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| {{short description|Perso-Arabic alphabet used to write the Punjabi language}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Shahmukhi]] |
| {{Distinguish||text=[[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhī alphabet]], the Punjabi script used in Punjab, India}}
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| {{Infobox Writing system
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| |name=Shahmukhi
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| |native_name={{nq|شاہ مُکھی}}
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| |languages=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
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| |time=
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| |type=[[Abjad]]
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| |fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]
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| |fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
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| |fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
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| |fam4=[[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]
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| |fam5=[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]
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| |fam6=[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]
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| |unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]<br />
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| [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]<br />
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| [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf U+08A0 to U+08FF]<br />
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| [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]<br />
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| [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF]
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| |iso15924=
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| |sample=File:Shahmukhi nastaliq.png|caption="Shahmukhi" written using the [[Nastaliq]] calligraphic hand}}
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| {{Arabic-script sidebar|Punjabi}}
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| '''Shahmukhi''' ({{Lang-pa|{{nq|شاہ مُکھی}}|label=none}}, {{Lang-pa|ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ|lit=from the mouth of the [[Shah]]|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}) is a modified [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic alphabet]] used by [[Punjabi Muslims]] (primarily in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) to write the [[Punjabi language]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf|title=Unicode Proposal for ArLaam|last1=Evans|first1=Lorna Priest|last2=Malik|first2=M.G. Abbas|date=1 May 2019|website=Unicode|publisher=Punjabi Parchar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421191456/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2020|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3009/|title=Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System|last1=Singh Saini|first1=Tejineder|last2=Singh Lehal|first2=Gurpreet|date=August 2008|website=Aclweb.org|publisher=Coling 2008 Organizing Committee|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814075221/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3009.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2017|access-date=21 April 2020|last3=S Kalra|first3=Virinder|pages=177–180}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf|title=Punjabi Documents Clustering System|last1=Sharma|first1=Saurabh|last2=Gupta|first2=Vishal|date=May 2013|journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence|volume=5|issue=2|page=174|doi=10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187|s2cid=55699784|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421200231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2020|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Design and Implementation of Shahmukhi Spell Checker|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/pdf/83917-144918-2-PB.pdf|last1=Dhanju|first1=Kawarbir Singh|last2=Lehal|first2=Gurpreet Singh|date=October 2015|website=Learnpunjabi.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221003652/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/pdf/83917-144918-2-PB.pdf|archive-date=21 December 2018|access-date=2 May 2020|last3=Saini|first3=Tejinder Singh|last4=Kaur|first4=Arshdeep}}</ref> It is generally written in the [[Nastaʿlīq]] [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] hand,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> which is also used for [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Malik|first1=Muhammad Ghulam Abbas|last2=Boitet|first2=Christian|last3=Bhattcharyya|first3=Pushpak|date=27 June 2012|orig-year=2010|title=ANALYSIS OF NOORI NASTA'LEEQ FOR MAJOR PAKISTANI LANGUAGES|url=https://www.kau.edu.sa/Show_Res.aspx?Site_ID=611&LNG=EN&RN=62787|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815063825/https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/611/Researches/62787_33808.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2017|access-date=21 April 2020|website=King AbdulAziz University|page=4|location=Penang, Malaysia}}</ref> Perso-Arabic is one of two scripts used for Punjabi, the other being [[Gurmukhi]], used by [[Sikhs]] and [[Hindus]] in [[Punjab, India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Dorren|first=Gaston|title=Babel: Around the World in Twenty Languages|publisher=Profile Books|year=2018|isbn=978-1782832508}}</ref>
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| Shahmukhi is written from right to left, while Gurmukhi is written from left to right.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Saurabh|last2=Gupta|first2=Vishal|date=May 2013|title=Punjabi Documents Clustering System|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421200231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2020|access-date=21 April 2020|journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence|volume=5|issue=2|page=174|doi=10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187|s2cid=55699784}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography|publisher=Springer|year=2019|isbn=978-3030059774|pages=142}}</ref> It is also used as the main alphabet to write [[Pahari–Pothwari]] in [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].
