermath ==
{{Further||Mysorean rockets}}
The victors, rather than partitioning the country, forced Tipu's family into exile and restored control of Mysore to the Wadiyars.


During the war, rockets were again used on several occasions. One of these involved [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Colonel Arthur Wellesley]], later famous as the First [[Duke of Wellington (title)|Duke of Wellington]]. Wellesley was defeated by Tipu's Diwan, [[Purnaiah]], at the Battle of Sultanpet Tope. Quoting Forrest,
Many members of the East India Company believed that [[Umdat ul-Umara]], the [[Nawab of Carnatic]], secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War; and they immediately sought his deposition after the end of the conflict.
<blockquote>At this point (near the village of Sultanpet, Figure 5) there was a large tope, or grove, which gave shelter to Tipu's rocketmen and had obviously to be cleaned out before the siege could be pressed closer to Srirangapattana island. The commander chosen for this operation was Col. Wellesley, but advancing towards the tope after dark on the 5 April 1799, he was set upon with rockets and musket-fires, lost his way and, as Beatson politely puts it, had to "postpone the attack" until a more favourable opportunity should offer.<ref>Forrest D (1970) ''Tiger of Mysore'', Chatto & Windus, London</ref></blockquote>


The following day, Wellesley launched a fresh attack with a larger force, and took the whole position without losing a single man.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|title=Wellington: The Iron Duke|year=2003|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|isbn=0-00-713750-8|pages=58}}</ref> On 22 April 1799, twelve days before the main battle, rocketeers worked their way around to the rear of the British encampment, then 'threw a great number of rockets at the same instant' to signal the beginning of an assault by 6,000 Indian infantry and a corps of Frenchmen, all directed by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran. The rockets had a range of about 1,000 yards. Some burst in the air like shells. Others, called ground rockets, would rise again on striking the ground and bound along in a serpentine motion until their force was spent. According to one British observer, a young English officer named Bayly: "So pestered were we with the rocket boys that there was no moving without danger from the destructive missiles ...". He continued:
The territory of the [[Nawab of Savanur]] was split among the English and Maratha forces.
<blockquote>The rockets and musketry from 20,000 of the enemy were incessant. No hail could be thicker. Every illumination of blue lights was accompanied by a shower of rockets, some of which entered the head of the column, passing through to the rear, causing death, wounds, and dreadful lacerations from the long bamboos of twenty or thirty feet, which are invariably attached to them.</blockquote>


During the conclusive British [[Battle of Seringapatam|attack on Srirangapattana]] on 2 May 1799, a British shot struck a magazine of rockets within Tipu Sultan's fort, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. On the afternoon of 4 May when the final attack on the fort was led by Baird, he was again met by "furious musket and rocket fire", but this did not help much; in about an hour's time the fort was taken; perhaps within another hour Tipu had been shot (the precise time of his death is not known), and the war was effectively over.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Narasimha, Roddam|author-link1=Roddam Narasimha|title=Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D.|url=http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf|website=[[National Aerospace Laboratories]]|publisher=nal.res.in}}</ref>
The spot where Tipu's body was discovered under the eastern gate has been fenced off by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], and a plaque erected. The gate was later demolished during the 19th century to lay a wide road.


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
The war, specifically the [[Battle of Mallavelly]] and the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|siege of Seringapatam]], with many of the key protagonists, is covered in the historical novel ''[[Sharpe's Tiger]]'' by [[Bernard Cornwell]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Website of Bernard Cornwell|url=http://bernardcornwell.net/index.cfm?page=2&BookId=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202120215/http://bernardcornwell.net/index.cfm?page=2&BookId=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2007|date=26 May 2019}}</ref>
The war, specifically the [[Battle of Mallavelly]] and the siege of Seringapatam, with many of the key protagonists, is covered in the historical novel ''[[Sharpe's Tiger]]'' by [[Bernard Cornwell]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cornwell|first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Cornwell|title=Title: Sharpe's Tiger |website=bernardcornwell.net |url=http://bernardcornwell.net/index.cfm?page=2&BookId=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202120215/http://bernardcornwell.net/index.cfm?page=2&BookId=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2007|access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>
 
== Consequences ==
The [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|war]] was fought between the [[British Empire|British]] and [[Mysore]] in 1799, in which [[Battle of Seringapatam|Seringapatam was taken]], and [[Tipu Sultan]] was killed in its defense. The victors, rather than partitioning the [[country]], forced Tipu's family into exile and restored control of [[Mysore]] to the [[Wodeyar dynasty|Wodeyars]].


