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{{short description|Farmers' wing of Communist Pary of India}} | {{short description|Farmers' wing of Communist Pary of India}} | ||
{{For|the earlier Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha (1919-1922)}} | {{For-multi|the earlier Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha (1919-1922)|the farmers' wing of CPIM|All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}} | {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}} | ||
{{Infobox organization | {{Infobox organization | ||
| name = All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) | | name = All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) | ||
| logo = | | logo = [[File:AIKS Flag.png|250px]] | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
| image_border = | | image_border = | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
| mcaption = | | mcaption = | ||
| motto = | | motto = | ||
| formation = {{Start date and | | formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1936|4|11}}, [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Province]], [[British India|British Raj]] | ||
| headquarters = Ajoy Bhavan, 15, Indrajit Gupta Marg, [[New Delhi, India]]-110002 | | headquarters = Ajoy Bhavan, 15, Indrajit Gupta Marg, [[New Delhi, India]]-110002 | ||
| type = Peasant Organisation | | type = Peasant Organisation | ||
| leader_title = | | leader_title = National President | ||
| leader_name = | | leader_name = Rajan Kshirsagar | ||
| leader_title2 = | | leader_title2 = General Secretary | ||
| leader_name2 = R. Venkaiah | | leader_name2 = R. Venkaiah | ||
| leader_title3 = | | leader_title3 = | ||
| Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
| remarks = | | remarks = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS | '''All India Kisan Sabha''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''AIKS'''; [[Literal translation|lit.]] ''All India Farmers Union'', also known as the '''Akhil Bharatiya Kisan Sabha''') is the peasant or farmers' wing of the [[Communist Party of India]], an important [[peasant movement]] formed by [[Sahajanand Saraswati]] in 1936.<ref>{{cite book | first = Śekhara | last = Bandyopādhyāya | title = From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India | publisher = [[Orient Longman]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-81-250-2596-2 | pages = 523 (at p 406)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=75 Years of AIKS: A Saga of Glory |url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2011/06/75-years-of-aiks-saga-of-glory.html|website=newageweekly.in |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The Kisan Sabha movement started in [[Bihar]] under the leadership of Sahajanand Saraswati who had formed in 1929 the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS) | The Kisan Sabha movement started in [[Bihar]] under the leadership of Sahajanand Saraswati who had formed in 1929 the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS) to mobilise peasant grievances against the [[zamindari]] attacks on their occupancy rights and thus sparking the farmers' movements in India.<ref>{{cite book | ||
| first = Śekhara | | first = Śekhara | ||
| last = Bandyopādhyāya | | last = Bandyopādhyāya | ||
| Line 52: | Line 52: | ||
}}</ref><ref name=pea>''Peasant Struggles in India'', by Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai. Published by Oxford University Press, 1979. ''Page 349''.</ref> | }}</ref><ref name=pea>''Peasant Struggles in India'', by Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai. Published by Oxford University Press, 1979. ''Page 349''.</ref> | ||
Gradually the peasant movement intensified and spread across the rest of [[India]]. All | Gradually, the peasant movement intensified and spread across the rest of [[India]]. All of those radical developments on the peasant front culminated in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha at the [[Lucknow]] session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in April 1936, with Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first president.<ref>{{cite book | ||
| first = Śekhara | last = Bandyopādhyāya | | first = Śekhara | last = Bandyopādhyāya | ||
