Hanuman Chalisa: Difference between revisions

Hanuman
Hanuman
	The Hindu deity Hanuman showing Rama in his Heart.
Information
Religion	Hinduism
Author	Tulsidas
Language	Awadhi language
Verses	40

Revision as of 01:07, 15 March 2023

The Hanuman Chalisa (Hindi pronunciation: [ɦənʊmaːn tʃaːliːsaː]; Forty chaupais on Hanuman) is a Hindu devotional hymn (stotra) in praise of Hanuman.^[2]^[3]^[4] It was authored by Tulsidas in the Awadhi language,^[2] and is his best known text apart from the Ramcharitmanas.^[5]^[6] The word "chālīsā" is derived from "chālīs", which means the number forty in Hindi, as the Hanuman Chalisa has 40 verses (excluding the couplets at the beginning and at the end).^[2]

Hanuman is a devotee of Rama and one of the central characters of the Ramayana. According to the Shaiva tradition, the deity Hanuman is also an incarnation of Shiva. Folktales acclaim the powers of Hanuman.^[7] The qualities of the god Hanuman – his strength, courage, wisdom, celibacy (brahmacharya), his devotion to Rama and the many names by which he is known – are detailed in the Hanuman Chalisa.^[7] Recitation or chanting of the Hanuman Chalisa is a common religious practice.^[8] The Hanuman Chalisa is the most popular hymn in praise of Hanuman, and is recited by millions of Hindus every day.^[9]

Description

The authorship of the Hanuman Chalisa is attributed to Tulsidas, a poet-saint who lived in the 16th century CE. He mentions his name in the last verse of the hymn. It is said in the 39th verse of the Hanuman Chalisa that whoever chants it with full devotion to Hanuman, will have Hanuman's grace. Among Hindus worldwide, it is a very popular belief that chanting the Chalisa invokes Hanuman's divine intervention in grave problems.

Author

The most common picture of Tulsidas

Home of Tulsidas on the banks of River Ganga Tulsi Ghat Varanasi where Hanuman Chalisa was written, a small temple is also located at this site

Tulsidas^[10] (1497/1532–1623) was a Hindu poet-saint, reformer and philosopher renowned for his devotion for Rama. A composer of several popular works, he is best known for being the author of the epic Ramcharitmanas, a retelling of the Ramayana in the vernacular Awadhi language. Tulsidas was acclaimed in his lifetime to be a reincarnation of Valmiki, the composer of the original Ramayana in Sanskrit.^[11] Tulsidas lived in the city of Varanasi until his death.^[12] The Tulsi Ghat in Varnasi is named after him.^[10] He founded the Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple dedicated to Hanuman in Varanasi, believed to stand at the place where he had the sight of Hanuman.^[13] Tulsidas started the Ramlila plays, a folk-theatre adaption of the Ramayana.^[14] He has been acclaimed as one of the greatest poets in Hindi, Indian, and World literature.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] The impact of Tulsidas and his works on the art, culture and society in India is widespread and is seen to date in vernacular language, Ramlila plays, Hindustani classical music, popular music, and television series.^[14]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Language

There are 2 couplets in the beginning and one couplet at the ending between the 40 verses of Hanuman Chalisa.^[22] The Chalisa detail in the order of his knowledge, devotion to Rama and man without any desire.^[23] As with the case of devotional literature, Tulsidas starts the poem with two couplets praising his guru (teacher).^[24] The language of Chalisa is in the Awadhi language.^[25]

Deity

The Hindu deity to whom the prayer is addressed is Hanuman, an ardent devotee of Rama (the seventh avatar of Vishnu) and a central character in the Ramayana. A general among the vanaras, Hanuman was a warrior of Rama in the war against the rakshasa king Ravana. Hanuman's exploits are much celebrated in a variety of religious and cultural traditions,^[26] particularly in Hinduism, to the extent that he is often the object of worship according to some bhakti traditions,^[27] and is the prime deity in many temples known as Hanuman Mandirs. He is one of the seven chiranjivis (immortals). Hanuman also appears in the Mahabharata on Arjuna's chariot as his dhvaja (flag).