| | {{Redirect category shell| |
| | | {{R from long name}} |
| The Shahmukhi alphabet was first used by the [[Sufi]] poets of [[Punjab]].{{cn|date=April 2020}} It became the conventional writing style for the [[Muslims|Muslim]] populace of the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] following the [[Partition of India]], while the largely [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Sikhism|Sikh]] modern-day state of [[Punjab, India]] adopted the [[Gurmukhi]] or the [[Devanagari]] scripts to record the Punjabi language.<ref name=":0" />
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| | | [[Category:Unprintworthy redirects]] |
| Shahmukhi can be considered as a superset to [[Urdu alphabet]] because it has same alphabet as Urdu but with just 2 extra consonants; hence all Urdu readers can naturally read Shahmukhi (and vice-versa) without any practical difficulty. Urdu being the national language of Pakistan, Shahmukhi is colloquially just referred as Urdu script (or Urdu-Shahmukhi).{{cn|date=June 2021}} To writing [[Saraiki language]], an [[Saraiki alphabet#Arabic script|extended-Shahmukhi]] is used that includes 4 additional [[implosive consonants]] (ٻ, ڄ, ݙ, ڳ).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bashir|first1=Elena|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1062344143|title=A descriptive grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki|last2=Conners|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Hefright|first3=Brook|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|others=Hefright, Brook|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61451-296-7|location=|pages=62; 77|oclc=1062344143|author-link=Elena Bashir}}</ref>
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| == History ==
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| The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhi'.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|title=Punjabi language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Punjabi-language|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from the 17th century onwards.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|title=Panjabi|work=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5|editor-last=Cardona|editor-first=George|pages=655|editor-last2=Jain|editor-first2=Dhanesh}}</ref> According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-era [[Punjab]], when Punjabi Muslims learned the [[Persian language]] in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts in writing and standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|title=Marking Boundaries and Building Bridges: Persian Scholarly Networks in Mughal Punjab|date=2019-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520972100-009|work=The Persianate World|pages=168–169|editor-last=Green|editor-first=Nile|publisher=University of California Press|doi=10.1525/9780520972100-009|isbn=978-0-520-97210-0|access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref>
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| Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhi script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations.<ref name=":3" />
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| ==Alphabet==
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| === Vowel diacritics ===
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| Though not normally written and only implied,<ref name=":2" /> like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, taken from the [[Arabic]] language,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhardwaj|first=Mangat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NDmDAAAQBAJ&q=diacritics+in+shahmukhi&pg=PA377|title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1317643265|pages=378|quote=It is an ancient Arabic writing tradition (carried on in Persian, Urdu and Shahmukhi) to omit the diacritics (except the Hamza) in ordinary writing and to depend on the context to interpret a word.}}</ref> to express short vowels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanlp.org/PMT/shahmukhi.htm|title=Punjabi - Shahmukhi Script|website=sanlp.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919092600/http://www.sanlp.org/PMT/shahmukhi.htm|archive-date=19 September 2019|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+
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| Diacritics used in Shahmukhi
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| !Symbol
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| !Name
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| !Usage
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| ![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
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| !Notes
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| |-
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| |align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ٰ}}
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| |align="center"|Khari Zabar
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| |align="center"|a
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| |align="center"|[ə]
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| |align="center"|Used in Arabic loanwords such as ‘{{nastaliq|{{strong|عیسیٰ}}}}’ (‘Jesus’)
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| |-
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| |align="center"|{{Nastaliq|َ}}
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| |align="center"|Zabar
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| |align="center"|a
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| |align="center"|[ə]
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| |align="center"|
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| |-
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| |align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ً}}
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| |align="center"|Zabar Tanwīn
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| |align="center"|-an
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| |align="center"|[ən]
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| |align="center"|Used for Arabic loanwords such as ‘{{nastaliq|فور{{strong|اً}}}}’ (‘Immediately’)
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| |-
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| |align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ٓ}}
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| |align="center"|Maddah
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| |align="center"|ā
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| |align="center"|[ɑː]
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| |align="center"|Used only for Alif Maddah ({{nastaliq|ا}} + {{nastaliq|ٓ}} = {{nastaliq|آ}}), not written as a separate diacritic
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| |-
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| |align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ِ}}
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| |align="center"|Zer
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| |align="center"|i
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| |align="center"|[ɪ]
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| |align="center"|Written underneath a letter
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| |-
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| |align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ٍ}}
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| |align="center"|Zer Tanwīn
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| |align="center"|in
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| |align="center"|[ɪn]
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| |align="center"|Rarely used for Arabic loanwords, written underneath a letter
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| |-
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| |align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ُ}}