| title = From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India | | title = From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India | ||
| publisher = [[Orient Longman]] | year = 2004 | | publisher = [[Orient Longman]] | year = 2004 | ||
| isbn = 978-81-250-2596-2 | pages = 523 (at p 407)}}</ref> The other prominent members | | isbn = 978-81-250-2596-2 | pages = 523 (at p 407)}}</ref> The other prominent members were [[N.G. Ranga]], [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], [[Acharya Narendra Dev]] and Bankim Mukerji. It involved prominent leaders like [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]], [[Indulal Yagnik]], [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], [[Z. A. Ahmed]], [[Karyanand Sharma]], [[Yamuna Karjee]], [[Yadunandan Sharma]], [[Rahul Sankrityayan]], [[P. Sundarayya]], [[Yogendra Sharma]] and [[Bankim Mukherjee]]. The Kisan Manifesto, released in August 1936, demanded the abolition of the [[zamindari]] system and the cancellation of rural debts. In October 1937, it adopted the red flag as its banner.<ref name="ma">''Mahatma Gandhi'', by Sankar Ghose. Published by Allied Publishers, 1991. {{ISBN|81-7023-205-8}}. Page 262.</ref> Soon, its leaders became increasingly distant with Congress and repeatedly came in confrontation with Congress governments in [[Bihar]] and in [[United Province]]. | ||
In | In subsequent years, the movement was increasingly dominated by Socialists and Communists as it moved away from the Congress. By the 1938 [[Haripura]] session of the Congress, under the presidency of [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]], the rift became evident<ref name="ma" /> and by May 1942, the [[Communist Party of India]], which was finally legalised by the government in July 1942,<ref>''Caste, Protest and Identity in Colonial India: The Namasudras of Bengal, 1872-1947'', by Shekhar Bandyopadhyaya. Routledge, 1997. {{ISBN|0-7007-0626-7}}. Page 233.</ref> had taken over All India Kisan Sabha all across India, including [[Bengal]] where its membership grew considerably.<ref name="sta">''States, Parties, and Social Movements'', by Jack A. Goldstone. Cambridge University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-521-01699-1}}. Page 192.</ref> It took on the Communist Party's line of [[people's war]] and stayed away from the [[Quit India Movement]], which started in August 1942, and so lost its popular base. Many of its members defied party orders and joined the movement. Prominent members like [[N. G. Ranga]], [[Indulal Yagnik]] and [[Swami Sahajananda]] soon left the organisation, which increasingly found it difficult to approach the peasants with its watered-down pro-British and pro-war approach. That made increase its nationalist agenda, much to the dismay of the British Raj.<ref>''Peasants in India's Non-violent Revolution: Practice and Theory'', by Mridula Mukherjee. Published by SAGE, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7619-9686-9}}. Page 347.</ref> | ||
{{Further|All India Kisan Sabha delegation to Europe, 1955}} | |||
==Conferences and office bearers== | ==Conferences and office bearers== | ||
| Line 67: | Line 68: | ||
|1<br/>(founder conference)||11 April 1936|| Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh ||[[Sahajanand Saraswati]]||[[N. G. Ranga]] | |1<br/>(founder conference)||11 April 1936|| Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh ||[[Sahajanand Saraswati]]||[[N. G. Ranga]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2|| | |2||25–26 December 1936||Faijpur||[[N. G. Ranga]]||[[Sahajanand Saraswati]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3||11–14 May 1938 | |3||11–14 May 1938 | ||
||Comilla<br /> (now in Bangladesh)||[[Sahajanand Saraswati]]||[[N. G. Ranga]] | ||Comilla<br /> (now in Bangladesh)||[[Sahajanand Saraswati]]||[[N. G. Ranga]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|4||9–10 April 1939||Gaya, Bihar||[[Narendra | |4||9–10 April 1939||Gaya, Bihar||[[Narendra Dev]]||[[Sahajanand Saraswati]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|5||26–27 March 1940||Palasa, Andhra Pradesh||[[Rahul Sankrityayan]]||[[Indulal Yagnik]] | |5||26–27 March 1940||Palasa, Andhra Pradesh||[[Rahul Sankrityayan]]||[[Indulal Yagnik]] | ||
| Line 79: | Line 80: | ||
