Koeri: Difference between revisions

Koeri
	Koeri women celebrating Chhath in Bihar
Regions with significant populations
	India, Nepal
Bihar	est. 7–8% of the population
Languages
	Hindi; Bhojpuri; Nepali;
Religion
	Hinduism

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Revision as of 16:53, 19 March 2026

The Koeri (also known as Koiry or Koiri) are an Indian caste, found largely in Bihar, whose traditional occupation was horticulture, notably of vegetables. A colonial report noted them as cultivators.^[2]

Koeris benefitted greatly from the land reform policies of the Indian government. Faced with the land ceiling laws and communist pressure in the 1970s, upper caste landlords resorted to selling off their lands, often to Koeris. This allowed the Koeris themselves to aspire to be landowners.^{[citation needed]}

The Koeris are found in Saran district and also live in the Samastipur district of Bihar. Outside India, the Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in Mauritius and have a significant population residing in Nepal.

In 1977, the government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities which has benefitted the backward castes like the landowning Koeri.

Sanskritisation

Koeris have attempted Sanskritisation—the attempt by traditionally low castes to rise up the social ladder, often by tracing their origins to mythical characters or following the lifestyle of higher varna, such as following vegetarianism, secluding women, or wearing janeu, the sacred thread.^[3] The Sanskritising trend in castes of northern India, including that of the Koeris, was inspired by the vaishnavite tradition, as attested by their bid to seek association with avatars of Vishnu. Author William Pinch wrote:

"The nineteenth century antecedents of the Kushvaha- kshatriya movement reveal distinct cosmological associations with Shiva and his divine consort, Parvati. Kushvaha-kshatriya identity was espoused by agricultural community well known throughout the Gangetic north for an expertise in vegetable and (to an increasingly limited scale after the turn of twentieth century) poppy cultivation. Prominent among them were Kachhi and Murao agriculturalist of central Uttar Pradesh ,Kachhvahas of western Uttar Pradesh and Koiris of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh."^[4]

Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha, the caste association of Koeris, held its first session in 1922.^[5]

Some Kushwaha reformers like Gangaprasad of Banaras argued the Koeris descended from Kusha and that they served Raja Jayachandra in their military capacity during the period of Muslim consolidation under Shuhabuddin Ghuri. He argued further that after defeat, the fear of persecution at the hands of Muslims caused the Kusvaha Kshatriya to flee into the forest in disarray and discard their sacred threads, so as not to appear as erstwhile defenders of Hinduism. The British ethnographer Herbert Hope Risley recorded various Koeri origin myths in the 1890s. According to one of them, Shiva and Parvati created Koeri and Kachhi to take care of vegetables and their flower gardens in Banaras. Writing eighty years later, Francis Buchanan-Hamilton records that Koeris of Bihar were followers of Dashanami Sampradaya while those of Gorakhpur and Ayodhya looked towards Ramanandi saints for spiritual guidance.^[6]

According to Christophe Jaffrelot, the caste associations were formed with the basic objective of unifying individual castes. The All India Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha was formed to bring the horticulturist and market gardener communities like the Koeri, the Kachhi and the Murao under one umbrella. The Koeris also attempted to forge a caste coalition called Raghav Samaj, backed by kurmis which was named after one of Rama's names. This was done to justify the communities' claims of descent from Lava and Kusha, respectively. In 1928, the Mahasabha also petitioned the Simon Commission on behalf of various subcastes of the Koeri community to seek recognition as Kshatriya.^[7]

The terminology Lav-Kush for the Koeri-Kurmi community became more important in politics than in culture; in Bihar, it came to represent the political solidarity of the Koeri and Kurmi castes.^[8] As of 2020^[update], the Koeri community claims ancestry both from Kusha and the Mauryans. Some of the leading political parties have supported their claims to reap the benefits arising from their demographic strength in electoral politics, particularly in North Indian states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.^[9]^[10]

Economy

The community was at the heart of the Indian opium trade, which had its main base in Bihar. For many years the British East India Company via an agency in Patna regulated and exploited it. Carl Trocki believes that. "Opium cultivators were not free agents" and describes the coercion and financial arrangements that were involved to achieve production, which included restricting land to that product even when the people needed grain because of famine. Although profitable for the company, it was often not so for the peasant producer, and, "Only one particular caste, the Koeris, managed to carry on the cultivation with some degree of efficiency. They were able to do this because they could employ their wives and children to help out with the tasks of opium production."^[11]

Other groups involved in opium production had to hire labour, but the Koeris cut costs by utilising that available within their own family.^[11] Describing the industrious nature of the Koeri people, Susan Bayly wrote:

"By the mid-nineteenth century, influential revenue specialists were reporting that they could tell the caste of a landed man by simply glancing at his crops. In the north, these observers claimed, a field of 'second-rate barley' would belong to a Rajput or Brahman who took pride in shunning the plough and secluding his womenfolk. Such a man was to be blamed for his own decline, fecklessly mortgaging and then selling off his lands to maintain his unproductive dependents. By the same logic, a flourishing field of wheat would belong to a non-twice-born tiller, wheat being a crop requiring skill and enterprise on the part of the cultivator. These, said such commentators as Denzil Ibbetson and E. A. H. Blunt, were the qualities of the non-patrician 'peasant' – the thrifty Jat or canny Kurmi in upper India, .... Similar virtues would be found among the smaller market-gardening populations, these being the people known as Koeris in Hindustan"^[12]

Post land reforms

Peasants in upper backward castes like the Koeris benefitted the most from the land reform policies of the Indian government. Faced with the land ceiling laws and communist pressure in the 1970s, upper caste landlords resorted to selling off their lands. In most cases the buyer would be from the Koeri, the Kurmi, or the Yadav castes. These peasants worked skillfully on their land and made their holdings more productive. In contrast, the upper castes were unable to do so, and they seemed to be satisfied with the price they got for their land. The increased urbanisation among forward castes created a category of new landlords in the countryside as these three middle castes seldom sold their land, rather they looked on reforms as an opportunity to buy more.^[13]

This phenomenon promoted the upward mobility of middle peasant castes. While this mobility in the Yadavas consolidated them as both big peasants and landlords, in the Koeris, the vertical mobility was exclusively towards them becoming landlords.^[14] The rise of castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi, and the Yadav, and the fall from power of the forward castes was characterised by growing assertiveness among these middle peasants who now acted as the zamindars (rulers) they once condemned.^[15]

In 1989, Frankel observed that 95% of the upper castes and 36% of the middle peasant castes like the Koeri and the Yadav belonged to a rich peasant-cum-landlord class. An aversion to manual labour characterised this class. However, some Koeris and Yadavas who held comparatively less land to provide them with subsistence also worked as agricultural labourers, though the bulk of agricultural labourers belonged to the Dalit caste. According to Frankel, the bulk of middle and poor peasantry belonged to castes like the Koeris and the Yadavas; this class worked in their own fields but considered it beneath their dignity to work in others' fields.^[16] However, the socio-economic progress and transition towards the upper edge of the social hierarchy was not unabated. The Koeris, like the other middle level castes in north India, were facing a double-edged confrontation from the upper castes who were supporters of the status quo as well as from the Dalits and the lowest castes who now became assertive for their own rights. All this made the middle castes aggressive.^[17]

The conflict with upper caste landlords led to an attraction towards far-left naxalism. This was witnessed in Ekwari, a village, in the Bhojpur district where Jagdish Mahto, a Koeri teacher, began leading the Maoists and organised the murders of upper caste landlords after he was beaten up by Bhumihars for supporting the Communist Party of India (CPI) in the 1967 elections. Mahto also set up a newspaper in Arrah called Harijanistan. After Mahto was killed in 1971, the communist uprising in Bhojpur subsided.^[18]^[19]

Later, a section of the upper strata of the Koeris and other middle peasant castes voiced their support for the militant organisation Ranvir Sena. This group had benefitted the most from land reforms and became ruthless towards the Dalits.^[20]

Distribution

Two men from Koeree (Koeri) tribe in Goruckpoor (Gorakhpur) (1858)

Between 1872 and 1921 the Koeris represented approximately seven per cent of the population in Saran district, according to tabulated data prepared by Anand Yang. Yang also notes their involvement in tenanted landholdings around the period 1893–1901: the Koeris worked around nine per cent of the total cultivated area of the district which was one per cent less than the Ahirs, although they represented around five per cent more of the population.^[21] According to Christopher Bayly :

"Eighteenth-century settlement of Kurmi ,Kacchi and Koeri cultivators were also numerous in northern and western Awadh. On the fringes of cultivation, these castes were given special rental rates for bringing areas of jungle under plough. In the first five years, for instance the rent might be only half of what was common for soil of the same type. The revenue benefits to the entrepreneur or official who planted the colony were very great."^[22]

They are also distributed in the Samastipur district of Bihar. In this district the Koeri caste is notorious for their criminal affairs and represent most of the ten legislative assembly seats in this district.^[23] In a study conducted in 1991, in villages of the Buxar district of southwestern Bihar, the Koeris were one of the largest landholding caste.s^[24] Further, another study conducted in some select villages of rural Bihar revealed the Koeris perform the function of a purohit (family priest) and a significant number of houses were seen availing themselves of the services of the purohits of the Koeri caste.^[25]

Distribution outside India

Outside India, Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in Mauritius. Though the island is divided along ethnic and religious lines, 'Hindu' Mauritians follow a number of original customs and traditions, quite different from those seen on the Indian subcontinent. Some castes in Mauritius in particular are unrecognisable from a subcontinental Indian perspective, and may incorporate mutually antagonistic castes into a single group. The title 'Rajput' describes primarily the Shudra castes in Mauritius, which was usurped by the Koeris in the nineteenth century. The 'vaish', which includes the Koeris, is the largest and most influential caste group on the island. The former Brahmin elites together with former Kshatriya are called 'Babuji' and enjoy the prestige conferred by high caste status, though politically they are marginalised.^[26]

The Koeris also have a significant population residing in Nepal. The 1991 census conducted there included estimates of their population estimates but these were not included in the 2001 census.^[27]

Subdivisions, classification and culture

Communities related to the Koeri in North India include the Maurya, the Kushwaha, the Mahto, the Kachhi, the Shakya and the Saini. Over time, these castes grew closer and began intermarrying while developing the all India network to strengthen their caste solidarity.^[28] In 1811, the physician Francis Buchanan-Hamilton classified the producer castes of Bihar and Patna - the Koeri, the Gwala, the Kurmi, the Sonar (goldsmith) and even the Kayasthas (a scribe caste) as "pure Shudra". However, due to the advancements in their level of education, the Kayastha community was first among them to challenge their Shudra status and claimed a higher Varna. They were followed by the rest of these communities.^[29]

Some Koeris like Shivcharan Bhagat were well known for their knowledge of Persian and they also contributed to the Ramanandi Sampradaya and their disciples later became major contributors to Ramanandi literature.^[29] In the households of the cultivator castes like the Koeris, there was no major segregation of family duties based on gender. Here, both male and female members of the family participated in cultivation- related operations, thus paving the way for egalitarianism and a lack of gender-related discrimination and seclusion. The view of the Koeris regarding their women is portrayed through their (Jati) Caste pamphlet, where Koeri women are described as being loyal to their husbands and having all the qualities of a true Kshatriya woman, who faces the enemy with courage and fights along with her husband rather than being defeated outrught.^[30]

Martial tradition

Kshatriyatva( the essence of being Kshatriya, or valour) constituted an important component of this new political framework for reform, in part because martial element contained therein fit a colonial ideology that placed a premium on virility and power. Their claim to "Kshatriyatva" was matched by an aggressiveness and violence which had lasting implications for rulral life in Bihar.^[31]

– William Pinch

The Kshatriya reform movement in the middle peasant castes which took place during 1890s turned rural Bihar into an arena of conflict. William Pinch claims that castes like the Koeris, the Kurmi, joined the British Indian Army as soldiers. George Kunnath writes that "their claims to kshatriyatva was matched by an aggressiveness and violence" which led to the formation of many caste armies resulting in intercaste conflict.^[31]

Organisation

In the interwar years, during a period when there was a general movement among various castes seeking to uplift their status, there was also at least one journal being published for the Koeri community, the Kashbala Kshatriya Mitra,^[32] while other interests of the Koeri community is taken care of by the Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha.^[5]

Politics

In the heyday of British Raj, the Koeris aligned with the Kurmis and the Yadavs to form a caste coalition-cum-political party called Triveni Sangh. The actual date of the formation of Triveni Sangh is disputed among scholars. This caste coalition fared badly against the Congress party and faced a considerable challenge from Congress's backward class federation. Though politically it was not able to make a significant mark, it remained successful in eradicating the practice of begar (forced labour).^[33]^[34]

The period of the 1960s witnessed an improvement in the fortunes of the backward castes in politics, with a significant growth seen in the number of backward caste MLAs in the Bihar legislative assembly. In the 1970s, with the defining slogan of social justice, Koeris rose to prominence in the politics of Bihar under the leadership of Jagdeo Prasad. However, this achievement was short-lived and their representation was gradually lost to other backward castes after Prasad's death.^[35] This period also witnessed Satish Prasad Singh, a lesser known Koeri leader, become the chief minister of Bihar merely a week after the fall of Mahamaya Prasad Sinha government. He led a coalition of the Shoshit Samaj Dal party of Jagdeo Prasad and the Congress.^[36]^[37]

In 1977, the Karpoori Thakur government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities. While the lower backward castes were assigned 12% of the quota, only eight percent was earmarked for landowning castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi and the Yadavs. Being a Nai by caste, Thakur was aware of the robust economic position and aggressiveness of these castes who were many times seen bullying the Harijans and lower backwards castes.^[38]

