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{{Infobox | {{Short description|Indian civil servant}} | ||
| name = T. N. Seshan | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} | ||
| image = T.N. Seshan in 1994.jpg | {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Palakkad | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|12|15|df=yes}} | | name = T. N. Seshan | ||
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|11|10|1932|12|15|df=y}} | | image = T.N. Seshan in 1994.jpg | ||
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] | | birth_place = [[Palakkad|Palghat]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<br/>(present-day [[Kerala]], [[India]]) | ||
|birthname = Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan | | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|12|15|df=yes}} | ||
|alma_mater = [[Madras Christian College]]<br/>[[Harvard University]] | | death_date = {{death date and age|2019|11|10|1932|12|15|df=y}} | ||
|spouse = {{marriage|Jayalakshmi Seshan|1959|2018|end=died}} | | death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] | ||
|office = 10th [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]] | | birthname = Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan | ||
|term_start = 12 December 1990 | | alma_mater = [[Madras Christian College]]<br/>[[Harvard University]] | ||
|term_end = 11 December 1996 | | spouse = {{marriage|Jayalakshmi Seshan|1959|2018|end=died}} | ||
|predecessor = [[V. S. Ramadevi]] | | office = 10th [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]] | ||
|successor = [[M. S. Gill]] | | term_start = 12 December 1990 | ||
|office2 = 18th [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] | | term_end = 11 December 1996 | ||
|term_start2 = 27 March 1989 | | predecessor = [[V. S. Ramadevi]] | ||
|term_end2 = 23 December 1989 | | successor = [[M. S. Gill]] | ||
|primeminister = [[Chandra Shekhar]] <br> [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] <br> [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] <br> [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] | | office2 = 18th [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] | ||
|primeminister2 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]] | | term_start2 = 27 March 1989 | ||
|predecessor2 = | | term_end2 = 23 December 1989 | ||
|successor2 = [[V. C. Pande]] | | primeminister = [[Chandra Shekhar]] <br> [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] <br> [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] <br> [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] | ||
|occupation = | | primeminister2 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]] | ||
| awards | | predecessor2 = B. G. Deshmukh | ||
| successor2 = [[V. C. Pande]] | |||
| occupation = Bureaucrat | |||
| awards = [[Ramon Magsaysay award]] (1996) | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan''' (15 December 1932 – 10 November 2019) was an Indian | '''[[Thirunellai|Tirunellai]] Narayana Iyer Seshan''' (15 December 1932 – 10 November 2019) was an Indian civil servant and bureaucrat who served with the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. After serving on various positions in [[Madras State|Madras]] and in various ministries of the [[Government of India|Central Government]], he served as the 18th [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] in 1989. He was appointed the 10th [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]] (1990–96) and became known for his electoral reforms. He won the Ramon Magsaysay Award for government service in 1996. | ||
He | ==Early life and education== | ||
[[Thirunellai|Tirunellai]] Narayana Iyer Seshan was born on 15 December 1932 in [[Thirunellai|Thirunellai Village]] in [[Palakkad|Palghat, Madras]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He was youngest of six siblings and his father was a lawyer in a district court.<ref name=":4" /> He completed his schooling from [[Basel Evangelical Mission Higher Secondary School]] and intermediate from [[Government]] [[Victoria College, Palakkad]] where he was a contemporary of [[E. Sreedharan]]. Though both of them were selected for Engineering in JNTU Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, T. N. Seshan decided to join [[Madras Christian College]] (MCC).<ref name="Man of tomorrow">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/man-of-tomorrow/article2954164.ece |title=Man of Tomorrow |publisher=The Hindu Newspaper }}</ref> He obtained his Bachelor of Science (Honors) degree in Physics from the [[Madras Christian College]] and later taught there from 1950 to 1952. In 1953, he had left Madras Christian College and cleared the police service examination but did not join. He cleared the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC-CSE]] exam in 1954 and joined the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] as a trainee of 1955 Tamil Nadu cadre.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/t-n-seshan-former-chief-election-commissioner-passes-away/articleshow/71996774.cms|title=T N Seshan, former chief election commissioner, passes away | India News - Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tn-seshan-former-cec-who-tamed-politicians-dies-at-86/articleshow/71998323.cms|title=TN Seshan death: TN Seshan, former CEC who tamed politicians, dies at 86|date=11 November 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/culture/people/the-man-who-cleaned-up-india-s-elections-1.1326815|title=The man who cleaned up India's elections|last1=Das|first1=Sanjib Kumar|date=1 May 2014|work=Gulf News|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=The 1996 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service: Biography for Tirunellai N. Seshan|url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/index.php?task=4&year=1990 |first=Oscar L.|last= Evangelista|date=1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528164030/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographySeshanTir.htm|archive-date=2013-05-28}}</ref> | |||