|rowspan=2|[[Sahajanand Saraswati]] | |rowspan=2|[[Sahajanand Saraswati]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7||1–4 April 1943||Bhakhna,Punjab||[[Bankim Mukherjee]] | |7||1–4 April 1943||Bhakhna, Punjab||[[Bankim Mukherjee]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|8||14–15 March 1944||Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh||[[Sahajanand Saraswati]] | |8||14–15 March 1944||Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh||[[Sahajanand Saraswati]] | ||
| Line 129: | Line 130: | ||
|[[Y. V. Krishna Rao]] | |[[Y. V. Krishna Rao]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|26|| | |26||1997 | ||
|Thrissur | |Thrissur | ||
|rowspan=5|[[Atul Kumar Anjan]] | |rowspan=5|[[Atul Kumar Anjan]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|27|| | |27||2001 | ||
|Kauntai, West Bengal||[[C. K. Chandrappan]] | |Kauntai, West Bengal||[[C. K. Chandrappan]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|28||9–12 | |28||9–12 December 2010||Aurangabad, Maharashtra | ||
|rowspan=2|[[Prabodh Panda]] | |rowspan=2|[[Prabodh Panda]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 143: | Line 144: | ||
|||16 November 2021||In CC meeting||R. Venkaiah | |||16 November 2021||In CC meeting||R. Venkaiah | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Activities == | == Activities == | ||
=== Protest against three Agri-bills === | === Protest against three Agri-bills === | ||
AIKS led nationwide protests against Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 | AIKS led nationwide protests against the [[Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020]]; the [[Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020]]; and the [[Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020]]. | ||
* '''26 January 2021''': AIKS | *'''2 October 2018''': The AIKS organized a march of farmers at the bundary of [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kisan-krant-march-aiks-terms-police-action-as-barbaric-says-centre-s-acceptance-of-demands-hoax-2670818|title=Kisan Krant March: AIKS terms police action as 'barbaric'; says Centre's acceptance of demands 'hoax'}}</ref> | ||
*''' | * '''26 January 2021''': The AIKS organised a tractor rally in the national capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/farmers-delhi-police-gear-up-for-republic-day-tractor-rally-unions-announce-parliament-march-on-1-feb-9238731.html|title=Farmers, Delhi Police gear up for Republic Day tractor rally; unions announce Parliament march on 1 Feb|newspaper=[[First Post]]|date=2021-01-26|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/delhi-police-flags-threat-to-farmers-tractor-rally-on-january-26-121012500005_1.html|title=Delhi Police flags threat to farmers' tractor rally on January 26|newspaper=[[Business Standard, India]]|publisher=Agencies|date=2021-01-24|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref> | ||
*'''26 February 2022''': The AIKS led thousands of farmers started marching to the Collector's Office in [[Dhule district]], [[Maharashtra]], to demand forest land certificates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarkarnama.in/maharashtra/uttar-maharashtra/trible-farmers-march-to-collector-office-start-at-shirpur-sd67|title = वनपट्ट्यांसाठी रणरणत्या उन्हात शिरपूर ते धुळे लाँग मार्चला सुरवात| date=26 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarkarnama.in/maharashtra/uttar-maharashtra/angry-triblefarmerssaid-governers-break-the-centres-law-sd67|title = राज्यपाल कोशियारी यांनी आदिवासींच्या वनहक्क कायद्याची मोडतोड केली?| date=March 2022 }}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist | {{Reflist}} | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
{{refbegin|2}} | {{refbegin|2}} | ||
* ''Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941'' translated and edited by [[Walter Hauser]] along with the unedited [[Hindi]] original ([[Manohar Publishers]], paperback, 2005). | * ''Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941'' translated and edited by [[Walter Hauser]] along with the unedited [[Hindi]] original ([[Manohar Publishers]], paperback, 2005). | ||
* ''Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor'' translated and edited by [[Walter Hauser]] Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005). | * ''Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor'' translated and edited by [[Walter Hauser]] Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005). | ||