Text

Hanuman fetches the mountain bearing the herb Sanjeevani

The work consists of forty-three verses – two introductory dohas, forty Chaupais, and one doha in the end.^[2] The first introductory doha begins with the word shrī, which refers to Shiva, who is considered the guru of Hanuman.^[28] The auspicious form, knowledge, virtues, powers and bravery of Hanuman are described in the first ten Chaupais.^[29]^[30]^[31] Chaupais eleven to twenty describe the acts of Hanuman in his service to Rama, with the eleventh to fifteenth Chaupais describing the role of Hanuman in bringing back Lakshmana to consciousness.^[29] From the twenty-first Chaupai, Tulsidas describes the need of Hanuman's kripa.^[32] At the end, Tulsidas greets Hanuman with subtle devotion^[33] and requests him to reside in his heart and in the heart of devotees.^[34] The concluding doha again requests Hanuman to reside in the heart, along with Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita.^[35]

Introductory dohas


	Devanagari श्रीगुरु चरन सरोज रज, निज मनु मुकुरु सुधारि। बरनऊं रघुबर बिमल जसु, जो दायकु फल चारि॥	Hunterian shrī guru charana saroja raj, nija manu mukuru sudhāri। baranaun raghubara bimala jasu, jo dayaku phala chāri॥

Devanagari बुद्धिहीन तनु जानिके, सुमिरौं पवन-कुमार। बल बुद्धि विद्या देहु मोही, हरहु कलेश विकार॥	Hunterian budhiheena tanu janike, sumiraun pavana-kumara। bala budhi vidya dehu mohi, harahu kalesha vikara॥

Hanuman Chalisa

Devanagari जय हनुमान ज्ञान गुन सागर। जय कपीश तिहु लोक उजागर॥ १ ॥	Hunterian jaya hanumāna gnyāna guna sāgara। jaya kapīsa tihu loka ujāgara॥ 1 ॥

Devanagari राम दूत अतुलित बल धामा। अंजनि पुत्र पवनसुत नामा॥ २ ॥	Hunterian rāma dūta atulita bala dhāmā। anjani putra pavanasuta nāmā॥ 2 ॥

Devanagari महावीर विक्रम बजरंगी। कुमति निवार सुमति के संगी॥ ३ ॥	Hunterian mahāvīra vikrama bajarangī। kumati nivāra sumati ke sangī॥ 3 ॥

Devanagari कंचन वर्ण विराज सुवेशा। कानन कुंडल कुंचित केशा॥ ४ ॥	Hunterian kanchana barana birāja subesā। kānana kundala kunchita kesā॥ 4 ॥

Devanagari हाथ वज्र अरु ध्वजा विराजै। काँधे मूँज जनेऊ साजै॥ ५ ॥	Hunterian hātha bajra au dhvajā birājai। kādhe mūnja janeū sājai॥ 5 ॥

Devanagari शंकर स्वयं केसरी नंदन। तेज प्रताप महा जग वंदन॥ ६ ॥	Hunterian shankara swayam kesarī nandana। teja pratāpa mahā jaga bandana॥ 6 ॥

Devanagari विद्यावान गुणी अति चातुर। राम काज करिबे को आतुर॥ ७ ॥	Hunterian vidyāvāna gunī ati chātura। rāma kāja karibe ko ātura॥ 7 ॥

Devanagari प्रभु चरित्र सुनिबे को रसिया। राम लखन सीता मन बसिया॥ ८ ॥	Hunterian prabhu charitra sunibe ko rasiyā। rāma lakhana sītā mana basiyā॥ 8 ॥

Devanagari सूक्ष्म रूप धरी सियहिं दिखावा। विकट रूप धरि लंक जरावा॥ ९ ॥	Hunterian sūkshma rūpa dhari siyahi dikhāvā। bikata rūpa dhari lanka jarāvā॥ 9 ॥

