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[[File:Kilakarai Arabic tombstone.jpg|thumb|Arwi script in a tombstone at [[Kilakarai]], [[Palaiya Jumma Palli|Old Jumma Masjid]]]]
'''Arwi''' or '''ArabuTamil''' (Arabic: {{Script/Arabic|الْأَرْوِيَّة}} {{transl|ar|al-arwiyyah}}, {{Script/Arabic|أَرْوِي}} {{transl|ar|arwī}};<ref name="tors" /> {{lang-ta|அரபுத்தமிழ்}} {{transl|ta|ISO|arabu-tamil}}<span style="margin-left:1px">)</span> is an [[Arabic]] influenced dialect of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language written with an [[Arabic Extended-A|extension of the Arabic alphabet]], with extensive [[Lexicon|lexical]] and phonetic influences from the Arabic language. Arwi was used extensively by the [[Tamil Muslim|Muslim minority]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].
'''Arwi''' or '''ArabuTamil''' (Arabic: {{lang|ar|الْأَرْوِيَّة}}, {{transl|ar|ALA|al-arwiyyah}} or ''{{transl|ar|أَرْوِيّ}}''<span style="margin-left:3px">,</span> Arwiyy;<ref name="tors" /> Tamil: {{lang|ta|அரபுத்தமிழ்}}, {{transl|ta|arabu-tamil}}<span style="margin-left:1px">)</span> is an [[Arabic]] influenced dialect of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language written with an [[Arabic Extended-A|extension of the Arabic alphabet]], with extensive [[Lexicon|lexical]] and phonetic influences from the Arabic language. Arwi was used extensively by the [[Muslims|Muslim]] minority of [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].


==Etymology==
== History ==
The word arwi came from the word 'aravam' literally it refers to tamil.
[[File:Kilakarai Arabic tombstone.jpg|thumb|left|Arwi script in a tombstone at [[Kilakarai]], [[Palaiya Jumma Palli|Old Jumma Masjid]]]]


==History==
Arwi was an outcome of the cultural synthesis between seafaring Arabs and [[Marakkar|Tamil-speaking Muslims]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. This language was enriched, promoted and developed in [[Kayalpatnam|Kayalpattinam]]. It had a rich body of work in jurisprudence, [[sufism]], law, medicine and [[sexology]], of which little has been preserved. It was used as a bridge language for Tamil Muslims to learn Arabic.<ref>
Arwi was an outcome of the cultural synthesis between seafaring Arabs and [[Marakkar|Tamil-speaking Muslims]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. This language was enriched, promoted and developed in [[Kayalpatnam|Kayalpattinam]]. It had a rich body of work in jurisprudence, [[sufism]], law, medicine and [[sexology]], of which little has been preserved. It was used as a bridge language for Tamil Muslims to learn Arabic.<ref>
''216 th year commemoration today: Remembering His Holiness Bukhary Thangal'' Sunday Observer – January 5, 2003. [http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/01/05/fea24.html Online version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002144937/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/01/05/fea24.html |date=2012-10-02 }} accessed on 2009-08-14
''216 th year commemoration today: Remembering His Holiness Bukhary Thangal'' Sunday Observer – January 5, 2003. [http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/01/05/fea24.html Online version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002144937/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/01/05/fea24.html |date=2012-10-02 }} accessed on 2009-08-14
Line 32: Line 30:
There was also a translation of the [[Bible]] into Arwi in 1926.  
There was also a translation of the [[Bible]] into Arwi in 1926.  