==Career== | |||
Seshan was appointed an apprentice administrator, as assistant collector, for a year at [[Coimbatore]], as a trainee of the Academy of Administration in Delhi. He was first appointed sub-collector in [[Dindigul]].<ref name=":2" /> He moved to the Secretariat for Rural Development in [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai) and appointed director of programs and deputy secretary, where he managed a local administration programme for [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]], from 1958 to 1962.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
==References== | In 1962, he was appointed the director of transport of [[Madras State|Madras]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> In 1964, he was appointed collector of [[Madurai district]]. After two and a half years, he went to study at [[Harvard University]] on Edward S. Mason Fellowship where he earned a master's degree in public administration in 1968.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
{{ | |||
After return, in 1969, he was appointed as secretary to the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]]. From 1972 to 1976, he served as joint secretary at the [[Department of Space]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1976, he returned to Tamil Nadu and was appointed the state's secretary of industries and of agriculture for brief period. After differences with the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], he resigned and moved to Delhi where he was appointed as a member of the [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|Oil and Natural Gas Commission]] and was in charge of personnel. After two years, he served as additional secretary to the [[Department of Space]] from 1980 to 1985. Later he became secretary of the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] from 1985 to 1988. He opposed the [[Tehri Dam|Tehri dam]] and [[Sardar Sarovar Dam|Sardar Sarovar dam]] on [[Narmada River|Narmada river]] during his stint but was overruled. He was later given additional position of secretary of Internal Security which he served until 1989. In 1988, he served secretary of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] for ten months.<ref name=":2" /> He was appointed 18th [[Cabinet Secretary of India|Cabinet Secretary]], the senior most position in the Indian civil service hierarchy, in 1989<ref name=":0" /> and later served as a member of [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> | |||
He was appointed as the 10th [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]] and served from 12 December 1990 to 11 December 1996.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/-the-more-you-kick-me-112051200032_1.html|title=The more you kick me...|last1=Narasimhan|first1=T. E.|date=12 May 2012|work=Business Standard|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="india1">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/blog/empowering-the-ec_658.html|title=Empowering the EC|last1=Srivastava|first1=Ritesh K.(The Observer)|date=5 March 2012|access-date=19 December 2014|publisher=Zee News}}</ref> He became best known for his electoral reforms. He redefined the status and visibility of the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Election-Commissions-neutrality-Will-Zaidi-fit-in-Seshans-shoes/articleshow/49203627.cms|title=Election Commission's neutrality: Will Zaidi fit in Seshan's shoes?}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.barubian.net/2012/06/time-to-seshan-ec.html|title=Time to 'Seshan' the EC|last1=Anand|first1=R. K.|date=20 June 2012|work=Suara Sarawak|access-date=17 December 2014|publisher=(Baru Bian, Malaysia)}}</ref> He identified more than hundred electoral malpractices and reformed the election process.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="india1" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gilmartin|first1=David (North Carolina State Univ.)|title='One Day's Sultan': T. N. Seshan and the Reform of the Election Commission in the 1990s|url=http://freepdfs.net/one-days-sultan-indian-democracy/0c3f31a6c08d88aac50e6d4192cf481f/|access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McGirk|first1=Tim|title=India's scourge of money, muscle and ministers|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/indias-scourge-of-money-muscle-and-ministers-1307140.html|access-date=17 December 2014|work=The Independent (U.K.)|date=28 April 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaw|first1=M K|title=Seshan the Alsatian|url=http://www.gfilesindia.com/frmArticleDetails.aspx?id=257&Name=SILLY%20POINT-%20perspective,%20mk%20kaw|website=GFiles-Inside the Government|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820164214/http://www.gfilesindia.com/frmArticleDetails.aspx?id=257&Name=SILLY%20POINT-%20perspective,%20mk%20kaw|archive-date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shekhar|first1=G. C.