Devanagari भीम रूप धरि असुर सँहारे। रामचन्द्र जी के काज सँवारे॥ १० ॥	Hunterian bhīma rūpa dhari asura sahāre। rāmachandra ke kāja savāre॥ 10 ॥

Devanagari लाय सँजीवन लखन जियाए। श्रीरघुवीर हरषि उर लाए॥ ११ ॥	Hunterian lāya sanjīvani lakhana jiyāe। shrī raghubīra harashi ura lāe॥ 11 ॥

Devanagari रघुपति कीन्ही बहुत बडाई। तुम मम प्रिय भरतहिसम भाई॥ १२ ॥	Hunterian raghupati kīnhī bahut badāī। tuma mam priya bharathi sama bhāī॥ 12 ॥

Devanagari सहस्त्र बदन तुम्हरो यश गावैं। अस कहि श्रीपति कंठ लगावैं॥ १३ ॥	Hunterian sahasa badana tumharo jasa gāvai। asa kahi shrīpati kantha lagāvai॥ 13 ॥

Devanagari सनकादिक ब्रह्मादि मुनीशा। नारद शारद सहित अहीशा॥ १४ ॥ यम कुबेर दिगपाल जहाँते। कवि कोविद कहि सकैं कहाँते॥ १५ ॥	Hunterian sanakādika brahmādi munīsā। nārada sārada sahita ahīsā॥ 14 ॥ jama kubera dikpāla jahā te। kabi kobida kahi sakai kahā te॥ 15 ॥

Devanagari तुम उपकार सुग्रीवहि कीन्हा। राम मिलाय राजपद दीन्हा॥ १६ ॥	Hunterian tuma upakāra sugrīvahi kīnhā। rāma milāya rājapada dīnhā॥ 16 ॥

Devanagari तुम्हरो मन्त्र विभीषण माना। लंकेश्वर भए सब जग जाना॥ १७ ॥	Hunterian tumharo mantra bibhīshana mānā। lankeshvara bhae saba jaga jānā॥ 17 ॥

Devanagari युग सहस्र योजन पर भानू। लील्यो ताहि मधुर फल जानू॥ १८ ॥	Hunterian juga sahasra jojana para bhānū। līlyo tāhi madhura phala jānū॥ 18 ॥

Devanagari प्रभु मुद्रिका मेलि मुख माही। जलधि लाँघि गये अचरज नाही॥ १९ ॥	Hunterian prabhu mudrikā meli mukha māhī। jaladhi lāghi gaye acharaja nāhī॥ 19 ॥

Devanagari दुर्गम काज जगत के जेते । सुगम अनुग्रह तुम्हरे तेते॥ २० ॥	Hunterian durgama kāja jagata ke jete। sugama anugraha tumhare tete॥ 20 ॥

Devanagari राम दुआरे तुम रखवारे। होत न आज्ञा बिन पैसारे॥ २१ ॥	Hunterian rāma duāre tuma rakhavāre। hota na āgnyā binu paisāre॥ 21 ॥

Devanagari सब सुख लहै तुम्हारी शरना। तुम रक्षक काहू को डरना॥ २२ ॥	Hunterian saba sukha lahai tumhārī saranā। tuma rakshaka kāhū ko daranā॥ 22 ॥

Devanagari आपन तेज सम्हारो आपै। तीनौं लोक हाँक ते काँपे॥ २३ ॥	Hunterian āpana teja samhāro āpai। tinau loka hāka te kāpai॥ 23 ॥

Devanagari भूत पिशाच निकट नहिं आवै। महावीर जब नाम सुनावै॥ २४ ॥	Hunterian bhūta pishācha nikata nahi āvai। mahābīra jaba nāma sunāvai॥ 24 ॥

Devanagari नासै रोग हरै सब पीरा। जपत निरंतर हनुमत बीरा॥ २५ ॥	Hunterian nāsai roga harai saba pīrā। japata nirantara hanumata bīrā॥ 25 ॥

Devanagari संकट से हनुमान छुड़ावै। मन क्रम बचन ध्यान जो लावै॥ २६ ॥	Hunterian sankata te hanumāna chhudāvai। mana krama bachana dhyāna jo lāvai॥ 26 ॥