Arwi still has a place among the more traditional Indian Tamil Muslim and [[Sri Lankan Moors|Sri Lankan Moor]] families.
Arwi still has a place among the more traditional Tamil muslim ([[Arwi Muslims|Arwi Muslim]]) and [[Sri Lankan Moors|Sri Lankan Moor]] families.
{{Clear|left}}


==Script==
== Script ==
The Arwi alphabet is the Arabic alphabet with thirteen additional letters, used to represent the Tamil vowels ''e'' and ''o'' and several Tamil consonants that could not be mapped to Arabic sounds.<ref name="tors"/>
[[File:Arwi-lan1.png|thumb|left|250px|Sample text written in the Arwi dialect of Tamil with its Arabic-based Jawi alphabet.]]
[[File:Image-Arwi.png|thumb|right|350px]]


[[Image:Image-Arwi.png|thumb|350px|Arwi letters not found in Arabic]]
The Arwi alphabet is the Arabic alphabet, with thirteen additional letters used to represent the Tamil vowels ''e'' and ''o'' and several Tamil consonants that could not be mapped to Arabic sounds.<ref name="tors"/>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{|dir="rtl" class="mw-content-rtl wikitable" style="margin:.6em 0 .6em auto;text-align:center"
|+ Arwi vowels arranged according to the [[Tamil script|Tamil order]] (right to left)
|+lang="en" dir="ltr"| Arwi vowels arranged according to the [[Tamil script|Tamil order]] <small>(right to left)</small>
|-
|-lang="ta" dir="ltr" style="font-size:150%"
| {{lang|ta|ஔ}} || {{lang|ta|ஓ}} || {{lang|ta|ஒ}} || {{lang|ta|ஐ}} || {{lang|ta|ஏ}} || {{lang|ta|எ}} || {{lang|ta|ஊ}} || {{lang|ta|உ}} || {{lang|ta|ஈ}} || {{lang|ta|இ}} || {{lang|ta|ஆ}} || {{lang|ta|அ}}
| {{Lang|ta|எ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஏ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஐ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஒ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஓ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஔ}}
|-
| {{Lang|ta|அ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஆ}} || {{Lang|ta|இ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஈ}} || {{Lang|ta|உ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஊ}}
| {{lang|ar|اَو}} || {{lang|ar|او}} || {{lang|ar|اٗ}} || {{lang|ar|اَی}} || {{lang|ar|ای}} || {{lang|ar|ࣣا}} || {{lang|ar|اُو}} || {{lang|ar|اُ}} || {{lang|ar|اِی}} || {{lang|ar|اِ}} || {{lang|ar|آ}} || {{lang|ar|اَ}}
|-lang="ta-Arab" style="font-size:150%"
|-
| {{Script/Arabic|اَ}} || {{Script/Arabic|آ}} || {{Script/Arabic|اِ}} || {{Script/Arabic|اِی}} || {{Script/Arabic|اُ}} || {{Script/Arabic|اُو}}
| {{transl|ar|au}} || {{transl|ar|ō}} || {{transl|ar|o}} || {{transl|ar|ai}} || {{transl|ar|ē}} || {{transl|ar|e}} || {{transl|ar|ū}} || {{transl|ar|u}} || {{transl|ar|ī}} || {{transl|ar|i}} || {{transl|ar|ā}} || {{transl|ar|a}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ࣣا}} || {{Script/Arabic|ای}} || {{Script/Arabic|اَی}} || {{Script/Arabic|اٗ}} || {{Script/Arabic|اٗو}} || {{Script/Arabic|اَو}}
|-dir="ltr" style="font-size:125%"
| {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|a}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ā}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|i}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ī}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|u}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ū}}
| {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|e}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ē}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ai}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|o}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ō}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|au}}
|}
 