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery caption="Fall of Tippu Sultan (1799)" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
<gallery caption="Fall of Tipu Sultan (1799)" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:The storming of Seringapatam - John Vendramini, 1802 - BL P779.jpg|Tipu Sultan's forces during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|siege of Srirangapatna]].
File:The storming of Seringapatam - John Vendramini, 1802 - BL P779.jpg|''The Storming of Seringapatam'' by [[Giovanni Vendramini]], 1802
File:The Last Effort of Tippu Sahib at Seringapatam p.334.jpg|The Last Effort of Tippu Sahib at Seringapatam (Corner, 1840, p.&nbsp;334)<ref name=Corner>{{cite book|last1=Corner|first1=Julia|title=The History of China & India, Pictorial & Descriptive|date=1840|publisher=Dean & Co., Threadneedle St.|location=London|page=334|url=https://archive.org/download/historyofchinain00corn/historyofchinain00corn.pdf|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref>
File:The Last Effort of Tippu Sahib at Seringapatam p.334.jpg|''The Last Effort of Tippoo Saib at Seringapatam'' by B. Clayton, 1840<ref name=Corner>{{cite book|last=Corner|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Corner|title=The History of China & India, Pictorial & Descriptive|date=1840|publisher=Dean & Co., Threadneedle St.|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofchinain00corn/page/n419/mode/2up 334]}}</ref>
File:Tipu death.jpg|''The Last Effort and Fall of Tipu Sultan'' by [[Henry Singleton (painter)|Henry Singleton]], c. 1800
File:Tipu death.jpg|''The Last Effort and Fall of Tippoo Sultaun'' by [[Henry Singleton (painter)|Henry Singleton]], c. 1800
File:Finding the body of Tippoo Sultan - Samuel William Reynolds, 1800 - BL P428.jpg|British troops examine the body of [[Tipu Sultan]]
File:Finding the body of Tippoo Sultan - Samuel William Reynolds, 1800 - BL P428.jpg|''Finding of the Body of Tippoo Sultaun'' by [[Samuel William Reynolds]], 1800
File:Sir David Baird Discovering Body of Tipu Sultan.jpg|[[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]], a British officer, discovering the body of [[Tipu Sultan]].
File:Sir David Baird Discovering Body of Tipu Sultan.jpg|''General Sir David Baird, Discovering the Body of the Sultaun Tippoo Saib, After Storming Seringapatam'' by [[David Wilkie (artist)|David Wilkie]], 1843
File:P 229.jpg|British Marker showing the location where Tipu's body was found.
File:P 229.jpg|British Marker showing the location where Tipu's body was found
</gallery>
</gallery>
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Anglo-Mysore Wars|Anglo-Mysore Wars]]|years=|before=[[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]|after=None}}
{{succession box|title=Indo-British conflicts|years=|before=[[Third Anglo–Mysore War]]|after=[[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]}}
{{s-end}}


