Sugauli Treaty: Difference between revisions

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#REDIRECT [[Treaty of Sugauli]]
{{Use British English|date=December 2012}}
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{{Infobox treaty
| name            = Sugauli Treaty
| image      =Sugauli treaty.jpg
| caption        = |
| type            =
| date_drafted    =  2 December 1815
| date_signed    =  4 March 1816
| location_signed = [[Sugauli]], [[India]]
| date_sealed    =
| date_effective  =
| date_expiration =
| signatories    = Parish Bradshaw (for the Company Government) and Guru Gajaraj Mishra with Chandra Shekhar Upadhaya  (for Nepal)
| parties        = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] [[East India Company]] <hr>
{{flag|Nepal}}
| ratifiers      = Governor-General [[David Ochterlony]] ([[British India]])
| depositor      =
| language        = English
| languages      =
| wikisource      =
}}
 
[[File:Sugauli Treaty2.PNG|thumb|300px|The territorial effects of the Treaty of Sugauli (1816)]]
 
[[File:Hindoostan map 1814.jpg|thumb|300px|Map of Hindostan or India (1814) by [[Mathew Carey]].]]
 
[[File:Cropped image of Map of India 1823.jpg|thumb|300px|Nepal in 1823]]
 
The '''Treaty of Sugauli''' (also spelled '''Sugowlee''', '''Sagauli''', '''Soogoulee'''), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2{{nbsp}}December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the [[East India Company]] and Raj Guru Gajaraj Mishra with Chandra Shekhar Upadhaya for [[Nepal]] following the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] of 1814-16. The treaty represented a Nepali Peace collaboration to the British and contained the cession of Nepal's western territory to the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Original copies of both Sugauli Treaty and Nepal-India Friendship Treaty are missing|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/08/13/original-copies-of-sugauli-treaty-and-nepal-india-friendship-treaty-are-both-missing|website=kathmandupost.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treaty of Sagauli {{!}} British-Nepalese history [1816]|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Sagauli|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
 
== Background ==
Following the [[Unification of Nepal]] under [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], Nepal attempted to enlarge its domains, conquering much of [[Sikkim]] in the east and, in the west, the basins of [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]] and [[Karnali River|Karnali]] and the [[Uttarakhand]] regions of [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]]. This brought them in conflict with the [[British Raj|British]], who controlled directly or indirectly the north Indian plains between Delhi and Calcutta. A series of campaigns termed the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] occurred in 1814–1816. In 1815 the British general [[David Ochterlony|Ochterlony]] evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Kali River,{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=41-42}}<ref>
{{harvp|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971|pp=83–85}}: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."
</ref> ending their 12-year occupation, which is remembered for its brutality and repression.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=58}}<ref>{{citation |first=E. Sherman |last=Oakley |title=Holy Himalaya: The Religion, Traditions, and Scenery of a Himalayan Province (Kumaon and Garhwal) |publisher=Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier |year=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/holyhimalayareli00oaklrich/page/n7 |via=archive.org |pp=124–125}}</ref>
 
Octherlony offered peace terms to the Nepalese demanding British suzerainty in the form of a British resident and the delimitation of Nepal's territories corresponding roughly to its present day boundaries. The Nepalese refusal to accede to the terms led to another campaign the following year, targeting the [[Kathmandu Valley]], after which the Nepalese capitulated.<ref>
{{harvp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=41-42}}: "The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital."
</ref><ref>{{harvp|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971|pp=87–88}}: "[In 1816] With the collapse of the main defense line, the Darbar quickly dispatched Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya to Ochterlony's camp with a copy of the Sugauli treaty bearing the seal of the Maharaja."
</ref>
 
== Terms ==
Historian [[John Whelpton]] writes:
{{quote|Negotiations for a general settlement produced a draft which was initialled at Sagauli in Bihar in December 1815 and required Nepal to give up all territories west and east of its present-day borders, to surrender the entire Tarai and to accept a permanent British representative (or 'resident') in Kathmandu. The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=42}}
}}
 
== Ongoing disputes ==
Among the border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary, the most significant are in the Limpyadhura and [[Kalapani territory|Kalapani]] regions.<ref name=Groves>{{cite web |author=Stephen Groves |title=India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=22 September 2014 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |access-date=2017-03-28  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050346/https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The two regions cover some 40&nbsp;km of the Indo-Nepal border.
 
==See also==
* [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship]]
* [[Gurkha War]]
* [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
* [[Naya Muluk]] - land in western Terai restored to Nepal in 1860
* [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]
* [[Sikkim]]
* [[Unification of Nepal]]
 