{|dir="rtl" class="mw-content-rtl" style="margin:.6em 0 .6em auto;text-align:center"
|-
|-
|style="padding:0"|
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.3em 0"
|+lang="en" dir="ltr"| Arwi letters arranged according to the [[Arabic script in Unicode|Arabic alphabetical order]] <small>(right to left)</small>
|-lang="ta" dir="ltr" style="font-size:150%"
| {{Lang|ta|ஆ}} || &nbsp; || {{Lang|ta|த்த}} || &nbsp; || {{Lang|ta|ஜ}} || {{Lang|ta|ச்ச}} || &nbsp; || {{Lang|ta|ஃக}}
| {{Lang|ta|த}} || {{Lang|ta|ட}} || {{Lang|ta|ட்ட}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || {{Lang|ta|ள}} || &nbsp;
|-lang="ta-Arab" style="font-size:150%"
| {{Script/Arabic|ا}} || {{Script/Arabic|ب}} || {{Script/Arabic|ت}} || {{Script/Arabic|ث}} || {{Script/Arabic|ج}} || {{Script/Arabic|چ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ح}} || {{Script/Arabic|خ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|د}} || {{Script/Arabic|ڊ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ڍ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ذ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ض}} || {{Script/Arabic|صٜ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ص}}
|-dir="ltr" style="font-size:125%"
| {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ā}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|b}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|t}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ḍ}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ḷ}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ṣ}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|s̱}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|j}}
| {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|c}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|h̤}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|k͟h}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|d}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|D}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|T}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ẕ}}
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.3em 0"
|-lang="ta" dir="ltr" style="font-size:150%"
| {{Lang|ta|ஷ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஸ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஃஜ}} || {{Lang|ta|ர}} || {{Lang|ta|ற}} || {{Lang|ta|ழ}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || {{Lang|ta|ங}} || &nbsp; || {{Lang|ta|ஃப}} || {{Lang|ta|ப}} || &nbsp; || {{Lang|ta|க்க}} || {{Lang|ta|க}}
|-lang="ta-Arab" style="font-size:150%"
| {{Script/Arabic|ش}} || {{Script/Arabic|س}} || {{Script/Arabic|ز}} || {{Script/Arabic|ڔ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ر}} || {{Script/Arabic|ۻ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ط}} || {{Script/Arabic|ظ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ع}} || {{Script/Arabic|ࢳ}} || {{Script/Arabic|غ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ف}} || {{Script/Arabic|ڣ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ق}} || {{Script/Arabic|ك}} || {{Script/Arabic|ࢴ}}
|-dir="ltr" style="font-size:125%"
| {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ś}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|s}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|z}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|r̠}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|r}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ḻ}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|t̤}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ẓ}}