==References==
==References==
Line 75: Line 88:
=== Works cited ===
=== Works cited ===
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book| last = Dalrymple| first = William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian)| title = White Mughals: love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India| publisher = Flamingo (HarperCollins)| date = 2003 |orig-year=1st pub. 2002| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W1b5h0NlnL8C| isbn = 9780006550969}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |year=2003 |orig-year=2002 |title=[[White Mughals|White Mughals: Love & Betrayal in Eighteenth-Century India]] |publisher=Flamingo |isbn=978-0-00-655096-9}}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{citation|ref=none |last=Bonghi |first=Ruggero |year=1869 |chapter=Chapter-XIX: Lord Wellesley's administration—Fourth and last Mysore war, 1798, 1799 |editor-first=John Clark |editor-last=Marshman |title=The History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's |volume=2 |publisher=Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zNLtSQmwxVsC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false 71]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=zNLtSQmwxVsC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false 102]}}
*{{cite book|ref=none |first=John Clark |last=Marshman |author-link=John Clark Marshman |year=1867 |chapter=Chapter XIX: Lord Wellesley's Administration—Fourth and Last Mysore War, 1798, 1799 |title=The History of India, From the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration |volume=II |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofindiafr02marsiala/page/71/mode/2up 71]–[https://archive.org/details/historyofindiafr02marsiala/page/102/mode/2up 102]}}
*{{citation|ref=none |last=Carter |first=Thomas |year=1861 |chapter=The Mysore War and the Siege of Seringapatam |title=India, China, etc |series=Medals of the British Army: And how They Were Won |volume=3 |publisher=Groombridge and sons |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medalsbritishar02cartgoog 2]–6}}
*{{cite book|ref=none |last=Carter |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Carter (writer) |year=1861 |chapter=The Mysore War and Siege of Seringapatam |title=Medals of the British Army, and How They Were Won |location=London |publisher=Groombridge and Sons |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medalsbritishar02cartgoog/page/n18/mode/2up 2]–[https://archive.org/details/medalsbritishar02cartgoog/page/n22/mode/2up 6]}}
*{{citation |ref=none |last1=Mill |first1=James |last2=Wilson |first2=Horace Hayman |year=1858 |chapter=Chapter-VIII |title=The History of British occupied India |volume=6 |edition=5 |publisher=J. Madden |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zVQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false 50]–121}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last1=Mill |first1=James |author-link1=James Mill |last2=Wilson |first2=Horace Hayman |author-link2=Horace Hayman Wilson |year=1858 |chapter=Chapter VIII: Lord Mornington Governor-General.—Agents of Tippoo at the Isle of France.—Governor-General resolves on immediate War.—Import of the Circumstances.—Opinions in India.—Nizam Ali receives more English Troops and dismisses the French.—Unfruitful Negotiations at Poonah.—Progression of Governor-General's Demands.—War begins.—Plan of the Campaign.—March of the Army.—Siege of Seringapatam.—Alarming Situation of the British Army in regard to Food.—Seringapatam taken, and the Sultan killed.—Division and Settlement of the conquered Country|title=[[The History of British India]] |volume=VI |edition=5th |location=London |publisher=James Madden; Piper, Stephenson and Spence |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zVQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA50 50]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=zVQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA121 121]}}
 
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]|years=|before=[[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]|after=None}}
{{succession box|title=Indo-British conflicts|years=|before=[[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]|after=[[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]}}
{{s-end}}


{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Mysore War 04}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Mysore War 04}}
[[Category:1798 in India]]
[[Category:1799 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1798]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1798]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1799]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1799]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Wars involving British India]]
[[Category:Wars involving British India]]
[[Category:Wars involving Great Britain]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Wars involving Great Britain]]
[[Category:1798 in India]]
[[Category:1799 in India]]

Revision as of 05:59, 14 June 2022


Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
Part of the Anglo-Mysore Wars

A map of the war thereafter
Date1798 – 4 May 1799
Location
Indian subcontinent
Result Anglo-Hyderabadi victory
Belligerents
Mysore

File:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg Great Britain

Hyderabad Deccan
Commanders and leaders
Strength
c. 37,000[4]

East India Company:
60,000

Hyderabad:
4 infantry battalions[3]
10,000 cavalry[2]
Template:Campaignbox Fourth Anglo-Mysore War Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Mysore Wars

The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore against the British East India Company and the Hyderabad Deccan in 1798–99.[5]

This was the final conflict of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. The British captured the capital of Mysore. The ruler Tipu Sultan was killed in the battle. Britain took indirect control of Mysore, restoring the Wadiyar dynasty to the Mysore throne (with a British commissioner to advise him on all issues). Tipu Sultan's young heir, Fateh Ali, was sent into exile. The Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India covering parts of present Kerala–Karnataka and ceded Coimbatore, Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada to the British.