In later years, the Koeris remained in a muted position for a long period in politics or played a secondary role, while the Yadav-centric politics of Laloo Yadav flourished in Bihar. However, after the formation of the Samta Party (now Janata Dal (United)) by Nitish Kumar, they voted en masse for Samta. Its alliance showed that political parties in Bihar are identified with caste and the Samta Party was considered the party of Koeri-Kurmi community.^[39]^[40]

The parting of the ways between the Koeris and the Kurmis and the movement of the Koeris away from Janata Dal (United) (JD(U)) was witnessed after the formation of the Rashtriya Lok Samta Party by Upendra Kushwaha, who commanded huge support among members of the Koeri castes. The Bharatiya Janata Party appealed to the kushwaha in the 2014 elections in hopes of getting the support of the Koeri caste who had earlier voted for Nitish Kumar and the JD(U).^[41] However, the quitting of BJP and alliance by Upendra Kushwaha left Koeri politics in Bihar in a dilemma.^[42] This rift between the Koeris and the Kurmis was orchestrated by the rise of influential Koeri leaders like Mahendra Singh and Shakuni Chaudhry, while Kushwaha remained the strongest leader of the community in Bihar.^[43]

References

↑ Ayushman, Kumar. "This 'kheer' cooking in Bihar may leave a bad taste in the BJP's mouth". theprint.in. Retrieved 27 June 2020. The Kushwahas or Koeris claim their origin from Lord Ram's son Kush, with his other son Luv said to have initiated the Kurmi caste, to which Nitish belongs... The Kushwahas are a largely farming community engaged in growing vegetables across Bihar... The group accounts for an estimated seven to eight per cent of the state's population.
↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-85065-670-8. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
↑ N. Jayapalan (2001). Indian society and social institutions. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 428. ISBN 978-81-7156-925-0. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
↑ Pinch, William R. (1996). Peasants and monks in British India. University of California Press. p. 91,92. ISBN 978-0-520-20061-6.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
↑ Pinch, William R. (1996). Peasants and monks in British India. University of California Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-520-20061-6.
↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 197–199. ISBN 978-1-85065-670-8. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
↑ Banerjee, Mukulika (2017). Why India Votes? :Exploring the Political in South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317341666. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
↑ Singh, Abhay. "BJP banking on votes of Koeris". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
↑ Vij, Shivam. "Caste groups are burning Rajnath Singh's effigies as he called Chandragupta Maurya shepherd". theprint.in. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Trocki, Carl A. (1999). Opium, empire and the global political economy: a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750–1950. Routledge. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-0-415-19918-6. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
↑ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521798426. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
↑ Sinha, A. (2011). Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar. Viking. p. 80,81. ISBN 978-0-670-08459-3. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
↑ Reddy, D. Narasimha (2009). Agrarian Reforms, Land Markets, and Rural Poor. Concept Publishing Company. p. 279. ISBN 978-8180696046. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
↑ Sinha, A. (2011). Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar. Viking. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-670-08459-3. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
↑ Kunnath, George (2018). Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ... New York: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-138-09955-5. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
↑ Ram, Nandu (2009). Beyond Ambedkar: Essays on Dalits in India. Har Anand Publications. ISBN 978-8124114193. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
↑ Omvedt, Gail (1993). Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India. M.E.Sharpe. p. 59. ISBN 0765631768. Retrieved 16 June 2020. "Its first mass leader was Jagdish Mahto, a Koeri teacher who had read Ambedkar before he discovered Marx and started a paper in the town of Hrrah called Harijanistan("dalit land")..
↑ Samaddar, Ranbir (2019). From popular movement to rebellion:The Naxalite dacade. New york: Routledge. p. 317,318. ISBN 978-0-367-13466-2. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
↑ Kalpana, Nira-Yuval-Davis (2006). The situated politics of belonging. london: Sage Publications. p. 135,136. ISBN 1-4129-2101-5. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
↑ Yang, Anand A. (1989). The limited Raj: agrarian relations in colonial India, Saran District, 1793–1920. University of California Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-520-05711-1. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
↑ Bayly, C. A. (1988). Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 0521310547. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
↑ Thakur, Minni (2010). Women Empowerment Through Panchayati Raj Institutions. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-8180696800. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
↑ N. Jayaram, Partha Nath Mukherji (2019). Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia. Springer Publishing. p. 88,89. ISBN 978-9811303876. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
↑ Sharma, K. L. (2013). Readings in Indian Sociology: Volume II. India: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-8132118725. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
↑ Bates, Crispin (2016). Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-0333977293. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
↑ Mandal, Monika (2013). Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal. KW Publishers. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-93-81904-58-9.
↑ Patel, Mahendra Lal (1997). Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 37. ISBN 8175330295.
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Pinch, William R. (1996). Peasants and monks in British India. University of California Press. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-0-520-20061-6. Buchanan, in the early nineteenth century, had included in the term "pure shudra" the well-known designations of Kayasth, Koiri, Kurmi, Kahar, Goala, Dhanuk (archers, cultivators, palanquin bearers), Halwai (sweets vendor), Mali (flower gardener), Barai (cultivator and vendor of betel-leaf), Sonar (goldsmith), Kandu (grain parcher), and Gareri (blanket weavers and shepherds)[108].108. Buchanan, Bihar and Patna, 1811–1812, 1:329–39; Martin, Eastern India, 2:466–70
↑ Jassal, Smita Tewari (2001). Daughters of the Earth: Women and Land in Uttar Pradesh. Manohar. p. 71,53. ISBN 8173043752. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
↑ ^31.0 ^31.1 kunnath, George (2018). Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ... New york: Taylor and Francis group. p. 209,210. ISBN 978-1-138-09955-5. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
↑ Gould, William (2004). Hindu nationalism and the language of politics in late colonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-521-83061-4. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India (Reprinted ed.). C. Hurst & Co. pp. 197–198. ISBN 978-1-85065-670-8.
↑ Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
↑ Kumar, Sanjay (5 June 2018). Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns. SAGE Publication. ISBN 978-93-528-0585-3.
↑ Political Science Association, Delhi University (1981). Teaching Politics, Volume 6 - Volume 7, Issue 4. Delhi University Political Science Association(Original from the University of Michigan). Retrieved 22 June 2020. In 1969 , Bindeshwar Prasad Mandal , a rich landlord Yadav of Saharsa district in manipulating some M . L . A ' s to defect from U . F . Parties to cause the fall of Mahamaya Ministry , asked Satish Prasad Singh a lesser known Koeri leader to head the ministry for a day to facilitate his nomination in the Council.
↑ Bijender Kumar Sharma (1989). Political Instability in India. Mittal Publications. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-81-7099-184-7. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
↑ Thakur, Baleshwar (2007). City, Society, and Planning: Society. University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers: Concept Publishing Company. p. 397 ,398. ISBN 978-8180694608. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
↑ Thakur, Baleshwar (2007). City, Society, and Planning: Society. University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers: Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-8180694608. Retrieved 16 June 2020. While Samta with its leader Nitish is considered to be the party of Koeri-Kurmi, Bihar people's party led by Anand Mohan is perceived to be a party having sympathy and support of Rajputs.
↑ Shah, Ghanshyam (2004). Caste and Democratic Politics in India. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 8178240955. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
↑ Wallace, Paul (2015). India's 2014 Elections: A Modi-led BJP Sweep. India: SAGE Publications. p. 127,129. ISBN 978-9351505174. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
↑ KAUSHIKA, PRAGYA. "Upendra Kushwaha's exit could undo BJP's carefully planned Bihar caste coalition". theprint.in. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
↑ Ramesh, P. R. (15 October 2015). "The Liberation Struggle of Bihar". Open Magazine. Retrieved 30 April 2020. The real migraine for the JD-U led alliance is the emergence of strong leaders within the NDA who command Kushwaha loyalties as effectively as Ashok Mahto once did for the fight against Bhumihars in the past. Rocking the Grand Alliance's prospects are Kushwaha leaders such as Upendra Kushwaha, Shakuni Chaudhury and Mahendra Singh.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Caste community of India}}
+{{short description|Social community of India}}
 {{for|the village in Estonia|Koeri, Estonia}}
-{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
+{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
-{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
+{{Infobox ethnic group
-{{Infobox caste
+|group     = Koeri
-| caste_name       = Koeri
+|image     =Koeri women celebrating Chhath.jpg
-| region           = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]]
+|caption   =Koeri women celebrating [[Chhath]] in [[Bihar]]
-| languages        = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]
+|regions   = {{flag|India}}, {{flag|Nepal}}
-| religions        = [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sri-lankan-missionary-engineers-conversion-in-gaya-about-500-embrace-buddhism/articleshow/45752797.cms|title=Sri Lankan missionary engineers conversion in Gaya|website=Times of India|date=5 January 2015 |accessdate=28 August 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sri-lankan-missionary-engineers-conversion-in-gaya-about-500-embrace-buddhism/articleshow/45752797.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|region1   = [[Bihar]]
-| image            =
+|pop1      = {{estimation}} 7–8% of the population<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/this-kheer-cooking-in-bihar-may-leave-a-bad-taste-in-the-bjps-mouth/|title=This 'kheer' cooking in Bihar may leave a bad taste in the BJP's mouth|first=Kumar|last=Ayushman|website=theprint.in|access-date=27 June 2020|quote=The Kushwahas or Koeris claim their origin from Lord Ram's son Kush, with his other son Luv said to have initiated the Kurmi caste, to which Nitish belongs... The Kushwahas are a largely farming community engaged in growing vegetables across Bihar... The group accounts for an estimated seven to eight per cent of the state's population.}}</ref>
-| caption          =
+|langs     = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[Bhojpuri]]|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]}}
-| country = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
+|rels      = [[File:Om.svg|12px]] [[Hinduism]]
-| classification   = [[Other Backward Class]]
+|related   =
 }}
-The '''Koeri''' (spelt as '''Koiry''' or '''Koiri'''), also referred to as [[Kushwaha]] and more recently self-described as '''Maurya'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nitish-kumar-triveni-sangh-caste-coalition|title=Nitish Kumar's 'Triveni Sangh' of Backward Castes May Threaten BJP's Monopoly in 2024 Polls|editor=Soroor Ahmed|website=The Wire|accessdate=2 January 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200228/https://thewire.in/politics/nitish-kumar-triveni-sangh-caste-coalition|url-status=live}}</ref> in several parts of northern India are an Indian non-elite<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Susan |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age, Part 4, Volume 3 |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521798426 |page=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&dq=koeri+non-elite&pg=PA200 |quote=In eastern Gangetic Hindustan, there were yet more high-farming zones where superior rent-receivers could claim to have been following a life of lordly refinement for many centuries. Here the established patricians included many co-parcenors from 'secular' or lokika Brahman groupings such as the Kanyakubjas and Sarjuparins of Awadh; these areas also contained clusters of landed Rajputs. Other Gangetic 'squireens' belonged to the north Indian status group known as Bhumihar, who had achieved a somewhat ambiguous entitlement to be regarded as Brahmans under the patronage of eighteenth-century rulers and their local deputies. In addition, some of upper India's high-farming localities contained sizable groups of elite landed Muslims; landed families of scribal and service origin who used the jati title Kayastha had also come to be included among the proprietary 'squireen' populations. In southern Awadh, eastern NWP, and much of Bihar, non-labouring gentry groups lived in tightly-knit enclaves among much larger populations of non-elite 'peasants' and labouring people. These other groupings included 'untouchable' Chamars and newly recruited 'tribal' labourers, as well as non-elite tilling and cattle keeping people who came to be known by such titles as Kurmi, Koeri and Goala/Ahir. |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200224/https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&dq=koeri+non-elite&pg=PA200 |url-status=live }}</ref>&nbsp;[[caste]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=उत्तर प्रदेश चुनावः कितने ताक़तवर हैं स्वामी प्रसाद मौर्य?|language=hi|work=BBC News हिंदी|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59967724|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200224/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59967724|url-status=live}}</ref> found largely in [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], whose traditional occupation was agriculture. According to [[Arvind Narayan Das]], they were [[horticulturist]]s rather than agriculturists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Arvind N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHhuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Republic of Bihar |date=1992 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-012351-7 |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> They are also recorded as performing the work of Mahajan (rural moneylenders) in credit market of rural parts of Bihar and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] in the 1880s.<ref name=Ram/><ref name=Chakraborty/>  Koeris have attempted [[Sanskritisation]]— as part of social resurgence. During the British rule in India, Koeris  were described as "agriculturalists" along with [[Kurmis]] and [[Caste system in India|other cultivating castes]]. They are described as a [[dominant caste]] in various opinions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |last=Kumar |first=S. |year=2018 |title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|place=India|publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9789352805860 |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311173417/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA190|first=Samaddar|last=Ranabir|year=2016|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace|place=United Kingdom|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=9781317125389|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103157/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA190|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-upper-caste-leaders-back-in-circulation-in-bihar/304876|title=Upper Caste Leaders Back In Circulation In Bihar|website=outlookindia|editor=Giridhar Jha|accessdate=12 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311194416/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-upper-caste-leaders-back-in-circulation-in-bihar/304876|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The '''Koeri''' (also known as '''Koiry''' or '''Koiri''') are an Indian [[caste]], found largely in [[Bihar]], whose traditional occupation was horticulture, notably of vegetables. A colonial report noted them as cultivators.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=197 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=29 August 2011}}</ref>