| {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|‘}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ng}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ġ}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|f}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|p}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|q}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|k}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|g}}
|}
|}
[[File:Arwi-lan1.png|thumbnail|Arwi]]
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.3em 0"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-lang="ta" dir="ltr" style="font-size:150%"
|+ Arwi letters arranged according to the [[Arabic script in Unicode#Character table|Arabic {{transl|ar|hijā’ī}} order]]
| {{Lang|ta|ல}} || {{Lang|ta|ம}} || {{Lang|ta|ன, ந}} || {{Lang|ta|ண}} || {{Lang|ta|ஞ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஹ}} || {{Lang|ta|வ}} || {{Lang|ta|ய}}
|-
|-lang="ta-Arab" style="font-size:150%"
| || {{lang|ta|ள்}} || || {{lang|ta|ஷ்}} || {{lang|ta|ஸ்}} || {{lang|ta|ஃஜ்}} || {{lang|ta|ர்}} || {{lang|ta|ற்}} || || {{lang|ta|ட்ட்}} || {{lang|ta|ட்}} || {{lang|ta|த்}} || {{lang|ta|ஃக்}} || || {{lang|ta|ச்ச்}} || {{lang|ta|ஜ்}} || || {{lang|ta|த்த்}} || || {{lang|ta|ஆ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ل}} || {{Script/Arabic|م}} || {{Script/Arabic|ن}} || {{Script/Arabic|ڹ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ݧ}} || {{Script/Arabic|ه}} || {{Script/Arabic|و}} || {{Script/Arabic|ي}}
|-
|-dir="ltr" style="font-size:125%"
| {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|صٜ}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ش}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|ڔ}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|ڍ}} || {{lang|ar|ڊ}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|چ}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|ا}}
| {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|l}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|m}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|n}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ṇ}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ñ}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|h}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|w}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|y}}
|-
| {{transl|ar|ḍ}} || {{transl|ar|ḷ}} || {{transl|ar|ṣ}} || {{transl|ar|sh}} || {{transl|ar|s}} || {{transl|ar|z}} || {{transl|ar|r}} || {{transl|ar|r̠}} || {{transl|ar|dh}} || {{transl|ar|T}} || {{transl|ar|D}} || {{transl|ar|d}} || {{transl|ar|kh}} || {{transl|ar|ḥ}} || {{transl|ar|ch}} || {{transl|ar|j}} || {{transl|ar|th}} || {{transl|ar|t}} || {{transl|ar|b}} || {{transl|ar|ā}}
|-
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| {{lang|ta|ய்}} || {{lang|ta|வ்}} || {{lang|ta|ஹ்}} || {{lang|ta|ஞ்}} || {{lang|ta|ண்}} || {{lang|ta|ந்,ன்}} || {{lang|ta|ம்}} || {{lang|ta|ல்}} || {{lang|ta|க்}} || {{lang|ta|க்க்}} || || {{lang|ta|ப்}} || {{lang|ta|ஃப்}} || || {{lang|ta|ங்}} || || || || {{lang|ta|ழ்}}
|-
| {{lang|ar|ي}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} || {{lang|ar|ݧ}} || {{lang|ar|ڹ}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|ࢴ}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|ڣ}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|غ}} || {{lang|ar|ࢳ}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ۻ}}
|-
| {{transl|ar|y}} || {{transl|ar|w}} || {{transl|ar|h}} || {{transl|ar|ñ}} || {{transl|ar|ṇ}} || {{transl|ar|n}} || {{transl|ar|m}} || {{transl|ar|l}} || {{transl|ar|g}} || {{transl|ar|k}} || {{transl|ar|q}} || {{transl|ar|p}} || {{transl|ar|f}} || {{transl|ar|gh}} || {{transl|ar|ng}} || '''{{transl|ar|‘}}''' || {{transl|ar| ẓ}} || {{transl|ar|ṭ}} || {{transl|ar|zh}}
|-
|}
|}
{{Clear|left}}