{{clear}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18114/page/n205 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |ref={{sfnref|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981}}}}
* {{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 3, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15260/page/n5 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |ref={{sfnref|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 3, Part 2|1981}}}}
* {{citation |first=Bishwa B. |last=Chatterjee |title=The Bhotias of Uttarakhand |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=3 |number=1 |date=January 1976 |pp=3–16 |JSTOR=23001864 |ref={{sfnref|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sam |last=Cowan |author-link=Samuel Cowan |title=The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2015 |url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/SWAY000513/00001}}
* {{citation |last1=Dhungel |first1=Dwarika Nath |last2=Pun |first2=Santa Bahadur |title=Nepal-India Relations: Territorial/Border Issue with Specific Reference to Mahakali River |journal=FPRC Journal |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Centre |location=New Delhi |year=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12827172/Nepal_India_Relations-_Origin_of_Mahakai_River |via=academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Dhungel & Pun, Nepal–India Relations|2014}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Mangal Siddhi |last1=Manandhar |first2=Hriday Lal |last2=Koirala |title=Nepal-India Boundary Issue: River Kali as International Boundary |journal=Tribhuvan University Journal |volume=23 |number=1 |date=June 2001 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/4550/3782 |ref={{sfnref|Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Rose |first1=Leo E. |title=Nepal – Strategy for Survival |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v07Vo3vAaKwC |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |ISBN=978-0-520-01643-9 |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971}}}}
* {{citation |first=Leo E. |last=Rose |title=Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms |journal=Asian Survey |volume=39 |number=1 |date=January–February 1999 |pp=155–162 |JSTOR=2645605 |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Nepal and Bhutan|1999}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schrader |first=Heiko |title=Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKEvAAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=Bow Historical Books |isbn=978-3-88156-405-2 |ref={{sfnref|Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas|1988}}}}
* {{citation |first=Buddhi N. |last=Shrestha |chapter=Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal |editor=Haim Srebro |title=International Boundary Making |publisher=International Federation of Surveyors |location=Copenhagen |year=2013 |ISBN=978-87-92853-08-0 |pp=149–182 |url=https://www.fig.net/resources/publications/figpub/pub59/Figpub59_screen.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Upadhya |first=Sanjay |title=Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8nfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-33550-1 |ref={{sfnref|Upadhya, Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India|2012}}}}
* {{citation |editor-first=H. G. |editor-last=Walton |title=Almora: A Gazetteer |series=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |volume=35 |publisher=Government Press, United Provinces |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181493/page/n3 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Walton, Almora District Gazetteer|1911}}}}
* {{citation |last=Whelpton |first=John |title=A History of Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80470-7 |ref={{sfnref|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005}}}}
{{refend}}
 
{{wikisource}}
 
==External links==
{{commons category|Treaty of Sugauli}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528083207/http://www.nepalicongress.org.np/contents/nepal/treaties/2.php Treaty Text and Related Documents]
*[http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/documents/treaties_agreements/nep_india_open_border.htm Indian-Nepalese Border]
 
{{Foreign relations of Nepal}}
 
{{Uttarakhand}}
 
[[Category:Treaties involving territorial changes]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nepal]]
[[Category:History of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1816 treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Anglo-Nepalese War]]
[[Category:1816 in Nepal]]

Latest revision as of 16:05, 4 August 2021

Sugauli Treaty
Drafted2 December 1815
Signed4 March 1816
LocationSugauli, India
SignatoriesParish Bradshaw (for the Company Government) and Guru Gajaraj Mishra with Chandra Shekhar Upadhaya (for Nepal)
PartiesError creating thumbnail: File missing East India Company
Error creating thumbnail: File missing   Nepal
RatifiersGovernor-General David Ochterlony (British India)
LanguageEnglish
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
The territorial effects of the Treaty of Sugauli (1816)
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Map of Hindostan or India (1814) by Mathew Carey.
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Nepal in 1823

The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli, Soogoulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and Raj Guru Gajaraj Mishra with Chandra Shekhar Upadhaya for Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. The treaty represented a Nepali Peace collaboration to the British and contained the cession of Nepal's western territory to the British East India Company.[1][2]

Background[edit | edit source]

Following the Unification of Nepal under Prithvi Narayan Shah, Nepal attempted to enlarge its domains, conquering much of Sikkim in the east and, in the west, the basins of Gandaki and Karnali and the Uttarakhand regions of Garhwal and Kumaon. This brought them in conflict with the British, who controlled directly or indirectly the north Indian plains between Delhi and Calcutta. A series of campaigns termed the Anglo-Nepalese War occurred in 1814–1816. In 1815 the British general Ochterlony evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Kali River,[3][4] ending their 12-year occupation, which is remembered for its brutality and repression.[5][6]

Octherlony offered peace terms to the Nepalese demanding British suzerainty in the form of a British resident and the delimitation of Nepal's territories corresponding roughly to its present day boundaries. The Nepalese refusal to accede to the terms led to another campaign the following year, targeting the Kathmandu Valley, after which the Nepalese capitulated.[7][8]

Terms[edit | edit source]

Historian John Whelpton writes:

Negotiations for a general settlement produced a draft which was initialled at Sagauli in Bihar in December 1815 and required Nepal to give up all territories west and east of its present-day borders, to surrender the entire Tarai and to accept a permanent British representative (or 'resident') in Kathmandu. The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital.[9]

Ongoing disputes[edit | edit source]

Among the border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary, the most significant are in the Limpyadhura and Kalapani regions.[10] The two regions cover some 40 km of the Indo-Nepal border.

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Original copies of both Sugauli Treaty and Nepal-India Friendship Treaty are missing". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  2. ↑ "Treaty of Sagauli | British-Nepalese history [1816]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  3. ↑ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 41-42.
  4. ↑ Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971), pp. 83–85: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."
  5. ↑ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 58.
  6. ↑ Oakley, E. Sherman (1905), Holy Himalaya: The Religion, Traditions, and Scenery of a Himalayan Province (Kumaon and Garhwal), Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, pp. 124–125 – via archive.org
  7. ↑ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 41-42: "The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital."
  8. ↑ Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971), pp. 87–88: "[In 1816] With the collapse of the main defense line, the Darbar quickly dispatched Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya to Ochterlony's camp with a copy of the Sugauli treaty bearing the seal of the Maharaja."
  9. ↑ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 42.
  10. ↑ Stephen Groves (22 September 2014). "India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]


External links[edit | edit source]

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