Background

Napoleon Bonaparte's landing in Ottoman Egypt in 1798 was intended to further the capture of the British possessions in India, and the Kingdom of Mysore was a key to that next step, as the ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, sought France as an ally and his letter to Napoleon resulted in the following reply, "You have already been informed of my arrival on the borders of the Red Sea, with an innumerable and invincible army, full of the desire of releasing and relieving you from the iron yoke of England." Additionally, General Malartic, French Governor of Mauritius, issued the Malartic Proclamation seeking volunteers to assist Tipu. Horatio Nelson ended any possibility of help from Napoleon after the Battle of the Nile. However, Lord Wellesley had already set in motion a response to prevent any alliance between Tipu Sultan and France.[6]

Invasion and British victory

Three armies, one from Bombay and two British (one of which contained a division that was commanded by Colonel Arthur Wellesley, the future 1st Duke of Wellington), marched into Mysore in 1799 and besieged the capital, Srirangapatnam, after some engagements with Tipu. On 8 March, a forward force managed to hold off an advance by Tipu at the Battle of Seedaseer.

One notable military advance championed by Tipu Sultan was the use of mass attacks with iron-cased rocket brigades in the army. The effect of the Mysorean rockets on the British during the Third and Fourth Mysore Wars was sufficiently impressive to inspire William Congreve to develop the Congreve rockets for Napoleonic Wars.[7]

During the war, rockets were used on several occasions. One of these involved Colonel Arthur Wellesley. Wellesley was defeated by Tipu's Diwan, Purnaiah, at the Battle of Sultanpet Tope. Quoting Forrest,

At this point (near the village of Sultanpet, Figure 5) there was a large tope, or grove, which gave shelter to Tipu's rocketmen and had obviously to be cleaned out before the siege could be pressed closer to Srirangapattana island. The commander chosen for this operation was Col. Wellesley, but advancing towards the tope after dark on the 5 April 1799, he was set upon with rockets and musket-fires, lost his way and, as Beatson politely puts it, had to "postpone the attack" until a more favourable opportunity should offer.[8][page needed]

The following day, Wellesley launched a fresh attack with a larger force, and took the whole position without losing a single man.[9] On 22 April 1799, twelve days before the main battle, rocketeers worked their way around to the rear of the British encampment, then "threw a great number of rockets at the same instant" to signal the beginning of an assault by 6,000 Indian infantry and a corps of Frenchmen, all directed by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran. The rockets had a range of about 1,000 yards. Some burst in the air like shells. Others, called ground rockets, would rise again on striking the ground and bound along in a serpentine motion until their force was spent. According to one British observer, a young English officer named Bayly: "So pestered were we with the rocket boys that there was no moving without danger from the destructive missiles ...". He continued:

The rockets and musketry from 20,000 of the enemy were incessant. No hail could be thicker. Every illumination of blue lights was accompanied by a shower of rockets, some of which entered the head of the column, passing through to the rear, causing death, wounds, and dreadful lacerations from the long bamboos of twenty or thirty feet, which are invariably attached to them.

During the decisive British attack on Seringapatam on 2 May 1799, a British shot struck a magazine of rockets within Tipu Sultan's fort, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. On the afternoon of 4 May, when the final attack on the fort was led by Baird, he was met by "furious musket and rocket fire", but this did not help much; in about an hour's time the fort was taken; perhaps within another hour Tipu had been shot (the precise time of his death is not known), and the war was effectively over.[10] The death of Tipu Sultan lead British General Harris to exclaim "now India is ours".[11]

Aftermath

The victors, rather than partitioning the country, forced Tipu's family into exile and restored control of Mysore to the Wadiyars.

Many members of the East India Company believed that Umdat ul-Umara, the Nawab of Carnatic, secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War; and they immediately sought his deposition after the end of the conflict.

The territory of the Nawab of Savanur was split among the English and Maratha forces.

The spot where Tipu's body was discovered under the eastern gate has been fenced off by the Archaeological Survey of India, and a plaque erected. The gate was later demolished during the 19th century to lay a wide road.