==See also==
== See also ==
*[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi Alphabets]]
* [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi Alphabets]]
*[[Swahili language]]
* [[Swahili language]]
*[[Arabi Malayalam]]
* [[Arabi Malayalam]]
*[[Arabic Script]]
* [[Arabic Script]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 87: Line 106:
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090528211039/http://www.armu.com/armu/works/archives/10aug1999/arwi2.html Arwi: Comments, Questions and Answers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090528211039/http://www.armu.com/armu/works/archives/10aug1999/arwi2.html Arwi: Comments, Questions and Answers]
* [http://www.seu.ac.lk/researchandpublications/symposium%20fia/2014/Islamic%20Thoughts%20Civi/Islamic%20Cultural%20Values%20of%20Arwi%20Dialect.pdf Islamic Cultural Values of Arwi] Southeastern university of Sri Lanka. Research and publication (2014).
* [http://www.seu.ac.lk/researchandpublications/symposium%20fia/2014/Islamic%20Thoughts%20Civi/Islamic%20Cultural%20Values%20of%20Arwi%20Dialect.pdf Islamic Cultural Values of Arwi] Southeastern university of Sri Lanka. Research and publication (2014).

Revision as of 11:32, 2 May 2022


Arwi
الأروية - அல் அர்விய்யா
Arwi written in Arabic Script
Script type
Time period
Present
StatusReligious Uses
RegionIndia, Sri Lanka
LanguagesTamil
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Arabi Malayalam
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Arab, , ​Arabic
Unicode
Unicode alias
Template:ISO 15924 alias
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Arwi or ArabuTamil (Arabic: {{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}الْأَرْوِيَّة</ span>‎ 

al-arwiyyah, {{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}أَرْوِي</

span>‎ 

arwī;[1] Tamil: அரபுத்தமிழ் arabu-tamil) is an Arabic influenced dialect of the Tamil language written with an extension of the Arabic alphabet, with extensive lexical and phonetic influences from the Arabic language. Arwi was used extensively by the Muslim minority of Tamil Nadu state of India and Sri Lanka.

History

Arwi script in a tombstone at Kilakarai, Old Jumma Masjid

Arwi was an outcome of the cultural synthesis between seafaring Arabs and Tamil-speaking Muslims of Tamil Nadu. This language was enriched, promoted and developed in Kayalpattinam. It had a rich body of work in jurisprudence, sufism, law, medicine and sexology, of which little has been preserved. It was used as a bridge language for Tamil Muslims to learn Arabic.[2] The patrons of Arwi seem to have been the Nawab of the Carnatic, they were Islamic and were part of the Mughal Empire. Many hadith manuscripts have been found. Most of the fiqh books, particularly those of Imaam Shaafi and Imaam Abu Hanifa, have been found in Arwi.

There was also a translation of the Bible into Arwi in 1926.

Arwi still has a place among the more traditional Tamil muslim (Arwi Muslim) and Sri Lankan Moor families.

Script

Sample text written in the Arwi dialect of Tamil with its Arabic-based Jawi alphabet.

The Arwi alphabet is the Arabic alphabet, with thirteen additional letters used to represent the Tamil vowels e and o and several Tamil consonants that could not be mapped to Arabic sounds.[1]

Arwi vowels arranged according to the Tamil order (right to left)
எ ஏ ஐ ஒ ஓ ஔ அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ
1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اَ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}آ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اِ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اِی</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اُ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اُو</

span>‎

1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ࣣا</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ای</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اَی</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اٗ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اٗو</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اَو</

span>‎

a ā i ī u ū e ē ai o ō au
Arwi letters arranged according to the Arabic alphabetical order (right to left)
ஆ   த்த   ஜ ச்ச   ஃக த ட ட்ட     ள  
1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ا</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ب</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ت</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ث</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ج</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}چ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ح</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}خ</

span>‎

1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}د</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ڊ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ڍ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ذ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ض</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}صٜ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ص</

span>‎

ā b t ḍ ḷ ṣ s̱ j c h̤ k͟h d D T ẕ
ஷ ஸ ஃஜ ர ற ழ       ங   ஃப ப   க்க க
1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ش</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}س</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ز</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ڔ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ر</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ۻ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ط</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ظ</

span>‎

1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ع</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ࢳ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}غ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ف</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ڣ</

span>‎

{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ق</

span>‎

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See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Torsten Tschacher (2001). Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia. (Südasienwissenschaftliche Arbeitsblätter 2.) Halle: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. ISBN 3-86010-627-9. (Online versions available on the websites of the university libraries at Heidelberg and Halle: http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/1087/pdf/Tschacher.pdf and http://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/SAWA/Tschacher.pdf).
  2. ↑ 216 th year commemoration today: Remembering His Holiness Bukhary Thangal Sunday Observer – January 5, 2003. Online version Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine accessed on 2009-08-14
  • Shu’ayb, Tayka. Arabic, Arwi and Persian in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu. Madras: Imāmul 'Arūs Trust, 1993.
  • Yunush Ahamed Mohamed Sherif ARABUTTAMIL/ARWI: THE IDENTITY OF THE TAMIL MUSLIMS TJPRC Publication.
  • Dr. K. M. A. Ahamed Zubair. The Rise and Decline of Arabu–Tamil Language for Tamil Muslims IIUC STUDIES, 2014
  • DR. S.M.M Mazahir. அறபுத் தமிழும் அறபுத்தமிழ் ஆக்கங்களும் 2018

External links

Template:Arabic alphabets

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