-Bihar's land reform drive of 1950s benefitted the groups like Koeris, and they were able to consolidate their landholdings at the cost of big landlords, whose possession witnessed a liquidation. It is argued that these reforms weren't percolated down to the most vulnerable groups in agrarian society, the [[Scheduled Castes]], but the traditional agrarian relations based on caste did witness some changes. In the backdrop of this change many new [[landlords]] of post reform period hailed from groups like Koeris.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ju2wEAAAQBAJ|title=Migration, Food Security and Development: Insights from Rural India|author=Chetan Choithani|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1009276771|page=107|quote=Although the end of zamindari led to a mass eviction of sharecroppers and tenant cultivators who were the actual tillers of the land, big landlords from high castes also saw their landholdings diminish. A new class of landlords belonging to the upper-middle caste groups such as Kurmi, Koeri and Yadavs- officially categorised as other backward classes in contemporary Bihar - emerged. These were mostly small and middle peasants who were able to consolidate their landholdings and position in society in the midst of zamindari reforms (Wilson, 1999; Sharma, 2005).|access-date=18 August 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103157/https://books.google.com/books/about/Migration_Food_Security_and_Development.html?id=ju2wEAAAQBAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In post-independence India, Koeris have been classified as [[Upper Backward Castes|Upper Backwards]] by virtue of being part of the group of four of the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] communities in [[Bihar]], who acquired land overtime, adopted improved agricultural technology and attained political power to become a class of rising ''[[Kulak]]s'' in the agricultural society of India.<ref name="BergerHeidemann2013"/> In some of the districts of Bihar, they have also participated in the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] against the [[feudal]] order. In parts of northern India, they, besides [[Yadav]]s, [[Jat]]s and [[Kurmi]]s, are considered as largest politically organised peasant community.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amit-shahs-choice-of-up-bjp-chief-to-dampen-nitish-kumars-pitch/articleshow/51771360.cms|title=Amit Shah's choice of UP BJP chief to dampen Nitish Kumar's pitch|website=Economic Times|date=11 April 2016 |access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804222626/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amit-shahs-choice-of-up-bjp-chief-to-dampen-nitish-kumars-pitch/articleshow/51771360.cms|url-status=live |last1=Tiwari |first1=Ravish }}</ref>
+Koeris benefitted greatly from the land reform policies of the Indian government. Faced with the land ceiling laws and communist pressure in the 1970s, upper caste landlords resorted to selling off their lands, often to Koeris. This allowed the Koeris themselves to aspire to be landowners.{{fact|date=September 2021}}
-The Koeris are found in [[Saran district]] and are also distributed more heterogeneously across [[Munger]], [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]], [[Khagaria]], [[Samastipur]], [[East Champaran]], [[West Champaran]] and [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] district.<ref name="News18">{{cite web |date=30 January 2021 |title=Bihar: Nitish Kumar is Trying to Consolidate the Luv-Kush-Dhanuk Axis to Expand Social Base |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nitish-kumar-bihar-kurmi-koeri-electoral-base-3364709.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413103338/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nitish-kumar-bihar-kurmi-koeri-electoral-base-3364709.html |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=News18}}</ref> Outside India, the Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in [[Mauritius]] where they were taken as indentured labourers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Claveyrolas |first1=Mathieu |title=The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius |journal=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]] |date=2013 |pages=191–216 |doi=10.4000/samaj.3886 |doi-access=free }}</ref> They also have a significant population residing in [[Nepal]].
+The Koeris are found in [[Saran district]] and also live in the Samastipur district of Bihar. Outside India, the Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in [[Mauritius]] and have a significant population residing in [[Nepal]].
-In 1977, the government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities which has benefitted the backward castes like the Koeris. They are classified as a “Backward caste” or “Other Backwards Caste” under the Indian government's system of positive discrimination.
+In 1977, the government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities which has benefitted the  backward castes like the landowning Koeri.
 ==Sanskritisation==
-[[File:Twee Koeri mannen op een pad in Gorakhpur met gereedschap voor de landbouw Koerees. Low caste tribe, possibly aboriginal. Goruckpoor (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122B-44.jpg|thumb|British era image of two men from Koeri caste describing low caste and possibility of aboriginal origin.]]
+Koeris have attempted [[Sanskritisation]]—the attempt by traditionally low castes to rise up the social ladder, often by tracing their origins to mythical characters or following the lifestyle of higher ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'', such as following [[vegetarianism]], secluding women, or wearing ''[[Upanayana|janeu]]'', the sacred thread.<ref name="Jayapalan2001">{{cite book|author=N. Jayapalan|title=Indian society and social institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AumuJ2jtRZIC&pg=PA428|access-date=17 January 2013|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|isbn=978-81-7156-925-0|page=428}}</ref> The Sanskritising trend in castes of northern India, including that of the Koeris, was inspired by the [[Vaishnavism|vaishnavite]] tradition, as attested by their bid to seek association with avatars of [[Vishnu]]. Author William Pinch wrote:
-Haruka Yanagisawa, Professor Emeritus of the [[University of Tokyo]] mentions in his work that Koeris along with Yadav and Kurmis were classified as upper-middle caste, who were known for their sturdy and hardy nature.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf-VEAAAQBAJ |last=Yanagisawa|first =H.|title=Indian Economic Growth in Historical Perspective: The Roots of Development|date=23 December 2022 |place=United States|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=9781000803396 |quote= Three upper-middle castes, the Yadav, Koeri and Kurmi (designated OBC), considerably improved their economic position. "These three castes have been the major beneficiaries of the so- called Green Revolution in Bihar.... These sturdy and hardy castes, traditionally engaged in cultivation, have managed to produce more from cultivation than their upper caste counterparts".}}</ref> Koeris have traditionally been classified as a “[[shudra]]“<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Shalendra |title=Development and Democracy in India |date=1999 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=9781555878108 |page=157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4bV4cKpPlIC&pg=PA157 |quote=Upper of forward caste(brahmin thakur bania kayastha), cultivating or middle castes(jat bhumihar tyagi), lower shudra or backward caste(yadav, kurmi, lodh koeri gujar kahar gadaria teli harhai nai kachi others), scheduled castes(chamar pasis dhobi bhangi) |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418013913/https://books.google.com/books?id=i4bV4cKpPlIC&pg=PA157 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC |title=Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India |date=18 June 1993 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-3176-3 |pages=58 |language=en |quote=But in eastern U.P. and Bihar, marked much more by landlordism and within this the domination of the "twice-born" upper castes (brahmans, bhumihars, and rajputs), even the "shudra" peasant castes (kurmis, koeris, and yadavas) were cruelly subordinated, and there had been little of a broad anticaste movement. |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200227/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC |url-status=live }}</ref> caste and today Koeris have attempted [[Sanskritisation]]—the attempt by traditionally middle and low castes to rise up the social ladder, often by tracing their origins to mythical characters or following the lifestyle of higher ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'', such as following [[vegetarianism]], secluding women, or wearing ''[[Upanayana|Janeu]]'', the sacred thread.<ref name="Jayapalan2001">{{cite book|author=N. Jayapalan|title=Indian society and social institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AumuJ2jtRZIC&pg=PA428|access-date=17 January 2013|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|isbn=978-81-7156-925-0|page=428}}</ref> The Sanskritising trend in castes of northern India, including that of the Koeris, was inspired by the [[Vaishnavism|vaishnavite]] tradition, as attested by their bid to seek association with avatars of [[Vishnu]]. Author William Pinch wrote:
+{{quote|"The nineteenth century antecedents of the Kushvaha- kshatriya movement reveal distinct cosmological associations with Shiva and his divine consort, Parvati. Kushvaha-kshatriya identity was espoused by agricultural community well known throughout the Gangetic north for an expertise in vegetable and (to an increasingly limited scale after the turn of twentieth century) poppy cultivation.
-{{blockquote|"The nineteenth century antecedents of the Kushvaha- kshatriya movement reveal distinct cosmological associations with Shiva and his divine consort, Parvati. Kushvaha-kshatriya identity was espoused by agricultural community well known throughout the Gangetic north for an expertise in vegetable and (to an increasingly limited scale after the turn of twentieth century) poppy cultivation.
+Prominent among them were ''Kachhi'' and ''Murao'' agriculturalist of central Uttar Pradesh ,''Kachhvahas'' of western Uttar Pradesh and ''Koiris'' of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh."<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&q=peasants+and+monk+in+br&pg=PA92|page=91,92}}</ref>}}
-Prominent among them were ''Kachhi'' and ''[[Murao people|Murao]]'' agriculturalist of central Uttar Pradesh ,''Kachhvahas'' of western Uttar Pradesh and ''Koiris'' of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh."<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&q=peasants+and+monk+in+br&pg=PA92 |page=91,92 |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417221352/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&q=peasants+and+monk+in+br&pg=PA92 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
+[[Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha]], the caste association of Koeris, held its first session in 1922.<ref name="Ashwani2008_36">{{cite book |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA36 |year=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8 |pages=36 }}</ref>
-Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha, the caste association of Koeris, held its first session in 1922.<ref name="Ashwani2008_36">{{cite book |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA36 |year=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8 |pages=36 |quote=The Koiris are known as great horticulturists and engage primarily in agricultural operations in the capacity of small landowners and poor peasants. Unlike Kurmis and Yadavs, they are generally considered non aggressive and disinterested in caste riots. They also attempted to attain higher social status by claiming to be descendants of Lord Ram's son Kush. They formed the Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha as their nodal caste association and held the first session of the association in March 1922. |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200226/https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Some [[Kushwaha]] reformers like Ganga Prasad Gupta in [[Banaras]] argued the Koeris  descended from [[Kusha]] and that they served Raja [[Jayachandra]] in their military capacity during the period of Muslim consolidation under [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shuhabuddin Ghuri]]. He argued further that after defeat, the fear of persecution at the hands of Muslims caused  the Kusvaha Kshatriya to flee into the forest in disarray and discard their sacred threads, so as not to appear as erstwhile defenders of Hinduism. The British ethnographer [[Herbert Hope Risley]] recorded various Koeri origin myths in the 1890s. According to one of them, [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] created Koeri and [[Kachhi (caste)|Kachhi]] to take care of vegetables and their flower gardens in Banaras. Writing eighty years later, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] records that Koeris of Bihar were followers of [[Dashanami Sampradaya]] while those of Gorakhpur and Ayodhya looked towards [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandi]] saints for spiritual guidance.<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC|page=92}}</ref>
+Some [[Kushwaha]] reformers like Gangaprasad of [[Banaras]] argued the Koeris  descended from [[Kusha]] and that they served Raja [[Jayachandra]] in their military capacity during the period of Muslim consolidation under [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shuhabuddin Ghuri]]. He argued further that after defeat, the fear of persecution at the hands of Muslims caused  the Kusvaha Kshatriya to flee into the forest in disarray and discard their sacred threads, so as not to appear as erstwhile defenders of Hinduism. The British ethnographer [[Herbert Hope Risley]] recorded various Koeri origin myths in the 1890s. According to one of them, [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] created Koeri and Kachhi  to take care of vegetables and their flower gardens in Banaras. Writing eighty years later, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] records that Koeris of Bihar were followers of [[Dashanami Sampradaya]] while those of Gorakhpur and Ayodhya looked towards [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandi]] saints for spiritual guidance.<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC|page=92}}</ref>
 According to [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], the caste associations were formed with the basic objective of unifying individual castes. The All India Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha was formed  to bring the horticulturist and market gardener communities like the Koeri, the Kachhi and the Murao under one umbrella. The Koeris also attempted to forge a caste coalition called  Raghav Samaj, backed by [[kurmi]]s which was named after one of [[Rama]]'s names. This was done to justify the communities' claims of descent from [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]], respectively. In 1928, the Mahasabha also petitioned the [[Simon Commission]] on behalf of various subcastes of the Koeri community to seek recognition as Kshatriya.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |pages=197–199 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]] |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWms_1WzF1sC&q=india+silent+revolution+luv+kush&pg=PA197 |access-date=29 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231223916/http://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The terminology Lav-Kush for the Koeri-Kurmi community became more important in politics than in culture; in Bihar, it came to represent the political solidarity of the Koeri and Kurmi castes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTjbCgAAQBAJ&q=koeri+kurmi+luv+kush&pg=PA91|title=Why India Votes? :Exploring the Political in South Asia|first=Mukulika|last=Banerjee|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1317341666|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095019/https://books.google.com/books?id=hTjbCgAAQBAJ&q=koeri+kurmi+luv+kush&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The terminology Lav-Kush for the Koeri-Kurmi community became more important in politics than in culture; in Bihar, it came to represent the political solidarity of the Koeri and Kurmi castes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTjbCgAAQBAJ&q=koeri+kurmi+luv+kush&pg=PA91|title=Why India Votes? :Exploring the Political in South Asia|first=Mukulika|last= Banerjee|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1317341666|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> {{as of|2020}}, the Koeri community claims ancestry both from [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] and the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]]. Some of the leading political parties have supported their claims to reap the benefits arising from their demographic strength in electoral politics, particularly in North Indian states like [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/patna/BJP-banking-on-votes-of-Koeris/articleshow/47321629.cms|title=BJP banking on votes of Koeris|first=Abhay |last=Singh|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/caste-groups-are-burning-rajnath-singhs-effigies-as-he-called-chandragupta-maurya-shepherd/|title=Caste groups are burning Rajnath Singh's effigies as he called Chandragupta Maurya shepherd|first=Shivam|last=Vij|work=theprint.in|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>
-In context of the communal riots related to cow protectionism, some writers are also of the opinion that low castes groups  like Koeri, Ahirs also took to cow protection for asserting higher social status since ''cow'' already had symbolic importance in Hinduism. This particular view of cow protection was different from the UP's urban elites.<ref>{{cite book|first=William|last=Gould|title=Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia|year=2012|pages=70|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|quote=Gyan Pandey's detailed research on the cow protection riots in eastern UP and Bihar in 1893 and 1917 relates the conflict to specific registers of caste difference and status assertion, in a context where the popular view of cow protection from the point of view of low-caste Ahirs, Koeris and Kurmis was quite different to that of UP's urban elites. For both Freitag and Pandey, cow protection became a means for relatively low-status communities to assert higher status via association with something of symbolic importance to Hinduism as a whole: in this case, the cow.|isbn=978-0-521-87949-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2oexn_mLPIC&q=Religion+and+Conflict+in+Modern+South+Asia+By+Williiam+gould|language=en|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200227/https://books.google.com/books?id=K2oexn_mLPIC&q=Religion+and+Conflict+in+Modern+South+Asia+By+Williiam+gould|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Economy==