Devanagari सब पर राम राय सिर ताजा। तिन के काज सकल तुम साजा॥ २७ ॥	Hunterian saba para rāma tapasvī rāja tina ke kāja sakala tuma sājā॥ 27 ॥

Devanagari और मनोरथ जो कोई लावै। सोई अमित जीवन फल पावै॥ २८ ॥	Hunterian aura manoratha jo koī lāvai। Sohi amita jīvana phala pāvai॥ 28 ॥

Devanagari चारों युग परताप तुम्हारा। है परसिद्ध जगत उजियारा॥ २९ ॥	Hunterian chāro juga para tāpa tumhārā। hai parasiddha jagata ujiyyārā॥ 29 ॥

Devanagari साधु संत के तुम रखवारे। असुर निकंदन राम दुलारे॥ ३० ॥	Hunterian sādhu santa ke tuma rakhavāre। asura nikandana rāma dulāre॥ 30 ॥

Devanagari अष्ट सिद्धि नव निधि के दाता। अस बर दीन्ह जानकी माता॥ ३१ ॥	Hunterian ashta siddhi nau nidhi ke dātā। asa bara dīnha jānakī mātā॥ 31 ॥

Devanagari राम रसायन तुम्हरे पासा। सादर हो रघुपति के दासा॥ ३२ ॥	Hunterian rāma rasāyana tumhare pāsā। sādar ho raghupati ke dāsā॥ 32 ॥

Devanagari तुम्हरे भजन राम को भावै। जनम जनम के दुख बिसरावै॥ ३३ ॥	Hunterian tumhare bhajana rāma ko pāvai। janama janama ke dukha bisarāvai॥ 33 ॥

Devanagari अंत काल रघुपति पुर जाई। जहाँ जन्म हरिभक्त कहाई॥ ३४ ॥	Hunterian anta kāla raghubara pura jāī। jahā janma hari bhakta kahāī॥ 34 ॥

Devanagari और देवता चित्त न धरई। हनुमत सेइ सर्व सुख करई॥ ३५ ॥	Hunterian aura devatā chitta na dharaī। hanumata sei sarba sukha karaī॥ 35 ॥

Devanagari संकट हटै मिटै सब पीरा। जो सुमिरै हनुमत बलबीरा॥ ३६ ॥	Hunterian sankata katai mitai saba pīrā। jo sumirai hanumata balabīrā॥ 36 ॥

Devanagari जय जय जय हनुमान गोसाईं। कृपा करो गुरुदेव की नाईं॥ ३७ ॥	Hunterian jaya jaya jaya hanumāna gosāī। kripā karahu gurudeva kī nāī॥ 37 ॥

Devanagari यह सत बार पाठ कर जोई। छूटहि बंदि महा सुख होई॥ ३८ ॥	Hunterian jo sata bāra pātha kara koī। chhūtahi bandi mahā sukha hoī॥ 38 ॥

Devanagari जो यह पढ़ै हनुमान चालीसा। होय सिद्धि साखी गौरीसा॥ ३९ ॥	Hunterian jo yaha padhai hanumāna chālīsā। hoya siddhi sākhī gaurīsā॥ 39 ॥

Devanagari तुलसीदास सदा हरि चेरा। कीजै नाथ हृदय मह डेरा॥ ४० ॥	Hunterian tulasīdāsa sadā hari cherā। kījai nātha hridaya maha derā॥ 40 ॥

Concluding doha

Devanagari पवनतनय संकट हरण मंगल मूरति रूप। राम लखन सीता सहित हृदय बसहु सुर भूप॥	Hunterian pavantanaya sankata harana mangala mūrati rūpa। rāma lakhan sītā sahita hridaya basahu sura bhūpa॥

Commentaries

Depiction of Bharata (Rama's Youngest Brother) meeting Rama watched by Hanuman, Sita and Lakshmana.... From Left – Hanuman, Bharata, Rama, Sita and Lakshmana