| Line 264: | Line 188: | ||
* ''Peasants in History: Essays in Honour of Daniel Thorner'', by Eric J. Hobsbawm, Daniel Thorner, Witold Kula, Sameeksha Trust.Published by Oxford University Press, 1981. | * ''Peasants in History: Essays in Honour of Daniel Thorner'', by Eric J. Hobsbawm, Daniel Thorner, Witold Kula, Sameeksha Trust.Published by Oxford University Press, 1981. | ||
* ''Bihar Peasantry and the Kisan Sabha, 1936-1947'', by Rakesh Gupta. Published by People's Pub. House, 1982. | * ''Bihar Peasantry and the Kisan Sabha, 1936-1947'', by Rakesh Gupta. Published by People's Pub. House, 1982. | ||
* | * "The Constitution of All India Kisan Sabha" ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties'', by O. P. Ralhan, Published by Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002. {{ISBN|81-7488-865-9}}. ''Page 1-10''. | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
Latest revision as of 11:37, 19 September 2025
 | |
| Formation | 11 April 1936, Lucknow, United Province, British Raj |
|---|---|
| Type | Peasant Organisation |
| Headquarters | Ajoy Bhavan, 15, Indrajit Gupta Marg, New Delhi, India-110002 |
| Location |
|
National President | Rajan Kshirsagar |
General Secretary | R. Venkaiah |
| Affiliations | Communist Party of India |
All India Kisan Sabha (abbr. AIKS; lit. All India Farmers Union, also known as the Akhil Bharatiya Kisan Sabha) is the peasant or farmers' wing of the Communist Party of India, an important peasant movement formed by Sahajanand Saraswati in 1936.[1][2]
History[edit | edit source]
The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar under the leadership of Sahajanand Saraswati who had formed in 1929 the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS) to mobilise peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights and thus sparking the farmers' movements in India.[3][4]
Gradually, the peasant movement intensified and spread across the rest of India. All of those radical developments on the peasant front culminated in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936, with Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first president.[5] The other prominent members were N.G. Ranga, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Bankim Mukerji. It involved prominent leaders like E.M.S. Namboodiripad, Indulal Yagnik, Sohan Singh Bhakna, Z. A. Ahmed, Karyanand Sharma, Yamuna Karjee, Yadunandan Sharma, Rahul Sankrityayan, P. Sundarayya, Yogendra Sharma and Bankim Mukherjee. The Kisan Manifesto, released in August 1936, demanded the abolition of the zamindari system and the cancellation of rural debts. In October 1937, it adopted the red flag as its banner.[6] Soon, its leaders became increasingly distant with Congress and repeatedly came in confrontation with Congress governments in Bihar and in United Province.
In subsequent years, the movement was increasingly dominated by Socialists and Communists as it moved away from the Congress. By the 1938 Haripura session of the Congress, under the presidency of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, the rift became evident[6] and by May 1942, the Communist Party of India, which was finally legalised by the government in July 1942,[7] had taken over All India Kisan Sabha all across India, including Bengal where its membership grew considerably.[8] It took on the Communist Party's line of people's war and stayed away from the Quit India Movement, which started in August 1942, and so lost its popular base. Many of its members defied party orders and joined the movement. Prominent members like N. G. Ranga, Indulal Yagnik and Swami Sahajananda soon left the organisation, which increasingly found it difficult to approach the peasants with its watered-down pro-British and pro-war approach. That made increase its nationalist agenda, much to the dismay of the British Raj.[9]
Conferences and office bearers[edit | edit source]
| National Conference | Year | Place | President | General Secretary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (founder conference) |
11 April 1936 | Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh | Sahajanand Saraswati | N. G. Ranga |
| 2 | 25–26 December 1936 | Faijpur | N. G. Ranga | Sahajanand Saraswati |
| 3 | 11–14 May 1938 | Comilla (now in Bangladesh) |
Sahajanand Saraswati | N. G. Ranga |