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 Other groups involved in opium production had to hire labour, but the Koeris cut costs by utilising that available within their own family.<ref name=Trocki1999pp64-67/> Describing the industrious nature of the Koeri people, [[Susan Bayly]] wrote:
-{{blockquote|"By the mid-nineteenth century, influential revenue specialists were reporting that they could tell the caste of a landed man by simply glancing at his crops. In the north, these observers claimed, a field of 'second-rate barley' would belong to a [[Rajput]] or [[Brahmin|Brahman]] who took pride in shunning the plough and secluding his womenfolk. Such a man was to be blamed for his own decline, fecklessly mortgaging and then selling off his lands to maintain his unproductive dependents. By the same logic, a flourishing field of wheat would belong to a non-twice-born tiller, wheat being a crop requiring skill and enterprise on the part of the cultivator. These, said such commentators as [[Denzil Ibbetson]] and [[E. A. H. Blunt]], were the qualities of the non-patrician 'peasant'&nbsp;– the thrifty [[Jat]] or canny Kurmi in upper India, .... Similar virtues would be found among the smaller market-gardening populations, these being the people known as Koeris in Hindustan"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&q=specialists+were+reporting+that+they+could+tell+the+caste+of+a+landed+man&pg=PA212|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|first=Susan|last=Bayly|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0521798426|access-date=2020-06-30|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200229/https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&q=specialists+were+reporting+that+they+could+tell+the+caste+of+a+landed+man&pg=PA212|url-status=live}}</ref>}}Colonial ethnographers like Dr. Hunter identified Koiris and Oudhia Kurmis as most respectable of all cultivating castes in some districts of Bihar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GjpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|title=The Limited Raj Agrarian Relations in Colonial India|author=Anand A. Yang|publisher=University of California Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0520369108|pages=187–188|access-date=27 May 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095251/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GjpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|url-status=live}}</ref>
+{{quote|"By the mid-nineteenth century, influential revenue specialists were reporting that they could tell the caste of a landed man by simply glancing at his crops. In the north, these observers claimed, a field of 'second-rate barley' would belong to a [[Rajput]] or [[Brahmin|Brahman]] who took pride in shunning the plough and secluding his womenfolk. Such a man was to be blamed for his own decline, fecklessly mortgaging and then selling off his lands to maintain his unproductive dependents. By the same logic, a flourishing field of wheat would belong to a non-twice-born tiller, wheat being a crop requiring skill and enterprise on the part of the cultivator. These, said such commentators as [[Denzil Ibbetson]] and [[E. A. H. Blunt]], were the qualities of the non-patrician 'peasant'&nbsp;– the thrifty [[Jat]] or canny Kurmi in upper India, .... Similar virtues would be found among the smaller market-gardening populations, these being the people known as Koeris in Hindustan"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&q=specialists+were+reporting+that+they+could+tell+the+caste+of+a+landed+man&pg=PA212|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|first=Susan|last= Bayly|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0521798426|access-date=2020-06-30}}</ref>}}
-In 1877, there was an attempt by colonial [[Bengal Presidency|Government of Bengal]] to prepare an account of Indian society and it culminated into the process of all india social classification of various castes and tribes beginning with the first census of 1871. In 1901, [[Herbert Hope Risley]] applied anthropometrical methods to develop a racial taxonomy of Indian society leading to a problematic attempt to classify people of India. The Koeris were classified as "agricultural caste" along with the Kurmis.<ref name="Bauer">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCmVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|title=The Peasant Production of Opium in Nineteenth Century India|author=Rolf Bauer|publisher=BRILL|year=2019|isbn=978-9004385184|page=143|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200228/https://books.google.com/books?id=UCmVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|url-status=live}}</ref> An official report of 1941 described them as being the "most advanced" cultivators in Bihar and said, "Simple in habits, thrifty to a degree and a master in the art of market-gardening, the Koeri is amongst the best of the tillers of the soil to be found anywhere in India."<ref>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=197 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=29 August 2011 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200231/https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[British Raj|colonial period]], in the provinces such as Bengal, although majority of rural population was having a living from the agriculture, only a few of them deserved classification as "agriculturists". The Koeris along with the [[Kachhi (caste)|Kachhi]]s and the [[Kurmi]]s were not only the major "agricultural caste", but were also reputed as most skilled cultivators. As per the description of [[William Crooke]] of the contemporary agrarian society, the Koeris were 'quiet, industrious and well-behaved people'.<ref name="Bauer"/>
-In the early 19th century in the [[Gaya district]], Koeris were recorded by Francis Buchanan as a community of "ploughing tribes" consisting primarily of poor and middle peasants. It was however noted that in his survey, Buchanan had neglected an upper crust among them, which had accumulated and hoarded cash and had emerged as moneylenders forwarding ''Kamiauti'' advances to acquire dependent labour. Oral testimonies from the colonial period indicates that by the end of 19th century, Koeris in the Gaya district included rich peasants, who  had acquired  material wealth by improving land relation and extending market relations. This enabled them to forward advances to the dependent labourers in order to bring them under debt bondage and ''Kamia-Malik'' relationship.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC&pg=PA162|title=Bonded Histories Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India|issn=0575-6863|author=Gyan Prakash|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0521526582|pages=162–163|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622094620/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC&pg=PA162|url-status=live}}</ref> According to author Bindeswar Ram, who studied rural credit market of 1880s in region such as Bengal and Bihar, Koeris worked as Mahajan or moneylenders alongside Bania and [[Sunar|Sonar]] caste in rural areas. Ram mentions that these social groups acted both as prosperous peasant proprietors as well as rural credit market agent by forwarding credit to tenants (''Raiyat''). By 1885, when the price of land surged, they started increasing their landholdings through purchase. There also witnessed increased transfer of the land of tenants by these social groups, when they mortgaged their land for credit. Ram also mentioned that after 1885, due to increase in registration of land under law and growing prices of land, the bargaining power of these groups, acting as moneylenders increased tremendously.<ref name=Ram>{{cite book|last=Ram|first=B.|year=1997|title=Land and Society in India: Agrarian Relations in Colonial North Bihar|place=India|publisher=Orient Longman|page=69|isbn=9788125006435 |accessdate=29 August 2023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2b_j0mNe2FwC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103244/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2b_j0mNe2FwC&pg=PA69&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Malabika Chakrabarti also mentions that better-off peasants of Koeri caste in region of South Bihar supplemented their income from cultivation by working as Mahajan or moneylenders. She also notes that they also involved the local [[Bhuiya]] population in bonded labour system by forwarding ''Kamiauti'' advances (a kind of loan) to them. These Koeri Mahajans, according to Chakraborty, were most stringent in terms of their advances to [[Bhuiya]].<ref name=Chakraborty>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3R6umYMROsC&pg=PA99|last=Chakrabarti|first=M.|year=2004|title=The Famine of 1896-1897 in Bengal: Availability Or Entitlement Crisis?|place=India|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|page=99|isbn=9788125023890 |accessdate=29 August 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103158/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=J3R6umYMROsC&pg=PA99&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In post independence India, Koeris have been classified as [[Upper Backward Castes|upper strata of Backward Castes]] by virtue of being part of the group of four of the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] communities in [[Bihar]], who acquired land overtime, adopted improved agricultural technology and attained political power to become a class of rising ''[[Kulak]]s'' in the agricultural society of India.<ref name="BergerHeidemann2013">{{cite book | author = Carolyn Brown Heinz | editor1 = Peter Berger | editor2 = Frank Heidemann | date = 3 June 2013 | title = The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory | publisher = Routledge | pages =  | isbn = 978-1-134-06118-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC&pg=PT48 | quote = The four dominant high caste groups (the forward castes)-Brahman, Bhumihar, Rajput, Kayastha-together constitute about 12 percent of the population. These are the old elite, from whose numbers came the major zamindars and land owning castes. The so-called Backward castes consisting of about half the population of Bihar, were further classified soon after independence into Upper Backward and Lower Backwards(Blair 1980). The upper backwards - Bania, Yadav, Kurmi and Koiri - constitute about 19 percent of the population, and now include most of the rising Kulak class of successful peasants who have acquired land, adopted improved agricultural technology, and become a powerful force in Bihar politics. This is true, above all, of the Yadavas. The lower backwards are shudra castes such as Barhi, Dhanuk, Kahar, Kumhar, Lohar, Mallaah, Teli etc, about 32 percent of the population. The largest components of the scheduled castes(14 percent) are the Dusadh, Chamar, and Musahar, the Dalit groups who are in many parts of the statelocked in struggles for land and living wages and living wages with the rich peasants and landlords of the forward and upper backward castes | access-date = 15 June 2022 | archive-date = 14 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220614220553/https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC&pg=PT48 | url-status = live }}</ref> The diversification in occupation of the Koeri caste in post independence India is shown by studies in select villages of North Bihar. In his paper, called ''Land and caste relation'', Awanish Kumar's study of select villages of West Champaran and [[Samastipur district]] of North Bihar revealed that in some of these villages, Koeri and Yadav caste have become dominant over the time, leaving behind old elite groups, such as [[Bhumihar]]s. Kumar's study found that both these caste compete for political power in these zones and a few Koeri families, who are economically sound, also own the local [[Primary Agricultural Credit Societies]] and [[Public Distribution System]]. However, intra-caste differentiation in Koeris was also high, as not all Koeri households in villages under study shared the prosperity attained by some of their clan members. The study also presented a differentiated pattern of control over land and resources, as, in some quarters, caste like Koeri and Yadav were dominant, while in others, Bhumihar caste still had control over significant amount of cultivable land.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Land and Caste Relations in North Bihar: Observations from Two Villages|last=
-Kumar|first= Awanish|year=2022|journal ="Land and Caste Relations in North Bihar: Observations from Two Villages," Review of Agrarian Studies|volume =12|issue=1|url=http://ras.org.in/5baea16fe33094ce0fa6dc641b7b811f}}</ref>
 ===Post land reforms===
-Peasants in middle castes like the Koeris benefitted the most from the land reform policies of the Indian government. Faced with the land ceiling laws and communist pressure in the 1970s, upper caste landlords resorted to selling off their lands. In most cases the buyer would be from the Koeri, the [[Kurmi]], or the [[Yadav]] castes. These peasants worked skilfully on their land and made their holdings more productive. In contrast, the upper castes were unable to do so, and they seemed to be satisfied with the price they got for their land. The increased urbanisation among forward castes created a category of new landlords in the countryside as these three middle castes seldom sold their land, rather they looked on reforms as an opportunity to buy more.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | page=80,81 | publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking]] | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA81 | access-date=7 April 2015 | archive-date=2 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201352/https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA81 | url-status=live }}</ref>
+Peasants in [[Upper Backward Castes|upper backward castes]] like the Koeris benefitted the most from the land reform policies of the Indian government. Faced with the land ceiling laws and communist pressure in the 1970s, upper caste landlords resorted to selling off their lands. In most cases the buyer would be from the Koeri, the [[Kurmi]], or the [[Yadav]] castes. These peasants worked skillfully on their land and made their holdings more productive. In contrast, the upper castes were unable to do so, and they seemed to be satisfied with the price they got for their land. The increased urbanisation among forward castes created a category of new landlords in the countryside as these three middle castes seldom sold their land, rather they looked on reforms as an opportunity to buy more.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | page=80,81|publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking]] | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA81 | access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>
-This phenomenon promoted the upward mobility of middle peasant castes. While this mobility in the Yadavas consolidated them as both big peasants and landlords, in the Koeris, the vertical mobility was exclusively towards them becoming [[landlords]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Agrarian Reforms, Land Markets, and Rural Poor|first=D. Narasimha|last=Reddy|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=279|year=2009|isbn=978-8180696046|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJgfNVjZ8koC&q=bihar+and+caste&pg=PA279|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095002/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJgfNVjZ8koC&q=bihar+and+caste&pg=PA279|url-status=live}}</ref> The rise of castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi, and the Yadav, and the fall from power of the forward castes was characterised by growing assertiveness among these middle peasants who now acted as the landowners they once condemned.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | page=82 | publisher=Viking | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA82 | access-date=7 April 2015 | archive-date=2 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201353/https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA82 | url-status=live }}</ref>
+This phenomenon promoted the upward mobility of middle peasant castes. While this mobility in the Yadavas consolidated them as both big peasants and landlords, in the Koeris, the vertical mobility was exclusively towards them becoming [[landlords]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Agrarian Reforms, Land Markets, and Rural Poor|first=D. Narasimha |last=Reddy|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=279|year= 2009|isbn=978-8180696046|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJgfNVjZ8koC&q=bihar+and+caste&pg=PA279|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> The rise of castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi, and the Yadav, and the fall from power of the forward castes was characterised by growing assertiveness among these middle peasants who now acted as the [[zamindars]] (rulers) they once condemned.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | page=82|publisher=Viking | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA82| access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>