Before the 1980s, no commentary had been composed on the Hanuman Chalisa, which Rambhadracharya attributes to the work not being included in printed editions of collected works of Tulsidas.^[2] Indubhushan Ramayani authored the first brief commentary on Hanuman Chalisa.^[2] Rambhadracharya's Mahaviri commentary in Hindi, authored in 1983,^[2] was called the best commentary on Hanuman Chalisa by Rama Chandra Prasad.^[36]

Review

Swami Karpatri considered Hanuman Chalisa to be a supreme pramana, omnipotent and capable of fulfilling all wishes, like the Vedic mantras.^[2] Rambhadracharya called it full of auspiciousness and a "jewel amongst stotras", and said that he had witnessed and heard of many instances where the wishes of people reciting the Chalisa with faith were granted.^[2]

In popular culture

The Hanuman Chalisa is recited by millions of Hindus every day,^[9] and most practising Hindus in India know its text by heart.^[37] The work is known to be popular among people from diverse educational, social, linguistic, musical, and geographical groups.^[37]

Classical and folk music

The Hanuman Chalisa is one of the best selling Hindu religious books and has been sung by many popular bhajan, classical and folk singers.^[37] The rendition of Hanuman Chalisa by Hari Om Sharan, originally released in 1974 by the Gramophone Company of India and re-released in 1995 by Super Cassettes Industries,^[38] is one of the most popular, and is regularly played at temples and homes across Northern India.^[37]^[39] This rendition is based on traditional melodies in the Mishra Khamaj, a raga belonging to the Khamaj That,^[38] with the base note taken at the second black key (kali do) of the harmonium.^[38] A recording based on the same traditional melodies was released in 1992 by Super Cassettes Industries, with Hariharan as the singer and Gulshan Kumar as the artiste.^[38]

Other notable renditions include those by bhajan singers Anup Jalota and Ravindra Jain, Hindustani vocalists Pandit Jasraj and Rajan and Sajan Mishra, and the Carnatic vocalist M.S. Subbulakshmi.^[38] The renditions by Unni Krishnan, Nithyasree Mahadevan, Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, Ganapathi Sachchidananda Swamiji and Morari Bapu are also popular.^{[citation needed]}

Among western singers Krishna Das has performed the Hanuman Chalisa in both slow and fast formats.^[40]

Popular movies

In the Hindi movie 1920 (directed by Vikram Bhatt), Hanuman Chalisa is frequently used in different scenes. One of the scenes show the protagonist Arjun Singh Rathod (played by Rajneesh Duggal), reciting the Hanuman Chalisa in full. It is used in an important sequence in Bajrangi Bhaijaan, when the protagonist fights back against child traffickers and rescues a little girl from them.^[41]

An animation movie named Shri Hanuman Chalisa directed by Charuvi Agarwal and designed by Charuvi Design Labs is a film on Hanuman.^[42]^[43]

Popular music

Popular singers who have sung the Hanuman Chalisa include Carnatic singer M. S. Subbulakshmi, as well as Lata Mangeshkar, Mahendra Kapoor, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Shankar Mahadevan, Anuradha Paudwal, Kailash Kher, Sukhwinder Singh, and Udit Narayan.^[37]

The Hanuman Chalisa was sung by Amitabh Bachchan in chorus with twenty other singers.^[37] This recording was released as a part of the Shri Hanuman Chalisa album in 2011 and received an unprecedented response by the releasing music label during November 2011.^[44]

A rendition of Hanuman Chalisa sung by Gulshan Kumar and Hariharan became the first devotional song and first on YouTube to cross 2 billion views in November 2021. It is also currently the most viewed Indian music video on YouTube.^[45]