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| |align="center"|Pesh
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| |align="center"|u
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| |align="center"|[u]
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| |align="center"|
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| |-
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| |align="center"|{{nastaliq|ٔ}}
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| |align="center"|Hamza
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| |align="center"|{{strong|varied}}
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| |align="center"|-
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| |align="center"|Used on vowels to indicate a [[diphthong]] between two vowels, examples such as: ‘{{nq|{{strong|ئ}}}}’, ‘{{nq|{{strong|ۓ}}}}’, ‘{{nq|{{strong|ؤ}}}}‘, and {{nq|{{strong|أ}}}} , not written as a separate diacritic
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| |-
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| |align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ّ}}
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| |align="center"|Tashdīd
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| |align="center"|[[Gemination|Geminite]]
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| |align="center"|[.]
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| |align="center"|Doubles a consonant, goes above the letter being doubled - {{Nq|کّ}} = kk
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| |-
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| |}
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| === Consonants ===
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| {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
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| |-
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| |-
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| !No.
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| !colspan="2"|Name{{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}}
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| ![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
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| !Final glyph
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| !Medial glyph
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| !Initial glyph
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| !Isolated glyph
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| ![[Gurmukhi]]
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| |-
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| | 1
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| | {{Nastaliq|الف}}
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| | ''alif''
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| | {{IPA|/ɑː,äː, ʔ, ∅/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـا}}
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| |{{Nq|ـا}}
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| |{{Nq|ا}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ا]]}}}}
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| |'''ਅ''', '''ਆ''' {{Small|(medial)}}
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| |-
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| | 2
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| | {{Nastaliq|بے}}
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| | ''bē''
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| | {{IPA|/b/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـب}}
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| |{{Nq|ـبـ}}
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| |{{Nq|بـ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ب]]}}}}
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| |'''ਬ'''
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| |-
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| | 3
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| | {{Nastaliq|پے}}
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| | ''pē''
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| | {{IPA|/p/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـپ}}
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| |{{Nq|ـپـ}}
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| |{{Nq|پـ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[پ]]}}}}
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| |'''ਪ'''
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| |-
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| | 4
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| | {{Nastaliq|تے}}
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| | ''tē''
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| | {{IPA|/t/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـت}}
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| |{{Nq|ـتـ}}
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| |{{Nq|تـ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ت]]}}}}
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| |'''ਤ'''
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| |-
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| | 5
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| | {{Nastaliq|ٹے}}
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| | ''ṭē''
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| | {{IPA|/ʈ/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـٹ}}
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| |{{Nq|ـٹـ}}
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| |{{Nq|ٹـ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}}
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| |'''ਟ'''
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| |-
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| | 6
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| | {{Nastaliq|ثے}}
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| | ''s̱ē''
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| | {{IPA|/s/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـث}}
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| |{{Nq|ـثـ}}
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| |{{Nq|ثـ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ث]]}}}}
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| |'''ਸ'''
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| |-
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| | 7
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| | {{Nastaliq|جيم}}
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| | ''jīma''
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| | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـج}}
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| |{{Nq|ـجـ}}
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| |{{Nq|جـ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ج]]}}}}
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| |'''ਜ'''
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| |-
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| | 8
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| | {{Nastaliq|چے}}
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| | ''cē''
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| | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـچ}}
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| |{{Nq|ـچـ}}
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| |{{Nq|چـ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[چ]]}}}}
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| |'''ਚ'''
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| |-
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| | 9
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| | {{Nastaliq|وڈّی حے}}
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| | ''waḍḍi ḥē''
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| | {{IPA|/ɦ/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـح}}
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| |{{Nq|ـحـ}}
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| |{{Nq|حـ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ح]]}}}}