-In 1989, Frankel observed that 95% of the upper castes and 36% of the middle peasant castes like the Koeri and the Yadav belonged to a rich peasant-cum-landlord class. An aversion to manual labour characterised this class. However, some Koeris and Yadavas who held comparatively less land to provide them with subsistence also worked as agricultural labourers, though the bulk of agricultural labourers belonged to the [[Dalit]] caste. According to Frankel, the bulk of middle and poor peasantry belonged to castes like the Koeris and the Yadavas; this class worked in their own fields but considered it beneath their dignity to work in others' fields.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ... |page=31 |first=George |last=Kunnath |publisher=[[Taylor and Francis Group]] |location=New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-09955-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115155155/https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 1989, Frankel observed that 95% of the upper castes and 36% of the middle peasant castes like the Koeri and the Yadav belonged to a rich peasant-cum-landlord class. An aversion to manual labour characterised this class. However, some Koeris and Yadavas who held comparatively less land to provide them with subsistence also worked as agricultural labourers, though the bulk of agricultural labourers belonged to the Dalit caste. According to Frankel, the bulk of middle and poor peasantry belonged to castes like the Koeris and the Yadavas; this class worked in their own fields but considered it beneath their dignity to work in others' fields.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...
-However, the socio-economic progress and transition towards the upper edge of the social hierarchy was not unabated. The Koeris, like the other middle level castes in northern India, were facing a double-edged confrontation from the upper castes who were supporters of the status quo as well as from the Dalits and the lowest castes who now became assertive for their own rights. All this made the middle castes aggressive.<ref>{{cite book|title=Beyond Ambedkar: Essays on Dalits in India|first=Nandu|last=Ram|publisher=Har Anand Publications|year=2009|page=32|isbn=978-8124114193|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BV0FuSXACbUC&q=koeri+caste+improved+economic+status&pg=PA32|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201353/https://books.google.com/books?id=BV0FuSXACbUC&q=koeri+caste+improved+economic+status&pg=PA32|url-status=live}}</ref> Sanjay Kumar associates the political mobilisation of the middle peasant [[caste]]s, also called [[Upper Backward Castes|upper-OBCs]] with this gradual process of land reforms undertaken in Bihar in the decades preceding the period of 1970-90. According to Kumar:
+|page=31 |first=George  |last=Kunnath|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis Group]] |location=New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-09955-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+landlords&pg=PT31
-{{Blockquote|Despite all their limitations, the land reform laws since 1948 have transferred ownership right in vast areas of land to upper-OBCs mainly Yadav and Koeri-Kurmi. This gave them strength to ask for a larger share in political power and by the late 1960s, they seemed to have started asserting themselves politically, which is reflected in slow but gradual rise of their representation in [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly)<ref name="Sanjay 55">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|publisher=SAGE publication|pages=31|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31|date=27 May 2022|access-date=28 May 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095251/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
+|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>
+However, the socio-economic progress and transition towards the upper edge of the social hierarchy was not unabated. The Koeris, like the other middle level castes in north India, were facing a double-edged confrontation from the upper castes who were supporters of the status quo as well as from the Dalits and the lowest castes who now became assertive for their own rights. All this made the middle castes aggressive.<ref>{{cite book|title =Beyond Ambedkar: Essays on Dalits in India|first=Nandu|last= Ram|publisher=Har Anand Publications|year=2009|isbn=978-8124114193
+|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BV0FuSXACbUC&q=koeri+caste+improved+economic+status&pg=PA32|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>
-The conflict with upper caste landlords led to an attraction towards far-left [[Naxalite|naxalism]]. This was witnessed in [[Ekwari]], a village, in the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] where [[Jagdish Mahto]], a Koeri teacher, began leading the Maoists and organised the murders of upper caste landlords after he was beaten up by [[Bhumihar]]s for supporting the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) in the 1967 elections to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. Mahto also set up a newspaper in Arrah called ''Harijanistan''. After Mahto was killed in 1971, the communist uprising in Bhojpur subsided.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India|first=Gail|last=Omvedt|publisher=[[M.E.Sharpe]]|page=59|year=1993|isbn=0765631768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC&q=Reinventing+Revolution%3A+New+So%2Fjagdish+mahto&pg=PA59|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201353/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC&q=Reinventing+Revolution%3A+New+So%2Fjagdish+mahto&pg=PA59|url-status=live}} "Its first mass leader was Jagdish Mahto, a Koeri teacher who had read Ambedkar before he discovered Marx and started a paper in the town of Hrrah called Harijanistan("dalit land").</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=From popular movement to rebellion:The Naxalite dacade|page=317,318|first=Ranbir|last=Samaddar|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=New york|year=2019|isbn=978-0-367-13466-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+prasad+mahto+naxal&pg=PT317|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+prasad+mahto+naxal&pg=PT317|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The conflict with upper caste landlords led to an attraction towards far-left [[Naxalite|naxalism]]. This was witnessed in [[Ekwari]], a village, in the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] where [[Jagdish Mahto]], a Koeri teacher, began leading the Maoists and organised the murders of upper caste landlords after he was beaten up by [[Bhumihar]]s for supporting the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) in the 1967 elections. Mahto also set up a newspaper in Arrah called ''Harijanistan''. After Mahto was killed in 1971, the communist uprising in Bhojpur subsided.<ref>{{cite book|title = Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India|first=Gail|last= Omvedt|publisher=[[M.E.Sharpe]] |page=59|year=1993|isbn=0765631768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC&q=Reinventing+Revolution:+New+So/jagdish+mahto&pg=PA59|access-date=16 June 2020}} "Its first mass leader was Jagdish Mahto, a Koeri teacher who had read Ambedkar before he discovered Marx and started a paper in the town of Hrrah called Harijanistan("dalit land")..</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=From popular movement to rebellion:The Naxalite dacade|page= 317,318|first=Ranbir|last=Samaddar|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location =New york|year=2019|isbn= 978-0-367-13466-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+prasad+mahto+naxal&pg=PT317|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>
-A report of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] titled ''Flaming fields of Bihar'' revealed the participation of Koiris in the [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]] in some of the districts of Bihar. It was reported that being the victims of persistent banditry and oppression by the upper-caste landlords, middle castes like them more often come within the folds of revolutionary groups. The CPI(ML) remained successful in mobilising Koeris in the districts of [[Patna]], [[Bihar|Bhojpur]], [[Aurangabad]] and [[Rohtas District|Rohtas]] districts.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace|chapter=Bihar 1990-2011|author=Ranabir Samaddar|date=3 March 2016|publisher=Routledge, 2016|isbn=978-1317125372|access-date=21 June 2022|page=178|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Later, a section of the upper strata of the Koeris and other middle peasant castes voiced their support for the militant organisation [[Ranvir Sena]]. This group had benefitted the most from land reforms and became ruthless towards the [[Dalits]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The situated politics of belonging |page=135,136 |first=Nira-Yuval-Davis  |last=Kalpana  |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |location=london|year=2006|isbn=1-4129-2101-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6pIf0EjBXIC&q=koeri+in+army&pg=PA135|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>
-Later, a section of the upper strata of the Koeris and other middle peasant castes voiced their support for the militant organisation [[Ranvir Sena]]. This group had benefitted the most from land reforms and became ruthless towards the [[Dalits]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The situated politics of belonging|page=135,136|first=Nira-Yuval-Davis|last=Kalpana|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|location=london|year=2006|isbn=1-4129-2101-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6pIf0EjBXIC&q=koeri+in+army&pg=PA135|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100742/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6pIf0EjBXIC&q=koeri+in+army&pg=PA135|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Affirmative Action ===
-Koeris are classified as a “Backward caste” or “Other Backwards Caste” under the Indian governments system of positive discrimination, so they are entitled to OBC reservations in govt jobs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukherji |first1=Partha Nath |title=Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia: Essays in Memory of Ramkrishna Mukherjee |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811303876 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&dq=koeri+other+backwards+caste&pg=PA89 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514110508/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&dq=koeri+other+backwards+caste&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref> The findings of [[2022 Bihar caste-based survey]] showed that a total of 1,12,106 members of community were holding government jobs in 2023, leading to their inclusion in the group having highest number of government jobs besides Yadavs and Kurmis in [[Other Backward Class]] category in Bihar. However, they were behind [[Forward Castes]] in holding government jobs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=8 November 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihars-caste-based-survey-report-shows-yadavs-hold-most-govt-jobs-among-obcs/article67509087.ece |title=Bihar caste-based survey report {{!}} Poverty highest among Scheduled Castes, lowest among Kayasths |work=The Hindu |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108181900/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihars-caste-based-survey-report-shows-yadavs-hold-most-govt-jobs-among-obcs/article67509087.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Distribution==
+[[File:Twee Koeri mannen op een pad in Gorakhpur met gereedschap voor de landbouw Koerees. Low caste tribe, possibly aboriginal. Goruckpoor (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122B-44.jpg|thumb|Two men from Koeree (Koeri) tribe in Goruckpoor ([[Gorakhpur]]) (1858)]]
 Between 1872 and 1921 the Koeris represented approximately seven per cent of the population in [[Saran district]], according to tabulated data prepared by [[Anand Yang]]. Yang also notes their involvement in tenanted landholdings around the period 1893–1901: the Koeris worked around nine per cent of the total cultivated area of the district which was one per cent less than the Ahirs, although they represented around five per cent more of the population.<ref>{{cite book |title=The limited Raj: agrarian relations in colonial India, Saran District, 1793–1920 |first=Anand A. |last=Yang |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-520-05711-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC |page=45 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> According to [[Christopher Bayly]] :
-{{blockquote|"Eighteenth-century settlement of Kurmi, Kacchi and Koeri cultivators were also numerous in northern and western Awadh. On the fringes of cultivation, these castes were given special rental rates for bringing areas of jungle under plough. In the first five years, for instance the rent might be only half of what was common for soil of the same type. The revenue benefits to the entrepreneur or official who planted the colony were very great."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101|title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion|first=C. A.|last=Bayly|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=0521310547|access-date=1 July 2020|page=101|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095002/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
+{{quote|"Eighteenth-century settlement of Kurmi ,Kacchi and Koeri cultivators were also numerous in northern and western Awadh. On the fringes of cultivation, these castes were given special rental rates for bringing areas of jungle under plough. In the first five years, for instance the rent might be only half of what was common for soil of the same type. The revenue benefits to the entrepreneur or official who planted the colony were very great."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101|title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion|first=C. A.|last= Bayly|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1988|isbn=0521310547|access-date=1 July 2020|page=101}}</ref>}}
-They are also distributed in the [[Samastipur]] district of Bihar. In this district the Koeri caste is notorious for their criminal affairs and represent most of the ten [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] seats in this district.<ref>{{cite book|title=Women Empowerment Through Panchayati Raj Institutions|first=Minni|last=Thakur|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2010|isbn=978-8180696800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hbA4A--9HcC&q=koeri+and+bhumihar&pg=PA31|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=0hbA4A--9HcC&q=koeri+and+bhumihar&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref> In a fieldwork study, where data was collected in 2008-11 by Gaurang R Sahay, the details of 13 villages of Unwas panchayat in the [[Buxar district|Buxar]] of South western Bihar which were close to each other concluded that Koeris had the largest population and were one of the main landholding castes in ten of those villages but the average landholding by the households in the surveyed villages were found to be just 2.12 acres per household. The limited landholding was also found to be unequally distributed in caste and class.<ref>{{cite book |last=N. Jayaram |first=Partha Nath Mukherji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |title=Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-9811303876 |page=88-[https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 99] |quote= |access-date=16 June 2020 |quote-page= |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref> Further, another study conducted in some select villages of rural Bihar revealed the Koeris perform the function of a [[Purohit]] (family priest) and a significant number of houses were seen availing themselves of the services of the purohits of the Koeri caste.<ref>{{cite book|title=Readings in Indian Sociology: Volume II|first=K. L.|last=Sharma|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|location=India|year=2013|isbn=978-8132118725|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqICwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+caste+occupational+change&pg=PA136|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201356/https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqICwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+caste+occupational+change&pg=PA136|url-status=live}}</ref>
+They are also distributed in the [[Samastipur]] district of Bihar. In this district the Koeri caste is notorious for their criminal affairs and represent most of the ten [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] seats in this district.<ref>{{cite book|title=Women Empowerment Through Panchayati Raj Institutions|first=Minni |last=Thakur|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year= 2010|isbn=978-8180696800
+|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hbA4A--9HcC&q=koeri+and+bhumihar&pg=PA31|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> In a study conducted in 1991, in villages of the [[Buxar]] district of southwestern Bihar, the Koeris were one of the largest landholding caste.s<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia|first=Partha Nath Mukherji|last=N. Jayaram|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|year=2019|isbn=978-9811303876|page=88,89
+|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&q=bihar+landholdings+koeri&pg=PA89|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> Further, another study conducted in some select villages of rural Bihar revealed the Koeris perform the function of a ''[[purohit]]'' (family priest) and a significant number of houses were seen availing themselves of the services of the purohits of the Koeri caste.<ref>{{cite book|title=Readings in Indian Sociology: Volume II|first=K. L.|last= Sharma|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|location= India|year=2013|isbn=978-8132118725