| 4 | 9–10 April 1939 | Gaya, Bihar | Narendra Dev | Sahajanand Saraswati |
| 5 | 26–27 March 1940 | Palasa, Andhra Pradesh | Rahul Sankrityayan | Indulal Yagnik |
| 6 | 29–31 May 1942 | Patna | Indulal Yagnik | Sahajanand Saraswati |
| 7 | 1–4 April 1943 | Bhakhna, Punjab | Bankim Mukherjee | |
| 8 | 14–15 March 1944 | Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh | Sahajanand Saraswati | Bankim Mukherjee |
| 9 | 5–9 April 1945 | Netrakona (now in Bangladesh) |
Muzaffar Ahmad | |
| 10 | 22–26 May 1947 | Secunderabad, Aligarh | Karyanand Sharma | M.A. Rasul |
| 11 | 22–23 April 1953 | Kannur, Kerala | Indulal Yagnik | N. Prasad Rao |
| 12 | 13–19 September 1954 | Moga, Punjab | ||
| 13 | 17–22 May 1955 | Talasari, Dahanu, Maharashtra | Nana Patil | |
| 14 | 28–30 September 1956 | Amritsar | A. K. Gopalan | |
| 15 | 28 October – 3 November 1957 | Bangaon, West Bengal | ||
| 16 | 29 April – 3 May 1959 | Mayuram, Tanjaur, Tamil Nadu | Bhabani Sen | |
| 17 | 17–19 May 1960 | Gazipur, Uttar Pradesh | ||
| 18 | 30 March – 2 April 1961 | Thrissur, Kerala | Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri | |
| 19 | 10–12 January 1968 | Amravati | Teja Singh Sutantar | Z.A. Ahmed |
| 20 | 1–5 April 1970 | Barasat, West Bengal | ||
| 21 | 19–23 September 1973 | Bhatinda | Z.A. Ahmed | Indradeep Sinha |
| 22 | 7–10 June 1979 | Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh | ||
| 23 | 28–31 December 1986 | Barabanki Uttar Pradesh | Indradeep Sinha | Y. V. Krishna Rao |
| 24 | 16–19 June 1993 | Madhubani, Bihar | Y. V. Krishna Rao | Bhogendra Jha |
| 25 | Bihar | Bhogendra Jha | Y. V. Krishna Rao | |
| 26 | 1997 | Thrissur | Atul Kumar Anjan | |
| 27 | 2001 | Kauntai, West Bengal | C. K. Chandrappan | |
| 28 | 9–12 December 2010 | Aurangabad, Maharashtra | Prabodh Panda | |
| 29 | 27–29 March 2015 | Hyderabad, Telangana | ||
| 16 November 2021 | In CC meeting | R. Venkaiah |
Activities[edit | edit source]
Protest against three Agri-bills[edit | edit source]
AIKS led nationwide protests against the Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020; the Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020; and the Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020.
- 2 October 2018: The AIKS organized a march of farmers at the bundary of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh.[10]
- 26 January 2021: The AIKS organised a tractor rally in the national capital.[11][12]
- 26 February 2022: The AIKS led thousands of farmers started marching to the Collector's Office in Dhule district, Maharashtra, to demand forest land certificates.[13][14]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Longman. pp. 523 (at p 406). ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2.
- ↑ "75 Years of AIKS: A Saga of Glory". newageweekly.in.
- ↑ Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Longman. pp. 523 (at p 406). ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2.
- ↑ Peasant Struggles in India, by Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai. Published by Oxford University Press, 1979. Page 349.
- ↑ Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Longman. pp. 523 (at p 407). ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mahatma Gandhi, by Sankar Ghose. Published by Allied Publishers, 1991. ISBN 81-7023-205-8. Page 262.
- ↑ Caste, Protest and Identity in Colonial India: The Namasudras of Bengal, 1872-1947, by Shekhar Bandyopadhyaya. Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-7007-0626-7. Page 233.
- ↑ States, Parties, and Social Movements, by Jack A. Goldstone. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-01699-1. Page 192.
- ↑ Peasants in India's Non-violent Revolution: Practice and Theory, by Mridula Mukherjee. Published by SAGE, 2004. ISBN 0-7619-9686-9. Page 347.
- ↑ "Kisan Krant March: AIKS terms police action as 'barbaric'; says Centre's acceptance of demands 'hoax'".
- ↑ "Farmers, Delhi Police gear up for Republic Day tractor rally; unions announce Parliament march on 1 Feb". First Post. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ↑ "Delhi Police flags threat to farmers' tractor rally on January 26". Business Standard, India. Agencies. 24 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ↑ "वनपट्ट्यांसाठी रणरणत्या उन्हात शिरपूर ते धुळे लाँग मार्चला सुरवात". 26 February 2022.