|title=Autumn of Al-Seshan|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140407/jsp/nation/story_18163764.jsp#.VJGIGGdoKeI|access-date=17 December 2014|work=The Telegraph (Calcutta)|date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Some of reforms he implemented include enforcement of [[Election Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct|election code of conduct]], [[Voter ID (India)|Voter IDs]] for all eligible voters, limit on election candidates' expenditure,<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121201/jsp/bihar/story_16260409.jsp#.VJGD8mdoKeI|title=Minds unite in crisis times|last1=Verma|first1=Nalin|date=1 December 2012|work=The Telegraph (Calcutta)|access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> appointing election officials from states other than the one facing polls.<ref name="GangulyMukherji2011">{{cite book|author1=Sumit Ganguly|author2=Rahul Mukherji|title=India Since 1980|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900521860931|url-access=registration|date=1 August 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49866-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900521860931/page/179 179]|access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> He curbed several malpractices like bribing or intimidating voters, distribution of liquor during elections, use of government funds and machinery for campaigning, appealing to voters' caste or communal feelings, use of places of worship for campaigns, use of loudspeakers and high volume music without prior written permission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/cec-t.n.-seshan-tightens-electoral-reform-screws-to-clean-up-entire-election-process/1/294621.html|title=CEC T.N. Seshan tightens electoral reform screws to clean up entire election process|date=15 December 1994|publisher=India Today Portal}}</ref> | |||
During the [[1999 Indian general election]]s, due to his reforms, 1488 candidates were disqualified for three years for failing to submit their expenditure accounts. It was reported that he reviewed more than 40,000 expenditure accounts and disqualified 14,000 candidates for false information. In 1992, the Election Commission cancelled elections in Bihar and Punjab due to electoral issues.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
== Later life == | |||
After retirement as the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|CEC]], he contested the [[1997 Indian presidential election]] and lost to [[K.R. Narayanan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/blogs/india/rajdeep-sardesai/will-arvind-kejriwal-succeed-where-tn-seshan-failed-11095-747251.html|title=Will Arvind Kejriwal succeed where TN Seshan failed?|last=Sardesai|first=Rajdeep|date=5 October 2012|publisher=News18|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> He taught leadership at the [[Great Lakes Institute of Management]] in Chennai and had briefly taught at the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration|LBSNAA, Musoorie]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/-the-more-you-kick-me-112051200032_1.html|title=T N Seshan, the man who helped clean up India's elections|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=12 May 2012|work=Business Standard India|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> In 2012, the [[Madras High Court]] appointed him as an interim administrator to run the [[Pachaiyappa's College|Pachaiyappa's Trust]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2012/oct/17/seshan-to-take-care-of-pachaiyappas-trust-416059.html|title=Seshan to take care of Pachaiyappa's trust|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | |||
He died at his home in Chennai on 10 November 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-election-commissioner-tn-seshan-dies-at-87-1617671-2019-11-10|title=Former Election Commissioner TN Seshan dies at 87|date=10 November 2019|newspaper=India Today|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> | |||
He fought on Congress ticket against BJP'S veteran Lal Krishna Advani in 1999 from Gandhinagar and lost. | |||
He praised the policies of Rajiv Gandhi. | |||
== Recognition == | |||
He received the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for government service in 1996.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
== Personal life == | |||
He was married to Jayalakshmi Seshan from 1959 until her death in March 2018. They did not have any children.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> He knew several languages including [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Sanskrit]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref name=":2" /> | |||
== Bibliography == | |||
* 1995: ''The Degeneration of India'', [[Viking Press|Viking]], {{ISBN|978-0670864508}} | |||
* 1995: ''A Heart Full of Burden'', UBS Publishers, {{ISBN|978-8174760272}} | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
== External References == | |||
* 1994: ''Seshan: An intimate story'', by K Govindan Kutty, [https://www.konarkpublishers.com/ Konark Publishers], {{ISBN|978-8122003918}} | |||
*Complete profile [https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=241&PageId= ] | |||
{{Chief Election Commissioners of India}} | |||