+|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqICwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+caste+occupational+change&pg=PA136|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>
 ===Distribution outside India===
-Outside India, Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in [[Mauritius]]. Though the island is divided along ethnic and religious lines, 'Hindu' Mauritians follow a number of original customs and traditions, quite different from those seen on the Indian subcontinent. Some castes in Mauritius in particular are unrecognisable from a subcontinental Indian perspective, and may incorporate mutually antagonistic castes into a single group. The 'vaish', which includes the Koeris, is the largest and most influential caste group on the island. The former Brahmin elites together with former [[Kshatriya]] are called 'Babuji' and enjoy the prestige conferred by high caste status, though politically they are marginalised.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F7NCwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+in+Mauritius&pg=PA14|title=Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora|first=Crispin|last=Bates|publisher=Springer|page=14|year=2016|isbn=978-0333977293|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095011/https://books.google.com/books?id=_F7NCwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+in+Mauritius&pg=PA14|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Outside India, Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in [[Mauritius]]. Though the island is divided along ethnic and religious lines, 'Hindu' Mauritians follow a number of original customs and traditions, quite different from those seen on the Indian subcontinent. Some castes in Mauritius in particular are unrecognisable from a subcontinental Indian perspective, and may incorporate mutually antagonistic castes into a single group. The title 'Rajput' describes primarily the [[Shudra]] castes in Mauritius, which was usurped by the Koeris in the nineteenth century. The 'vaish', which includes the Koeris, is the largest and most influential caste group on the island. The former Brahmin elites together with former [[Kshatriya]] are called 'Babuji' and enjoy the prestige conferred by high caste status, though politically they are marginalised.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F7NCwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+in+Mauritius&pg=PA14|title=Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora|first=Crispin|last=Bates|publisher=Springer|page=14|year= 2016|isbn=978-0333977293|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
-The Koeris also have a significant population residing in [[Nepal]]. The 1991 census conducted there included estimates of their population estimates but these were not included in the 2001 census.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal |pages=109–110 |first=Monika |last=Mandal |publisher=KW Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-81904-58-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0y6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT109 |access-date=4 July 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201356/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0y6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT109 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The Koeris also have a significant population residing in [[Nepal]]. The 1991 census conducted there included estimates of their population estimates but these were not included in the 2001 census.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal |pages=109–110 |first=Monika |last=Mandal |publisher=KW Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-81904-58-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0y6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT109}}</ref>
-===In Uttar Pradesh===
-In some regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]], many of the Koeris were also involved in the occupation of [[weaving]] along with members of the [[Mallaah]] caste and produce cloth for local use.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raman |first1=Vasanthi |title=The Warp and the Weft: Community and Gender Identity Among the Weavers of Banaras |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136518003 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIFpa2Oea3sC&dq=koeris+weavers&pg=PA109 |quote=The fact that weavers in Banaras are still predominantly Muslim (particularly in the highly skilled silk weaving domain) and the traders and buyers still predominantly Hindu constitutes the basis for interdependence between the two communities. However, many Hindu lower-caste groups (particularly Koeris, Mallaahs, Mauryas, and even Yadavs) and some Dalit groups have also taken to the occupation of weaving. The large majority of Momin Ansaris are still ordinary weavers, trying to eke out a livelihood in very straitened circumstances. |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200224/https://books.google.com/books?id=BIFpa2Oea3sC&dq=koeris+weavers&pg=PA109 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bijnor |date=1989 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54sbAAAAIAAJ&q=koeris+weavers |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514110507/https://books.google.com/books?id=54sbAAAAIAAJ&q=koeris+weavers |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Subdivisions, classification and culture==
-Castes similar to the Koeri in northern India include the Maurya, the [[Kushwaha]], the [[Mahto]], the [[Kachhi (caste)|Kachhi]], the Shakya and the [[Saini]]. Over the time, these castes have come closer and began intermarrying while developing the all India network to strengthen their caste solidarity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC|title=Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects|first=Mahendra Lal|last=Patel|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1997|page=37|isbn=8175330295|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201928/https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In 1811, the physician [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] classified the producer castes of Bihar and Patna - the Koeri, the Gwala, the Kurmi, the Sonar (goldsmith) and even the [[Kayastha]]s (a scribe caste) as "pure [[Shudra]]". However, due to the advancements in their level of education, the Kayastha community was first among them to challenge their Shudra status and claimed a higher Varna. They were followed by the rest of these communities.<ref name="William Pinch ">{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft22900465&chunk.id=s1.2.11&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch2 |pages=73–75 |quote=Buchanan, in the early nineteenth century, had included in the term "pure shudra" the well-known designations of Kayasth, Koiri, Kurmi, Kahar, Goala, Dhanuk (archers, cultivators, palanquin bearers), Halwai (sweets vendor), Mali (flower gardener), Barai (cultivator and vendor of betel-leaf), Sonar (goldsmith), Kandu (grain parcher), and Gareri (blanket weavers and shepherds)[108].108. Buchanan, Bihar and Patna, 1811–1812, 1:329–39; Martin, Eastern India, 2:466–70 |access-date=13 August 2020 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095003/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft22900465&chunk.id=s1.2.11&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In the households of the cultivator castes like the Koeris, there was no major segregation of family duties based on gender. Here, both male and female members of the family participated in cultivation- related operations, thus paving the way for egalitarianism and a lack of gender-related discrimination and seclusion. The view of the Koeris regarding their women is portrayed through their (Jati) Caste pamphlet, where Koeri women are described as being loyal to their husbands and having all the qualities of a true [[Kshatriya]] woman, who faces the enemy with courage and fights along with her husband rather than being defeated outrightly.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDeFAAAAIAAJ&q=koeri+women|title=Daughters of the Earth: Women and Land in Uttar Pradesh|first=Smita Tewari|last=Jassal|publisher=Manohar|year=2001|isbn=8173043752|access-date=1 July 2020|page=71,53|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095018/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDeFAAAAIAAJ&q=koeri+women|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Communities related to the Koeri in North India include the [[Maurya]], the [[Kushwaha]], the [[Mahto]], the Kachhi, the [[Shakya]] and the [[Saini]]. Over time, these castes grew closer and began intermarrying while developing the all India network to strengthen their caste solidarity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC&q=koeri+,Maurya,+Shakya,+kachhi&pg=PA36|title=Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects|first=Mahendra Lal|last= Patel|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year= 1997|page=37|isbn=8175330295}}</ref>
+In 1811, the physician [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] classified the producer castes of Bihar and Patna - the Koeri, the Gwala, the Kurmi, the Sonar (goldsmith) and even the [[Kayastha]]s (a scribe caste) as "pure [[Shudra]]". However, due to the advancements in their level of education, the Kayastha community was first among them to challenge their Shudra status and claimed a higher Varna. They were followed by the rest of these communities.<ref name="William Pinch">{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft22900465&chunk.id=s1.2.11&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch2|pages=73–75|quote=Buchanan, in the early nineteenth century, had included in the term "pure shudra" the well-known designations of Kayasth, Koiri, Kurmi, Kahar, Goala, Dhanuk (archers, cultivators, palanquin bearers), Halwai (sweets vendor), Mali (flower gardener), Barai (cultivator and vendor of betel-leaf), Sonar (goldsmith), Kandu (grain parcher), and Gareri (blanket weavers and shepherds)[108].108. Buchanan, Bihar and Patna, 1811–1812, 1:329–39; Martin, Eastern India, 2:466–70}}</ref>
-The Kshatriya reform movement in the middle peasant castes which took place during 1890s turned rural Bihar into an arena of conflict. William Pinch claims that castes like the Koeris, the Kurmi, and the Yadav joined the [[British Indian Army]] as soldiers. The ''kshatriyatva'' or "essence of being [[kshatriya]]", was characterised by aggressiveness among these castes, which led to the formation of many caste armies resulting in intercaste conflict.<ref name="George">{{cite book |title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ... |page=209,210 |first=George |last=kunnath |publisher=Taylor and Francis group |location=New york |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-09955-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201927/https://books.google.com/books?id=JkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Some Koeris like Shivcharan Bhagat were well known for their knowledge of [[Persian language|Persian]] and they also contributed to the [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]] and their disciples later became major contributors to Ramanandi literature.<ref name="William Pinch"/> In the households of the cultivator castes like the Koeris, there was no major segregation of family duties based on gender. Here, both male and female members of the family participated in cultivation- related operations, thus paving the way for egalitarianism and a lack of gender-related discrimination and seclusion. The view of the Koeris regarding their women is portrayed through their (Jati) Caste pamphlet, where Koeri women are described as being loyal to their husbands and having all the qualities of a true [[Kshatriya]] woman, who faces the enemy with courage and fights along with her husband rather than being defeated outrught.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDeFAAAAIAAJ&q=koeri+women|
+title=Daughters of the Earth: Women and Land in Uttar Pradesh|first=Smita Tewari|last=Jassal|publisher=Manohar|year=2001|isbn=8173043752|access-date=1 July 2020|page=71,53}}</ref>
-In the 1980s, in region surrounding [[Rohtas Plateau|Kaimur Plateau]] of [[Rohtas district]], Koeris also operated bandit groups, which were responsible for caste warfare with the members of rival groups. One such group was [[Ramashish Koeri gang]], which operated out of Kaimur hills.<ref>{{cite book|title=In the Mirror of Mandal Social Justice, Caste, Class, and the Individual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnjaAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9788120203525|year=1992|publisher=Ajanta Publications|author=Hiranmay Karlekar|quote=Five Yadavs, including a woman, were killed by a gang reportedly led by Ramashish Koeri alias Dada . The incident broke a lull in the gang warfare between the Yadavs and Koeris in the Khaimur hills|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103707/https://books.google.com/books?id=XnjaAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
+===Martial tradition===
+{{Quote box|width=20em|align=right|quote=''Kshatriyatva''( the essence of being Kshatriya, or valour) constituted an important component of this new political framework for reform, in part because martial element contained therein fit a colonial ideology that placed a premium on virility and power. Their claim to "''Kshatriyatva''" was matched by an aggressiveness and violence which had lasting implications for rulral life in Bihar.<ref name="George"/> |salign=right|source= – William Pinch}}
+The Kshatriya reform movement in the middle peasant castes which took place during 1890s turned rural Bihar into an arena of conflict. William Pinch claims that castes like the Koeris, the Kurmi,  joined the [[British Indian Army]] as soldiers. George Kunnath writes that "their claims to ''kshatriyatva'' was matched by an aggressiveness and violence" which led to the formation of many caste armies resulting in intercaste conflict.<ref name="George">{{cite book |title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...
+|page=209,210 |first=George  |last=kunnath|publisher=Taylor and Francis group |location=New york |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-09955-5|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>
 ==Organisation==
-In the interwar years, during a period when there was a general movement among various castes seeking to uplift their status, there was also at least one journal being published for the Koeri community, the ''Kashbala Kshatriya Mitra''<!--NB: the source specifically says "Kashbala" - not "Kushwaha" etc-->,<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindu nationalism and the language of politics in late colonial India |first=William |last=Gould |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-83061-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNsganXnq-oC |page=31 |access-date=4 October 2011|quote=In the inter-war period religious community was rendered an important site of public political contestation in periodicals and journals. Newspaper publicity, and the symbolism it employed, created and re-created communal stereotypes. 'Communal' controversy, as the early journalistic career of Muhammad Ali who publicised the Kanpur mosque dispute of 1913 demonstrates, was sensational and sold newspapers, causing periodicals to rise and fall. For example, Arti, a Hindi daily from Lucknow, which reached a high circulation of 3,000, was started specifically in response to communal disputes centred around Aminabad Park in the city. The Arya Mitra, a Hindi weekly published from Agra, served as the organ of the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha, which sought to promote shuddhi and the uplifting of the depressed class. The Bharat Bhol was supported by the Rishikesh fund to further agitation over a temple in Dehra Dun. Caste-based journals were also common, such as the Kshattriya, set up to support social reform amongst the Jats of Meerut, the Kashbala Kshattriya Mitra, which promoted the interests of the Koeri community and the Jatava of Agra, which supported the interests of 'untouchables'.}}</ref> while other interests of the Koeri community is taken care of by the Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha.<ref name="Ashwani2008_36"/> Besides these organisations, there exists various state level organisations catering to socio-political needs of the community. In [[Jharkhand]], one such organisation called Kushwaha Mahasabha works for political empowerment of community. Prominent Jharkhand leaders like [[Aklu Ram Mahto]], [[Dev Dyal Kushwaha]] and [[Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta]] had remained associated with this organisation in past.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-BOK-MAT-latest-bokaro-news-021002-348443-NOR.html|title=People of Kushwaha community should be politically represented: Mehta|website=Bhaskar|date=4 August 2014 |accessdate=11 August 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418191003/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-BOK-MAT-latest-bokaro-news-021002-348443-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[File:Kushwaha Ashram, headquarter of community organisation in Bihar.jpg|thumb|Kushwaha Ashram, the headquarter of community organisation of Koeri caste in North Bihar.]]
+In the interwar years, during a period when there was a general movement among various castes seeking to uplift their status, there was also at least one journal being published for the Koeri community, the ''Kashbala Kshatriya Mitra''<!--NB: the source specifically says "Kashbala" - not "Kushwaha" etc-->,<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindu nationalism and the language of politics in late colonial India |first=William |last=Gould |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-83061-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNsganXnq-oC |page=31 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> while other interests of the Koeri community is taken care of by the Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha.<ref name="Ashwani2008_36"/>