In popular culture

The war, specifically the Battle of Mallavelly and the siege of Seringapatam, with many of the key protagonists, is covered in the historical novel Sharpe's Tiger by Bernard Cornwell.[12]

Gallery

  • Fall of Tipu Sultan (1799)
  • The Storming of Seringapatam by Giovanni Vendramini, 1802
    The Storming of Seringapatam by Giovanni Vendramini, 1802
  • The Last Effort of Tippoo Saib at Seringapatam by B. Clayton, 1840[13]
    The Last Effort of Tippoo Saib at Seringapatam by B. Clayton, 1840[13]
  • The Last Effort and Fall of Tippoo Sultaun by Henry Singleton, c. 1800
    The Last Effort and Fall of Tippoo Sultaun by Henry Singleton, c. 1800
  • Finding of the Body of Tippoo Sultaun by Samuel William Reynolds, 1800
    Finding of the Body of Tippoo Sultaun by Samuel William Reynolds, 1800
  • General Sir David Baird, Discovering the Body of the Sultaun Tippoo Saib, After Storming Seringapatam by David Wilkie, 1843
    General Sir David Baird, Discovering the Body of the Sultaun Tippoo Saib, After Storming Seringapatam by David Wilkie, 1843
  • British Marker showing the location where Tipu's body was found
    British Marker showing the location where Tipu's body was found

References

  1. ↑ Sunderlal, Pandit (2018). How India Lost Her Freedom. SAGE Publications. p. 364. ISBN 978-93-5280-642-3. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dalrymple (2003), p. 180.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dalrymple (2003), p. 179.
  4. ↑ Dalrymple (2003), p. 191.
  5. ↑ Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars (Revised ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 322–323. ISBN 978-1-135-95494-9.
  6. ↑ Naravane, M. S. (2014). Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 178–181. ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.
  7. ↑ Narasimha, Roddam (27 July 2011). "Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D." (PDF). National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011.
  8. ↑ Forrest, Denys (1970). Tiger of Mysore: The Life and Death of Tipu Sultan. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-1581-5.
  9. ↑ Holmes, Richard (2003). Wellington: The Iron Duke. London: Harper Collins. p. 58. ISBN 0-00-713750-8.
  10. ↑ Narasimha, Roddam (May 1985). Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. (PDF). Bangalore, India: National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012.
  11. ↑ Mohammad Moienuddin (2000). Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the Death of Tipu Sultan. Sangam Books. ISBN 978-0-86311-850-0. OCLC 48995204.
  12. ↑ Cornwell, Bernard. "Title: Sharpe's Tiger". bernardcornwell.net. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  13. ↑ Corner, Julia (1840). The History of China & India, Pictorial & Descriptive. London: Dean & Co., Threadneedle St. p. 334.

Works cited

Further reading

  • Marshman, John Clark (1867). "Chapter XIX: Lord Wellesley's Administration—Fourth and Last Mysore War, 1798, 1799". The History of India, From the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration. Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer. pp. 71–102.
  • Carter, Thomas (1861). "The Mysore War and Siege of Seringapatam". Medals of the British Army, and How They Were Won. London: Groombridge and Sons. pp. 2–6.
  • Mill, James; Wilson, Horace Hayman (1858). "Chapter VIII: Lord Mornington Governor-General.—Agents of Tippoo at the Isle of France.—Governor-General resolves on immediate War.—Import of the Circumstances.—Opinions in India.—Nizam Ali receives more English Troops and dismisses the French.—Unfruitful Negotiations at Poonah.—Progression of Governor-General's Demands.—War begins.—Plan of the Campaign.—March of the Army.—Siege of Seringapatam.—Alarming Situation of the British Army in regard to Food.—Seringapatam taken, and the Sultan killed.—Division and Settlement of the conquered Country". The History of British India. Vol. VI (5th ed.). London: James Madden; Piper, Stephenson and Spence. pp. 50–121.
Preceded by
Third Anglo-Mysore War 		Anglo-Mysore Wars Succeeded by
None
Preceded by
Third Anglo-Mysore War 		Indo-British conflicts Succeeded by
Second Anglo-Maratha War

Template:British colonial campaigns

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