Notes

References

↑ Nityanand Misra 2015, p. xviii.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 1–8. Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
↑ "Hanuman Chalisa in digital version". The Hindu Business Line. 26 February 2003. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
↑ "किसने लिखी थी हनुमान चालीसा, जिसके बारे में कही जाती हैं कई बातें". News18 India. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
↑ "Book Review / Language Books : Epic of Tulasidas". The Hindu. 3 January 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
↑ "Lineage shows". The Hindu. 29 November 2002. Archived from the original on 3 January 2004. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Peebles 1986, p. 100
↑ Peebles 1986, p. 99
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Karan Singh, in Nityanand Misra 2015, p. xvi.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 de Bruyn 2010, p. 471
↑ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 293.
↑ Prasad 2008, p. 857, quoting Mata Prasad Gupta: Although he paid occasional visits to several places of pilgrimage associated with Rama, his permanent residence was in Kashi.
↑ Callewaert 2000, p. 90
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Handoo 1964, p. 128: ... this book ... is also a drama, because Goswami Tulasidasa started his Ram Lila on the basis of this book, which even now is performed in the same manner everywhere.
↑ Prasad 2008, p. xii: He is not only the supreme poet, but the unofficial poet-laureate of India.
↑ Prasad 2008, p. xix: Of Tulsidas's place among the major Indian poets there can be no question: he is as sublime as Valmiki and as elegant as Kalidasa in his handling of the theme.
↑ Jones 2007, p. 456
↑ Sahni 2000, pp. 78–80
↑ Lutgendorf 1991, p. 11: ... – scores of lines from the Rāmcaritmānas have entered folk speech as proverbs – ...
↑ Mitra 2002, p. 216
↑ Subramanian 2008, p. inside cover
↑ Mehta 2007, p. xxv
↑ Mehta 2007, p. xxvii
↑ Mehta 2007, p. xxxi
↑ Mehta 2007, p. xxxvix
↑ Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies. 2007, page 537
↑ Rosen, Steven. Essential Hinduism. 2006, page 67-8
↑ Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 11–14 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 46–47, 48–49
↑ Rao 2009, pp. 393–397
↑ Mehta 2007, p. xv
↑ Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 56–57 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 78–79 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 81–82 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 83–84 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Prasad, Ram Chandra (1999) [First published 1991]. Sri Ramacaritamanasa The Holy Lake of the Acts of Rama (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0443-2. Retrieved 7 June 2013. श्रीहनुमानचालीसा की सर्वश्रेष्ठ व्याख्या के लिए देखें महावीरी व्याख्या, जिसके लेखक हैं प्रज्ञाचक्षु आचार्य श्रीरामभद्रदासजी। श्रीहनुमानचालीसा के प्रस्तुत भाष्य का आधार श्रीरामभद्रदासजी की ही वैदुष्यमंडित टीका है। इसके लिए मैं आचार्यप्रवर का ऋणी हूँ। [For the best explanation of Śrīhanumānacālīsā, refer the Mahāvīrī commentary, whose author is the visually-disabled Ācārya Śrīrāmabhadradāsa. The base for the commentary on Śrīhanumānacālīsā being presented is the commentary by Śrīrāmabhadradāsa, which is adorned with erudition. For this, I am indebted to the eminent Ācārya.]
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 ^37.2 ^37.3 ^37.4 ^37.5 Nityanand Misra 2015, pp. xvii–xxi.
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 ^38.3 ^38.4 Nityanand Misra 2015, pp. 199–212.
↑ Manuel, Peter (1993). Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India – Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology (2, illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-226-50401-8.
↑ "Ep. 27 | Spiritual Experiences, Auschwitz and Bernie Glassman". 15 June 2020.
↑ "Bajrangi Bhaijaan Plot Summary – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
↑ "Charuvi Design Labs release The Second official teaser for "Shri Hanuman Chalisa"". Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
↑ "Charuvi Design Labs release The first official teaser for "Shri Hanuman Chalisa"". Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
↑ "All in praise of the Almighty". The Times of India. 6 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
↑ "Hanuman Chalisa by Gulshan Kumar crosses 1B views on YouTube, another World record made by T-series". Infotonline. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