 ==Politics==
-In the early twentieth century, the Koeri and their sub-caste the [[Murao]] participated in the politics of the [[Kisan Sabha (1919-1922)|Kisan Sabha]], which worked for the peasants' cause against the ill effects of [[landlordism]] and the 1920 Gandhian [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. These peasant castes, which had a long tradition of independence and caste solidarity, founded the Kisan Sabhas, which later became instrumental in supporting peasant causes. The traditional method of Nai-Dhobi band—disallowing of service of washermen and barbers to enforce the sanctions on the landlords and use of their robust caste panchayats—became a symbol of this peasant movement. Koeri leader [[Mata Badal Koeri]] became a founding leader of ''Oudh Kisan Sabha'' (Awadh Farmers Conference) along with [[Baba Ram Chandra]]. Large numbers of Koeris participated in the Awadh Kisan Conference of 1920, which was held in Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-A2oDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT210|title=The Rise and Fall of Modern Empires, Volume IV: Reactions to Colonialism|year=2016|place=United Kingdom|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|pages=210–211|isbn=9781351882675|access-date=22 July 2023|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722130106/https://books.google.com/books?id=-A2oDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hardiman|first=D|year=2021|title=Noncooperation in India: Nonviolent Strategy and Protest, 1920-22|place=United States|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=74|isbn=978-0-19-754830-1|accessdate=19 July 2023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47IYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722104609/https://books.google.com/books?id=47IYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U82GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194|page=194|last=Menon|first=V|year=2003|title=From Movement To Government: The Congress in the United Provinces, 1937-42|place=India|publisher=SAGE Publications.|isbn=9788132103684|access-date=22 July 2023|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722104609/https://books.google.com/books?id=U82GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In the heyday of [[British Raj]], the Koeris aligned with the Kurmis and the Yadavs to form a caste coalition-cum-political party called [[Triveni Sangh]]. The actual date of the formation of Triveni Sangh is disputed among scholars. This caste coalition fared badly against the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party and faced a considerable challenge from Congress's backward class federation. Though politically it was not able to make a significant mark, it remained successful in eradicating the practice of [[begar]] (forced labour).<ref name="Jaffrelot197">{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |edition=Reprinted |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |pages=197–198}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=44 |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA44 |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8}}</ref>
-In the heyday of [[British Raj]], the Koeris aligned with the Kurmis and the Yadavs to form a caste coalition-cum-political party called [[Triveni Sangh]]. The actual date of the formation of Triveni Sangh is disputed among scholars. This caste coalition fared badly against the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party and faced a considerable challenge from Congress's backward class federation. Though politically it was not able to make a significant mark, it remained successful in eradicating the practice of [[begar]] (forced labour).<ref name="Jaffrelot197">{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |edition=Reprinted |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |pages=197–198 |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200231/https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=44 |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA44 |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8 |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201929/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Community_Warriors/num2I4NFGqIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA44&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Indian National Congress]] continued its policy of not giving due importance to the demand of upper-OBCs for more political representation and the Koeris along with other OBCs remained unsatisfied in the post independence period as well, when the question of political representation for greater part of society was gaining ground. The Congress's reliance on its "Coalition Of Extremes", referring to the alliance of [[Forward Caste|Upper Caste]]s, [[Dalit]]s and [[Muslim]]s became the prime reason behind the upper-OBC's drive for alternative route to gain political ascendency. The "Coalition Of Extremes" was also favourable for the upper-caste lobby within the Congress, as they knew that [[Dalit]]s being a weak socio-economic group could hardly pose any challenge to their position in the socio-economic sphere unlike the Upper-Backwards.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|publisher=SAGE publication|pages=53|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=27 May 2022|quote=If any (class/caste) could compete with the upper castes in terms of the social, economic, and political muscle, it was these three upper backward castes—Yadavs, Kurmis, and Koeris. The social coalition of the 1980s was much more politically oiled than the coalition of 1930, during the days of "Triveni Sangh".|access-date=28 May 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095252/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/24/caste-anti-congressism-and-quotas-a-history-of-the-plotting-of-social-coalitions-in-bihar-till-2005|title=Caste, land and quotas: A history of the plotting of social coalitions in Bihar till 2005
-|first=Anand|last=Vardhan|access-date=28 May 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220527235214/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/24/caste-anti-congressism-and-quotas-a-history-of-the-plotting-of-social-coalitions-in-bihar-till-2005|website=Newslaundry.com|date=24 October 2020
-|archive-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>
-The period of the 1960s witnessed an improvement in the fortunes of the backward castes in politics, with a significant growth seen in the number of backward caste MLAs in the Bihar legislative assembly. In the 1970s, with the defining slogan of social justice, Koeris rose to prominence in the politics of Bihar under the leadership of [[Jagdeo Prasad]]. However, this achievement was short-lived and their representation was gradually lost to other backward castes after Prasad's death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|publisher=SAGE Publication|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&q=jagdeo+prasad&pg=PA39|date=5 June 2018|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095011/https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&q=jagdeo+prasad&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref> This period also witnessed [[Satish Prasad Singh]], a lesser known Koeri leader, become the chief minister of Bihar merely a week after the fall of [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]] government. He led a coalition of the Shoshit Samaj Dal party of Jagdeo Prasad and the Congress.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rik-AAAAMAAJ&q=satish+prasad+singh+caste|title=Teaching Politics, Volume 6 - Volume 7, Issue 4|first=Delhi University|last=Political Science Association|publisher=Delhi University Political Science Association(Original from the University of Michigan)|year=1981|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201930/https://books.google.com/books?id=rik-AAAAMAAJ&q=satish+prasad+singh+caste|url-status=live}} In 1969, Bindeshwar Prasad Mandal, a rich landlord Yadav of Saharsa district in manipulating some M . L . A ' s to defect from U . F . Parties to cause the fall of Mahamaya Ministry, asked Satish Prasad Singh a lesser known Koeri leader to head the ministry for a day to facilitate his nomination in the Council.</ref><ref name="Sharma1989">{{cite book|author=Bijender Kumar Sharma|title=Political Instability in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHMBgjfitvQC&pg=PA49|access-date=10 April 2018|year=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-184-7|pages=49–|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201930/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHMBgjfitvQC&pg=PA49|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In 1977, the [[Karpoori Thakur]] government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities. While the lower backward castes were assigned 12% of the quota, only eight per cent was earmarked for landowning castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi and the Yadavs. Being a [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] by caste, Thakur was aware of the robust economic position and aggressiveness of these castes who were many times seen bullying the Harijans and lower backwards castes.<ref>{{cite book|title=City, Society, and Planning: Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA397|first=Baleshwar|last=Thakur|location=University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|page=397 ,398|isbn=978-8180694608|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100844/https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA397|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In later years, the Koeris remained in a muted position for a long period in politics or played a secondary role, while the Yadav-centric politics of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Laloo Yadav]] flourished in Bihar. However, after the formation of the [[Samta Party]] (now [[Janata Dal (United)]]) by [[Nitish Kumar]], they voted en masse for [[Samta Party|Samta]]. Its alliance showed that political parties in Bihar are identified with caste and the Samta Party was considered the party of Koeri-Kurmi community.<ref>{{cite book|title=City, Society, and Planning: Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA400|first=Baleshwar|last=Thakur|location=University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|isbn=978-8180694608|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201931/https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA400|url-status=live}} While Samta with its leader Nitish is considered to be the party of Koeri-Kurmi, Bihar people's party led by Anand Mohan is perceived to be a party having sympathy and support of Rajputs.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India|first=Ghanshyam|last=Shah|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2004|isbn=8178240955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=caste+and+bihar+politics&pg=PA346|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095002/https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=caste+and+bihar+politics&pg=PA346|url-status=live}}</ref> Until the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections, Koeris were well represented in [[Janata Dal (United)]]. Out of twenty Koeri legislators elected to 243 membered Bihar Legislative Assembly, eleven were from JDU.<ref>{{cite news |title=कुशवाहा राजनैतिक विचार मंच का अभियान 5 से - Patna News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/patna/news/campaign-from-kushwaha-political-forum-to-5-043550-3316132.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=1 December 2018 |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
+The period of the 1960s witnessed an improvement in the fortunes of the backward castes in politics, with a significant growth seen in the number of backward caste MLAs in the Bihar legislative assembly. In the 1970s, with the defining slogan of social justice, Koeris rose to prominence in the politics of Bihar under the leadership of [[Jagdeo Prasad]]. However, this achievement was short-lived and their representation was gradually lost to other backward castes after Prasad's death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kumar|first=Sanjay |title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|publisher=SAGE Publication|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&q=jagdeo+prasad&pg=PA39|date=5 June 2018}}</ref> This period also witnessed [[Satish Prasad Singh]], a lesser known Koeri leader, become the chief minister of Bihar merely a week after the fall of [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]] government. He led a coalition of the Shoshit Samaj Dal party of Jagdeo Prasad and the Congress.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rik-AAAAMAAJ&q=satish+prasad+singh+caste|title=Teaching Politics, Volume 6 - Volume 7, Issue 4|first=Delhi University|last= Political Science Association|publisher=	Delhi University Political Science Association(Original from the University of Michigan)
+|year= 1981|access-date=22 June 2020}} In 1969 , Bindeshwar Prasad Mandal , a rich landlord Yadav of Saharsa district in manipulating some M . L . A ' s to defect from U . F . Parties to cause the fall of Mahamaya Ministry , asked Satish Prasad Singh a lesser known Koeri leader to head the ministry for a day to facilitate his nomination in the Council.</ref><ref name="Sharma1989">{{cite book|author=Bijender Kumar Sharma|title=Political Instability in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHMBgjfitvQC&pg=PA49|access-date=10 April 2018|year=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-184-7|pages=49–}}</ref>
-The parting of the ways between the Koeris and the Kurmis and the movement of the Koeris away from [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U)) was witnessed after the formation of the [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]] by [[Upendra Kushwaha]], who commanded huge support among members of the Koeri castes. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] appealed to the kushwaha in the 2014 elections in hopes of getting the support of the Koeri caste who had earlier voted for [[Nitish Kumar]] and the JD(U).<ref>{{cite book|title=India's 2014 Elections: A Modi-led BJP Sweep|first=Paul|last=Wallace|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=India|year=2015|isbn=978-9351505174|page=127,129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFslDAAAQBAJ&q=upendra+kushwaha&pg=PT129|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201931/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFslDAAAQBAJ&q=upendra+kushwaha&pg=PT129|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the quitting of BJP and alliance by Upendra Kushwaha left Koeri politics in Bihar in a dilemma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/upendra-kushwahas-exit-could-undo-bjps-carefully-planned-bihar-caste-coalition/|title=Upendra Kushwaha's exit could undo BJP's carefully planned Bihar caste coalition|first=PRAGYA|last=KAUSHIKA|website=theprint.in|date=10 December 2018|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605223131/https://theprint.in/politics/upendra-kushwahas-exit-could-undo-bjps-carefully-planned-bihar-caste-coalition/|url-status=live}}</ref> This rift between the Koeris and the Kurmis was orchestrated by the rise of influential Koeri leaders like Mahendra Singh and [[Shakuni Choudhury]], while Kushwaha remained the strongest leader of the community in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-liberation-struggle-of-bihar|title=The Liberation Struggle of Bihar|first=P. R.|last=Ramesh|date=15 October 2015|work=Open Magazine|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309170255/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-liberation-struggle-of-bihar|url-status=live}} The real migraine for the JD-U led alliance is the emergence of strong leaders within the NDA who command Kushwaha loyalties as effectively as Ashok Mahto once did for the fight against Bhumihars in the past. Rocking the Grand Alliance's prospects are Kushwaha leaders such as Upendra Kushwaha, Shakuni Chaudhury and Mahendra Singh.</ref>
+In 1977, the [[Karpoori Thakur]] government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities. While the lower backward castes were assigned 12% of the quota, only eight percent was earmarked for landowning castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi and the Yadavs. Being a [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] by caste, Thakur was aware of the robust economic position and aggressiveness of these castes who were many times seen bullying the Harijans and lower backwards castes.<ref>{{cite book|title=City, Society, and Planning: Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA397|first=Baleshwar|last=Thakur|location =University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|page=397 ,398|
+isbn=978-8180694608|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>