{{RMA winners of India}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Seshan, T. N.}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Seshan, T. N.}} | ||
[[Category:Indian civil servants]] | |||
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]] | |||
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]] | |||
[[Category:Chief Election Commissioners of India]] | |||
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]] | |||
[[Category:2019 deaths]] | |||
[[Category:Candidates for President of India]] | |||
[[Category:1932 births]] | [[Category:1932 births]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Politicians from Palakkad]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Cabinet Secretaries of India]] | ||
[[Category:Indian politicians]] | [[Category:Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni]] | ||
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]] | |||
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]] | |||
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]] | |||
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]] | |||
Revision as of 18:27, 25 August 2021
T. N. Seshan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 10th Chief Election Commissioner of India | |
| In office 12 December 1990 – 11 December 1996 | |
| Prime Minister | Chandra Shekhar P. V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H. D. Deve Gowda |
| Preceded by | V. S. Ramadevi |
| Succeeded by | M. S. Gill |
| 18th Cabinet Secretary of India | |
| In office 27 March 1989 – 23 December 1989 | |
| Prime Minister | Rajiv Gandhi |
| Preceded by | B. G. Deshmukh |
| Succeeded by | V. C. Pande |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan 15 December 1932 Palghat, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Kerala, India) |
| Died | 10 November 2019 (aged 86) Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Spouse(s) | Jayalakshmi Seshan
( m. 1959; died 2018) |
| Alma mater | Madras Christian College Harvard University |
| Occupation | Bureaucrat |
| Awards | Ramon Magsaysay award (1996) |
Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan (15 December 1932 – 10 November 2019) was an Indian civil servant and bureaucrat who served with the Indian Administrative Service. After serving on various positions in Madras and in various ministries of the Central Government, he served as the 18th Cabinet Secretary of India in 1989. He was appointed the 10th Chief Election Commissioner of India (1990–96) and became known for his electoral reforms. He won the Ramon Magsaysay Award for government service in 1996.
Early life and education
Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan was born on 15 December 1932 in Thirunellai Village in Palghat, Madras.[1][2] He was youngest of six siblings and his father was a lawyer in a district court.[3] He completed his schooling from Basel Evangelical Mission Higher Secondary School and intermediate from Government Victoria College, Palakkad where he was a contemporary of E. Sreedharan. Though both of them were selected for Engineering in JNTU Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, T. N. Seshan decided to join Madras Christian College (MCC).[4] He obtained his Bachelor of Science (Honors) degree in Physics from the Madras Christian College and later taught there from 1950 to 1952. In 1953, he had left Madras Christian College and cleared the police service examination but did not join. He cleared the UPSC-CSE exam in 1954 and joined the IAS as a trainee of 1955 Tamil Nadu cadre.[5][2][6][1]
Career
Seshan was appointed an apprentice administrator, as assistant collector, for a year at Coimbatore, as a trainee of the Academy of Administration in Delhi. He was first appointed sub-collector in Dindigul.[1] He moved to the Secretariat for Rural Development in Madras (now Chennai) and appointed director of programs and deputy secretary, where he managed a local administration programme for panchayats, from 1958 to 1962.[1]
In 1962, he was appointed the director of transport of Madras (now Tamil Nadu).[1][3] In 1964, he was appointed collector of Madurai district. After two and a half years, he went to study at Harvard University on Edward S. Mason Fellowship where he earned a master's degree in public administration in 1968.[1]
After return, in 1969, he was appointed as secretary to the Atomic Energy Commission. From 1972 to 1976, he served as joint secretary at the Department of Space.[1] In 1976, he returned to Tamil Nadu and was appointed the state's secretary of industries and of agriculture for brief period. After differences with the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, he resigned and moved to Delhi where he was appointed as a member of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission and was in charge of personnel. After two years, he served as additional secretary to the Department of Space from 1980 to 1985. Later he became secretary of the Ministry of Environment and Forests from 1985 to 1988. He opposed the Tehri dam and Sardar Sarovar dam on Narmada river during his stint but was overruled. He was later given additional position of secretary of Internal Security which he served until 1989. In 1988, he served secretary of the Ministry of Defence for ten months.[1] He was appointed 18th Cabinet Secretary, the senior most position in the Indian civil service hierarchy, in 1989[5] and later served as a member of Planning Commission.[2][1]