Bibliography

de Bruyn, Pippa; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Joshi, Shonar (2010). Frommer's India. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-470-60264-5.
Callewaert, Winand M.; Schilder, Robert (2000). Banaras: Vision of a Living Ancient Tradition. New Delhi, India: Hemkunt Press. p. 90. ISBN 9788170103028.
Chaturvedi, B.K. (1994b). Shri Hanuman Chalisa (Roman). New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN 81-7182-395-5.
Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. It can be said without reservation that Tulsidas is the greatest poet to write in the Hindi language. Tulsidas was a Brahmin by birth and was believed to be a reincarnation of the author of the Sanskrit Ramayana, Valmiki.
Mehta, Pt. Vijay Shankar (2007). Kripa Karahu Guru Dev Ki Naain (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Radhakrishnan Prakashan. p. 9. ISBN 978-81-8361-041-4.
Misra, Munindra (2015). Shri Hanuman Chalisa in English Rhyme with original text. United States: Osmora Inc. ISBN 9782765913702.
Misra, Nityanand (2015). Mahāvīrī: Hanumān-Cālīsā Demystified. Mumbai, India: Niraamaya Publishing Services Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9788193114407.
Mitra, Swati (2002). Good Earth Varanasi City Guide. New Delhi, India: Eicher Goodearth Limited. p. 216. ISBN 9788187780045.
Peebles, Patrick (1986). Voices of South Asia: Essential Readings from Antiquity to the Present. United States: M.E. Sharpe Inc. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7656-3480-1.
Rambhadradas (8 June 1984). संकट तें हनुमान छुड़ावै। मन क्रम बचन ध्यान जो लावै [Shri Hanuman Chalisa (with the Mahaviri commentary)]. Jagadgururambhadracharya.org (in हिन्दी). New Delhi, India: Krishnadas Charitable Trust. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
Rao, Cheeni (2009). In Hanuman's Hands: A Memoir (First ed.). United States: Harper Collins Publishers. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-06-073662-0.
Sahni, Bhisham (2000). Nilu, Nilima, Nilofara (in हिन्दी). New Delhi, India: Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd. pp. 78–80. ISBN 9788171789603. हिन्दी का सौभाग्य है कि उसके काव्यकुंज की तुलसी-मंजरी की जैसी सुगंध संसार की साहित्य वाटिका में शायद कहीं नहीं। ... आकर्षण दोनों में अत्यधिक है अपने-अपने ढंग पर दोनों ही बहुत बड़े हैं, पर फिर भी सब तरफ़ से केवल काव्य के सौंदर्य पर विचार करने पर तुलसीदास ही बड़े ठहरते हैं – भाषा साहित्य में रवीन्द्रनाथ के संबंध में कहना पड़ता है कि भ्रम त्रुटियाँ मिल सकती हैं पर तुलसीदास के संबंध में कोई शायद ही मिले। ... और यही कारण है निराला जी तुलसीदास को कालिदास, व्यास, वाल्मीकि, होमर, गेटे और शेक्सपियर के समकक्ष रखकर उनके महत्त्व का आकलन करते हैं।
Subramanian, Vadakaymadam Krishnier (2008). Hymns of Tulsidas. New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications. p. inside cover. ISBN 9788170174967. Famous classical singers like Paluskar, Anoop Jalota and MS Subbulakshmi have popularised Tulsidas's hymns among the people of India.

[1] Nityanand Misra 2015, p. xviii.

[mahaviriintro-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 1–8. Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[3] "Hanuman Chalisa in digital version". The Hindu Business Line. 26 February 2003. Retrieved 25 June 2011.

[4] "किसने लिखी थी हनुमान चालीसा, जिसके बारे में कही जाती हैं कई बातें". News18 India. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.

[5] "Book Review / Language Books : Epic of Tulasidas". The Hindu. 3 January 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2011.

[6] "Lineage shows". The Hindu. 29 November 2002. Archived from the original on 3 January 2004. Retrieved 25 June 2011.

[peeb100-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Peebles 1986, p. 100

[8] Peebles 1986, p. 99

[nm2015foreword-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Karan Singh, in Nityanand Misra 2015, p. xvi.