-In 2010s, attempts to trace the community's lineage to  Mauryan king [[Ashoka]] were supported by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Janata Dal (United)]] with an apparent eye towards the electoral benefits, particularly in northern Indian states like [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-celebrates-emperor-ashokas-birth-anniversary-in-bihar/article65303366.ece|title=BJP celebrates emperor Ashoka's birth anniversary in Bihar|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=22 April 2022|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 May 2022|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526164835/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-celebrates-emperor-ashokas-birth-anniversary-in-bihar/article65303366.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/BJP-banking-on-votes-of-Koeris/articleshow/47321629.cms|title=BJP banking on votes of Koeris|first=Abhay|last=Singh|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428214522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/BJP-banking-on-votes-of-Koeris/articleshow/47321629.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/caste-groups-are-burning-rajnath-singhs-effigies-as-he-called-chandragupta-maurya-shepherd/|title=Caste groups are burning Rajnath Singh's effigies as he called Chandragupta Maurya shepherd|first=Shivam|last=Vij|work=theprint.in|access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428214837/https://theprint.in/opinion/caste-groups-are-burning-rajnath-singhs-effigies-as-he-called-chandragupta-maurya-shepherd/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In later years, the Koeris remained in a muted position for a long period in politics or played a secondary role, while the Yadav-centric politics of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Laloo Yadav]] flourished in Bihar. However, after the formation of the [[Samta Party]] (now [[Janata Dal (United)]]) by [[Nitish Kumar]], they voted en masse for [[Samta Party|Samta]]. Its alliance showed that political parties in Bihar are identified with caste and the Samta Party was considered the party of Koeri-Kurmi community.<ref>{{cite book|title=City, Society, and Planning: Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA400|first=Baleshwar|last=Thakur|location =University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|
+isbn=978-8180694608|access-date=16 June 2020}} While Samta with its leader Nitish is considered to be the party of Koeri-Kurmi, Bihar people's party led by Anand Mohan is perceived to be a party having sympathy and support of Rajputs.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India|first=Ghanshyam|last=Shah|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2004|isbn=8178240955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=caste+and+bihar+politics&pg=PA346|access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref>
-==Notables==
+The parting of the ways between the Koeris and the Kurmis and the movement of the Koeris away from [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U)) was witnessed after the formation of the [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]] by [[Upendra Kushwaha]], who commanded huge support among members of the Koeri castes. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] appealed to the kushwaha in the 2014 elections in hopes of getting the support of the Koeri caste who had earlier voted for [[Nitish Kumar]] and the JD(U).<ref>{{cite book|title=India's 2014 Elections: A Modi-led BJP Sweep|first=Paul|last=Wallace|publisher=SAGE Publications|location = India|year=2015|isbn=978-9351505174|page=127,129
-*[[Sumitra Devi (politician)|Sumitra Devi]], first women cabinet minister of Bihar, several times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, mother-in-law of former Lok Sabha speaker [[Meira Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/education/photo/education-upa-president-candidate-meira-kumar-unknown-facts-education-family-all-details-480843-2017-06-24|title=मीरा कुमार से जड़ी वो बातें, जो आपको हैरान करने के लिए काफी हैं|website=AajTak|date=24 June 2017|language=Hindi|accessdate=15 April 2023|quote=She met Manjul Kumar while studying law. Manjul belonged to the political family of Bihar. His mother Sumitra Devi was a Congress leader. They  came from Koeri caste, which is categorised as OBC in Bihar, while Meira was a Dalit.|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414211125/https://www.aajtak.in/education/photo/education-upa-president-candidate-meira-kumar-unknown-facts-education-family-all-details-480843-2017-06-24|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFslDAAAQBAJ&q=upendra+kushwaha&pg=PT129|access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> However, the quitting of BJP and alliance by Upendra Kushwaha left Koeri politics in Bihar in a dilemma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/upendra-kushwahas-exit-could-undo-bjps-carefully-planned-bihar-caste-coalition/|title=Upendra Kushwaha's exit could undo BJP's carefully planned Bihar caste coalition|first=PRAGYA|last=KAUSHIKA|website=theprint.in|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> This rift between the Koeris and the Kurmis was orchestrated by the rise of influential Koeri leaders like Mahendra Singh and Shakuni Chaudhry, while Kushwaha remained the strongest leader of the community in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-liberation-struggle-of-bihar|title=The Liberation Struggle of Bihar|first=P. R.|last=Ramesh|date=15 October 2015|work=Open Magazine|access-date=30 April 2020}} The real migraine for the JD-U led alliance is the emergence of strong leaders within the NDA who command Kushwaha loyalties as effectively as Ashok Mahto once did for the fight against Bhumihars in the past. Rocking the Grand Alliance's prospects are Kushwaha leaders such as Upendra Kushwaha, Shakuni Chaudhury and Mahendra Singh.</ref>
-*[[Jagdish Mahto]], the founder of [[Naxalism]] in the state of Bihar. He was the leader of [[1970 Bhojpur uprising]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=S.|year=2015|title=Ruled Or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|quote= He saw an upper caste Bhumihar man rig the booth in favour of Rajdev Ram. Bhumihars had long been waiting to teach a lesson to this 'fearless and highheaded' Jagdish, a Koeri. }}</ref>
-*[[Jagdeo Prasad]], a socialist leader and former Deputy Chief Minister in the [[Government of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/no-to-casteism-politicians-wont-agree/articleshow/438064.cms|title=No to casteism? Politicians won't agree|website=Times of India|date=22 January 2004|accessdate=27 June 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/no-to-casteism-politicians-wont-agree/articleshow/438064.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
-*[[Upendra Nath Verma]], participated in [[Indian Independence movement]]. He served as a Union Minister in the cabinet of [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Lenin' waits wrapped in plastic|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/lenin-waits-wrapped-in-plastic/cid/1668125|access-date=9 September 2021|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715023500/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/lenin-waits-wrapped-in-plastic/cid/1668125|url-status=live}}</ref>
-*[[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]], participated in [[Indian Independence movement]]. He also served as Union Minister in [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The situated politics of belonging|page=135,136|first=Nira-Yuval-Davis|last=Kalpana|publisher=Sage publication|location=london|year=2006|isbn=1-4129-2101-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6pIf0EjBXIC&pg=PA135|accessdate=30 May 2020|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804124732/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6pIf0EjBXIC&pg=PA135|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="womensstudies">{{cite journal |last=Björkert |first=Suruchi Thapar |title=Women as arm-bearers: Gendered caste-violence and the Indian state |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=474–488 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2006.07.005 |date=September–October 2006 }}</ref>
-*[[Ramdeo Verma]], six term Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Bibhutipur Assembly constituency]], leader of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/left-parties-bihar-elections-rjd|title=How a Reinvented Left Is Gaining Electoral Significance in Poll-Bound Bihar|website=The Wire|accessdate=27 June 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218183009/https://thewire.in/politics/left-parties-bihar-elections-rjd|url-status=live}}</ref>
-*[[Satish Prasad Singh]], former Chief Minister of Bihar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rik-AAAAMAAJ&q=satish+prasad+singh+caste|title=Teaching Politics, Volume 6 - Volume 7, Issue 4|first=Delhi University|last=Political Science Association|publisher=Delhi University Political Science Association(Original from the University of Michigan)|year=1981|accessdate=22 June 2020|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407103441/https://books.google.com/books?id=rik-AAAAMAAJ&q=|url-status=live}} In 1969, Bindeshwar Prasad Mandal, a rich landlord Yadav of Saharsa district in manipulating some M . L . A ' s to defect from U . F . Parties to cause the fall of Mahamaya Ministry, asked Satish Prasad Singh a lesser known Koeri leader to head the ministry for a day to facilitate his nomination in the Council.</ref>
-*[[Tulsidas Mehta]], six times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Jandaha Assembly constituency]], founder of The Vaishali Cooperative Bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arnimesh |first1=Shanker |title=Denting Nitish's 'Luv-Kush' vote, synergy with Raje, OBC push — why BJP has new chiefs in 4 states |url=https://theprint.in/politics/denting-nitishs-luv-kush-vote-synergy-with-raje-obc-push-why-bjp-has-new-chiefs-in-4-states/1467308/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=ThePrint |date=24 March 2023}}</ref>
-*[[Manju Verma]], former minister for social welfare, [[Government of Bihar]].<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/caste-card-counter/cid/1445945|title=Caste card counter |first=Amit|last=Bhelari|quote="I belong to the Kushwaha caste which is also known as Koiri. Our caste has always become the role model of guiding the society, our ancestor is emperor Asoka and we follow his guidelines. We are engaged in farming and feed others. We never suppress anyone and are not involved in heinous crimes. It is the RJD and the Yadav caste that is involved in such acts," Manju declared at a media conference at her 6 Strand Road residence.|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914064222/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/caste-card-counter/cid/1445945 |accessdate=27 July 2020|archive-date=14 September 2020 }}</ref>
-*[[Samrat Choudhary]], Bihar state president of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]], former minister in [[Government of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bhaskar.com/news/kushwaha-society-is-known-for-cultivating-vegetable-bjp-leader-samrat-choudhary-said-5951802.html|title=भाजपा नेता सम्राट चौधरी बोले-हम न दूध वाले और न चावल वाले, हम तो सब्जी वाले हैं|website=Bhaskar.com|date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115204537/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/kushwaha-society-is-known-for-cultivating-vegetable-bjp-leader-samrat-choudhary-said-5951802.html|accessdate=15 November 2020|archive-date=15 November 2020|quote=BJP leader Samrat Chaudhary who comes from Kushwaha community, on the statement made by the RLSP chief Upendra Kushwaha says that we are neither milk sellers nor rice growers, we are vegetable growers. The Kushvanshis (Kushwaha Caste) are known for vegetables. Rice is grown by people of every society. Although everyone should do the work of cooking kheer in politics, there are no two opinions about it. He was talking to a private television channel.  }}</ref>
-*[[Mewalal Chaudhary]], former Vice-Chancellor of [[Bihar Agricultural University]], former Minister of Education (Government of Bihar).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/how-bjp-got-jdus-mewa-lal-to-resign-as-nitishs-minister-within-an-hour-of-taking-charge/548012/|title=How BJP got JD(U)'s Mewa Lal to resign as Nitish's minister within an hour of taking charge|website=the Print|date=19 November 2020|accessdate=18 February 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218163005/https://theprint.in/politics/how-bjp-got-jdus-mewa-lal-to-resign-as-nitishs-minister-within-an-hour-of-taking-charge/548012/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-*[[Ajit Kumar Mehta]], educationist, former professor of technology at [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]] and former Member of Parliament from [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=IndiaToday>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19781130-tarakeshwari-sinha-a-hot-favourite-for-samastipur-seat-823413-2014-04-04|title=Tarakeshwari Sinha a hot favourite for Samastipur seat|magazine=India Today|accessdate=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324191805/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19781130-tarakeshwari-sinha-a-hot-favourite-for-samastipur-seat-823413-2014-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref>
-*[[Saurabh Suman]], [[Agronomy|Agri researcher]], received [[Nari Shakti Puraskar|Nari Shakti Award]] for social service.<ref name=mah>{{Cite web|last=Chandan|first=Sanjeev|date=16 April 2016|title='Mahishasur's daughter' gets award from President|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/04/mahishasurs-daughter-gets-award-from-president-4/|access-date=6 July 2020|website=Forward Press|language=en-US|quote=“I was born into a Kushwaha (OBC) family but I consider myself a daughter of a Dalit foster father who worked as a labourer to provide for me, my sister and my mother. He sent us to school and fed us.”|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706234410/https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/04/mahishasurs-daughter-gets-award-from-president-4/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-*[[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]], former deputy leader of [[Janata Dal (United)]] in [[Lok Sabha]], twice Member of Parliament from [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/blog/lok-sabha-election-2019-bihar-nda-announces-seat-names-1090497-1090497|title=NDA सीट गणित: ललन सिंह की वजह से गिरिराज बेगुसराय पहुंचे, BJP ने अपने 5 सांसदों को टिकट से पैदल किया|website=ABP live|date=17 March 2019|accessdate=15 July 2023|quote=वाल्मिकीनगर से कोइरी जाति के पूर्व सांसद वैद्यनाथ महतो का नाम तय है.|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716200518/https://www.abplive.com/blog/lok-sabha-election-2019-bihar-nda-announces-seat-names-1090497-1090497|url-status=live}}</ref>
-*[[Chandrashekhar Prasad]], former president of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]], one of the founding leader of [[All India Students Association]], known for his opposition to [[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Mohammad Shahabuddin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2013/01/jnu-travails-of-a-dalit-comrade-president/|title=JNU: Travails of A Dalit Comrade President|website=forward Press|date=January 2013 |accessdate=12 June 2023|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129120804/https://www.forwardpress.in/2013/01/jnu-travails-of-a-dalit-comrade-president/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-*[[Rati Lal Prasad Verma]], founding leader of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in Bihar-Jharkhand region; former member of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency]], [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Towards a New Era: Economic, Social and Political Reforms|year=2001|place=India|publisher=Har-Anand Publication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-CavJF-EVEC&pg=PA166|page=166|isbn=9788124108000 |access-date=22 July 2023|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722074606/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5-CavJF-EVEC&pg=PA166&dq=|url-status=live|quote= Another BJP MP from Koderma, Ratilal Prasad Verma belongs to backward community of Koeris constituting 10 percent in Bihar. He was upset at ordnance factory not being founded in his constituency but in the constituency of George Fernandes.. Expressing his disappointment and threatening to leave the party he said: "My decision will depend on Koeri Samaj-they have been urging me to leave the party.}}</ref>
-*[[Binod Singh Kushwaha]], former Minister for Backward and Extremely Backward Castes in Government of Bihar, former MLA of BJP from [[Pranpur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bihar-cabinet-expansion-not-only-jdu-but-bjp-too-eyeing-on-kushwaha-and-muslim-faces-know-21332972.html|title=Bihar Cabinet Expansion: कुशवाहा व मुसलमान चेहरों पर JDU ही नहीं BJP की भी टिकी हैं नजरें, जानिए|website=jagran|accessdate=28 July 2023|quote=At present there are three Kushwaha MLAs in BJP. In this, in the previous government, the BJP had made Vinod Singh, MLA from Pranapur in Seemanchal, a minister. Vinod passed away. Former minister's wife Nisha Singh has won for the first time in the 17th assembly. On the other hand, Dr. Sunil Kumar from Bihar Sharif won for the third time and Pramod Sinha, MLA from Raxaul won for the first time.|archive-date=28 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728112801/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bihar-cabinet-expansion-not-only-jdu-but-bjp-too-eyeing-on-kushwaha-and-muslim-faces-know-21332972.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-*[[Ramdeo Mahto]], founding leader of Bharatiya Janata Party and [[Bhartiya Jana Sangh]] in Bihar, former Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Patna East Assembly constituency]].<ref name=Verma>{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=VP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2HVAAAAMAAJ |title=A Study of the Mid-term Elections in Bihar 1969 |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Public Administration|Institute of Public Administration]] |year=1970 |location=India |quote=The voters belonging to the Backward Class ( Koeri and Awadhia ) and the voters . of the business communities voted in favour of the Jana Sangh candidate Ramdeo Mahto who happened to be a member of the backward community ( Koeri )}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 *[[Bihari Mauritians]]
-*[[History of Backward Caste movement in Bihar]]
+*[[Kachhi (caste)]]
-*[[Maurya (surname)]]
+*[[Kushwaha]]
-*[[Kushwaha (surname)]]
-*[[Shakya (surname)]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 151: / Line 115: @@
 [[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
 [[Category:Agricultural castes]]
-[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
-[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
-[[Category:Hindu communities]]