He was appointed as the 10th Chief Election Commissioner and served from 12 December 1990 to 11 December 1996.[5][7][8] He became best known for his electoral reforms. He redefined the status and visibility of the Election Commission of India.[9][10] He identified more than hundred electoral malpractices and reformed the election process.[3][8][11][12][13][14] Some of reforms he implemented include enforcement of election code of conduct, Voter IDs for all eligible voters, limit on election candidates' expenditure,[3][15] appointing election officials from states other than the one facing polls.[16] He curbed several malpractices like bribing or intimidating voters, distribution of liquor during elections, use of government funds and machinery for campaigning, appealing to voters' caste or communal feelings, use of places of worship for campaigns, use of loudspeakers and high volume music without prior written permission.[17]
During the 1999 Indian general elections, due to his reforms, 1488 candidates were disqualified for three years for failing to submit their expenditure accounts. It was reported that he reviewed more than 40,000 expenditure accounts and disqualified 14,000 candidates for false information. In 1992, the Election Commission cancelled elections in Bihar and Punjab due to electoral issues.[3]
Later life
After retirement as the CEC, he contested the 1997 Indian presidential election and lost to K.R. Narayanan.[18] He taught leadership at the Great Lakes Institute of Management in Chennai and had briefly taught at the LBSNAA, Musoorie.[3] In 2012, the Madras High Court appointed him as an interim administrator to run the Pachaiyappa's Trust in Chennai.[19]
He died at his home in Chennai on 10 November 2019.[5][20] He fought on Congress ticket against BJP'S veteran Lal Krishna Advani in 1999 from Gandhinagar and lost. He praised the policies of Rajiv Gandhi.
Recognition
He received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for government service in 1996.[1]
Personal life
He was married to Jayalakshmi Seshan from 1959 until her death in March 2018. They did not have any children.[2][1] He knew several languages including Tamil, Malayalam, Sanskrit, English, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi and Gujarati.[1]
Bibliography
- 1995: The Degeneration of India, Viking, ISBN 978-0670864508
- 1995: A Heart Full of Burden, UBS Publishers, ISBN 978-8174760272
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Evangelista, Oscar L. (1990). "The 1996 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service: Biography for Tirunellai N. Seshan". Archived from the original on 28 May 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "TN Seshan death: TN Seshan, former CEC who tamed politicians, dies at 86". The Times of India. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Narasimhan, T. E. (12 May 2012). "T N Seshan, the man who helped clean up India's elections". Business Standard India. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ↑ "Man of Tomorrow". The Hindu Newspaper.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "T N Seshan, former chief election commissioner, passes away | India News - Times of India".
- ↑ Das, Sanjib Kumar (1 May 2014). "The man who cleaned up India's elections". Gulf News. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ↑ Narasimhan, T. E. (12 May 2012). "The more you kick me..." Business Standard. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Srivastava, Ritesh K.(The Observer) (5 March 2012). "Empowering the EC". Zee News. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
- ↑ "Election Commission's neutrality: Will Zaidi fit in Seshan's shoes?".
- ↑ Anand, R. K. (20 June 2012). "Time to 'Seshan' the EC". Suara Sarawak. (Baru Bian, Malaysia). Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ↑ Gilmartin, David (North Carolina State Univ.). "'One Day's Sultan': T. N. Seshan and the Reform of the Election Commission in the 1990s". Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ↑ McGirk, Tim (28 April 1996). "India's scourge of money, muscle and ministers". The Independent (U.K.). Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ↑ Kaw, M K. "Seshan the Alsatian". GFiles-Inside the Government. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ↑ Shekhar, G. C. (7 April 2014). "Autumn of Al-Seshan". The Telegraph (Calcutta). Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ↑ Verma, Nalin (1 December 2012). "Minds unite in crisis times". The Telegraph (Calcutta). Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ↑ Sumit Ganguly; Rahul Mukherji (1 August 2011). India Since 1980. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-139-49866-1. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ↑ "CEC T.N. Seshan tightens electoral reform screws to clean up entire election process". India Today Portal. 15 December 1994.
- ↑ Sardesai, Rajdeep (5 October 2012). "Will Arvind Kejriwal succeed where TN Seshan failed?". News18. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
- ↑ "Seshan to take care of Pachaiyappa's trust". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ↑ "Former Election Commissioner TN Seshan dies at 87". India Today. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
External References
- 1994: Seshan: An intimate story, by K Govindan Kutty, Konark Publishers, ISBN 978-8122003918
- Complete profile [1]