[frommer-10] 10.0 ^10.1 de Bruyn 2010, p. 471

[11] Lutgendorf 2007, p. 293.

[12] Prasad 2008, p. 857, quoting Mata Prasad Gupta: Although he paid occasional visits to several places of pilgrimage associated with Rama, his permanent residence was in Kashi.

[13] Callewaert 2000, p. 90

[handoo-ramlila-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Handoo 1964, p. 128: ... this book ... is also a drama, because Goswami Tulasidasa started his Ram Lila on the basis of this book, which even now is performed in the same manner everywhere.

[15] Prasad 2008, p. xii: He is not only the supreme poet, but the unofficial poet-laureate of India.

[16] Prasad 2008, p. xix: Of Tulsidas's place among the major Indian poets there can be no question: he is as sublime as Valmiki and as elegant as Kalidasa in his handling of the theme.

[jonesryan-tulsi-17] Jones 2007, p. 456

[nirala-tulsi-18] Sahni 2000, pp. 78–80

[19] Lutgendorf 1991, p. 11: ... – scores of lines from the Rāmcaritmānas have entered folk speech as proverbs – ...

[20] Mitra 2002, p. 216

[21] Subramanian 2008, p. inside cover

[22] Mehta 2007, p. xxv

[23] Mehta 2007, p. xxvii

[24] Mehta 2007, p. xxxi

[25] Mehta 2007, p. xxxvix

[26] Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies. 2007, page 537

[27] Rosen, Steven. Essential Hinduism. 2006, page 67-8

[mahaviridoha01-28] Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 11–14 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[mahavirichaupai1415-29] 29.0 ^29.1 Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 46–47, 48–49

[rao-30] Rao 2009, pp. 393–397

[Mehtaxv-31] Mehta 2007, p. xv

[mahavirichaupai20-32] Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 56–57 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[mahavirichaupai37-33] Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 78–79 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[mahavirichaupai40-34] Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 81–82 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[mahaviridoha03-35] Rambhadradas 1984, pp. 83–84 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[prasad-hc-36] Prasad, Ram Chandra (1999) [First published 1991]. Sri Ramacaritamanasa The Holy Lake of the Acts of Rama (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0443-2. Retrieved 7 June 2013. श्रीहनुमानचालीसा की सर्वश्रेष्ठ व्याख्या के लिए देखें महावीरी व्याख्या, जिसके लेखक हैं प्रज्ञाचक्षु आचार्य श्रीरामभद्रदासजी। श्रीहनुमानचालीसा के प्रस्तुत भाष्य का आधार श्रीरामभद्रदासजी की ही वैदुष्यमंडित टीका है। इसके लिए मैं आचार्यप्रवर का ऋणी हूँ। [For the best explanation of Śrīhanumānacālīsā, refer the Mahāvīrī commentary, whose author is the visually-disabled Ācārya Śrīrāmabhadradāsa. The base for the commentary on Śrīhanumānacālīsā being presented is the commentary by Śrīrāmabhadradāsa, which is adorned with erudition. For this, I am indebted to the eminent Ācārya.]

[nm2015preface-37] 37.0 ^37.1 ^37.2 ^37.3 ^37.4 ^37.5 Nityanand Misra 2015, pp. xvii–xxi.

[nm2015notation-38] 38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 ^38.3 ^38.4 Nityanand Misra 2015, pp. 199–212.

[39] Manuel, Peter (1993). Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India – Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology (2, illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-226-50401-8.

[40] "Ep. 27 | Spiritual Experiences, Auschwitz and Bernie Glassman". 15 June 2020.

[41] "Bajrangi Bhaijaan Plot Summary – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 February 2021.

[42] "Charuvi Design Labs release The Second official teaser for "Shri Hanuman Chalisa"". Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.

[43] "Charuvi Design Labs release The first official teaser for "Shri Hanuman Chalisa"". Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.

[44] "All in praise of the Almighty". The Times of India. 6 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2012.

[45] "Hanuman Chalisa by Gulshan Kumar crosses 1B views on YouTube, another World record made by T-series". Infotonline. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

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