- ↑ "राज्यपाल कोशियारी यांनी आदिवासींच्या वनहक्क कायद्याची मोडतोड केली?". March 2022.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauser along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
- Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
- Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement translated and edited by Walter Hauser Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).
- Swami And Friends: Sahajanand Saraswati And Those Who Refuse To Let The Past of Bihar's Peasant Movements Become History By Arvind Narayan Das, Paper for the Peasant Symposium, May 1997 University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Bagchi, A.K., 1976, "Deindustrialisation in Gangetic Bihar, 1809- 1901" in Essays in Honour of Prof. S.C. Sarkar, New Delhi.
- Banaji, Jairus, 1976, "The Peasantry in the Feudal Mode of Production: Towards an Economic Model", Journal of Peasant Studies, April.
- Bandopadhyay, D., 1973, "Agrarian Relations in Two Bihar Districts", Mainstream, 2 June, New Delhi.
- Judith M. Brown, 1972, Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics, 1915–1922, London.
- Chaudhuri, B.B., 1971, "Agrarian Movements in Bengal and Bihar, 1919-1939" in B.R. Nanda, ed., Socialism in India, New Delhi.
- Chaudhuri, B.B., 1975, "The Process of Depeasantisation in Bengal and Bihar, 1885-1947", Indian Historical Review, 2(1), July, New Delhi.
- Chaudhuri, B.B., 1975a, "Land Market in Eastern India, 1793-1940", Indian Economic and Social History Review, 13 (1 & 2), New Delhi.
- Arvind Narayan Das, 1981, Agrarian Unrest and Socio-economic Change in Bihar, 1900-1980, Delhi : Manohar.
- Arvind Narayan Das (ed.),1982, Agrarian Movements in India : Studies on 20th Century Bihar, London : Frank Cass.
- Arvind Narayan Das, 1992, The Republic of Bihar, New Delhi : Penguin.
- Arvind Narayan Das, 1996, Changel : The Biography of a Village, New Delhi : Penguin.
- Datta, K.K., 1957, History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar, Patna.
- Diwakar, R.R., ed., 1957, Bihar Through the Ages, Patna.
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, 1921, "The Zamindar and the Ryots", Young India, Vol. III (New Series) No. 153, 18 May.
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, 1940, An Autobiography or The Story of My experiments in Truth, Ahmedabad.
- Mishra, G., 1968. "The Socio-economic Background of Gandhi's Champaran Movement", Indian Economic and Social History Review, 5(3), New Delhi.
- Mishra, G., 1978, Agrarian Problems of Permanent Settlement: A Case Study of Champaran, New Delhi.
- Mitra, Manoshi, 1983, Agrarian Social Structure in Bihar: Continuity and Change, 1786–1820, Delhi : Manohar.
- Pouchepadass, J., 1974, "Local Leaders and the Intelligentsia in the Champaran Satyagraha", Contributions to Indian Sociology, New Series, No.8, November, New Delhi.
- Prasad, P.H., 1979, "Semi-Feudalism: Basic Constraint in Indian Agriculture" in Arvind N. Das & V. Nilakant, eds., Agrarian Relations in India, New Delhi.
- Shanin, Teodor, 1978, Defining Peasants: Conceptualisations and Deconceptualisations: Old and New in a Marxist Debate, Manchester University.
- Solomon, S., 1937, Bihar and Orissa in 1934-35, Patna.
- Socialism in India, by Bal Ram Nanda, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. Published by Vikas Publications, 1972.Page 205.
- A History of the All India Kisan Sabha, by Md. Abdullah Rasul. Published by National Book Agency, 1974.
- Peasants in History: Essays in Honour of Daniel Thorner, by Eric J. Hobsbawm, Daniel Thorner, Witold Kula, Sameeksha Trust.Published by Oxford University Press, 1981.
- Bihar Peasantry and the Kisan Sabha, 1936-1947, by Rakesh Gupta. Published by People's Pub. House, 1982.
- "The Constitution of All India Kisan Sabha" Encyclopaedia of Political Parties, by O. P. Ralhan, Published by Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002. ISBN 81-7488-865-9. Page 1-10.