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| |'''ਹ'''
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| |-
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| | 10
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| | {{Nastaliq|خے}}
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| | ''k͟hē''
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| | {{IPA|/x/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـخ}}
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| |{{Nq|ـخـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|خـ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[خ]]}}}}
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| |'''ਖ਼'''
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| |-
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| | 11
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| | {{Nastaliq|دال}}
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| | ''dāla''
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| | {{IPA|/d/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـد}}
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| |{{Nq|ـد}}
| |
| |{{Nq|د}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[د]]}}}}
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| |'''ਦ'''
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| |-
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| | 12
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| | {{Nastaliq|ڈال}}
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| | ''ḍāla''
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| | {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـڈ}}
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| |{{Nq|ـڈ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ڈ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਡ'''
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| |-
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| | 13
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| | {{Nastaliq|ذال}}
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| | ''ẕāla''
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| | {{IPA|/z/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـذ}}
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| |{{Nq|ـذ}}
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| |{{Nq|ذ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}}
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| |'''ਜ਼'''
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| |-
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| | 14
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| | {{Nastaliq|رے}}
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| | ''rē''
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| | {{IPA|/r/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـر}}
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| |{{Nq|ـر}}
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| |{{Nq|ر}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ر]]}}}}
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| |'''ਰ'''
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| |-
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| | 15
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| | {{Nastaliq|ڑے}}
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| | ''ṛē''
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| | {{IPA|/ɽ/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـڑ}}
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| |{{Nq|ـڑ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ڑ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}}
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| |'''ੜ'''
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| |-
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| | 16
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| | {{Nastaliq|زے}}
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| | ''zē''
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| | {{IPA|/z/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـز}}
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| |{{Nq|ـز}}
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| |{{Nq|ز}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ز]]}}}}
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| |'''ਜ਼'''
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| |-
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| | 17
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| | {{Nastaliq|ژے}}
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| | ''zhē''
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| | {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـژ}}
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| |{{Nq|ـژ}}
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| |{{Nq|ژ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}}
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| |'''-'''
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| |-
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| | 18
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| | {{Nastaliq|سین}}
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| | ''sīna''
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| | {{IPA|/s/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـس}}
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| |{{Nq|ـسـ}}
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| |{{Nq|سـ}}
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| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[س]]}}}}
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| |'''ਸ'''
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| |-
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| | 19
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| | {{Nastaliq|شین}}
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| | ''shīna''
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| | {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
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| |{{Nq|ـش}}
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| |{{Nq|ـشـ}}
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| |{{Nq|شـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ش]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਸ਼'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 20
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|صاد}}
| |
| | ''ṣwāda''
| |
| | {{IPA|/s/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـص}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـصـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|صـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ص]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਸ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 21
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|ضاد}}
| |
| | ''ẓwāda''
| |
| | {{IPA|/z/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـض}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـضـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ضـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ض]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਜ਼'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 22
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|طوۓ}}
| |
| | ''t̤o{{hamza}}ē''
| |
| | {{IPA|/t/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـط}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـطـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|طـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ط]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਤ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 23
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|ظوۓ}}
| |
| | ''z̤o{{hamza}}ē''
| |
| | {{IPA|/z/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـظ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـظـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ظـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਜ਼'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 24
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|عین}}
| |
| | ''{{okina}}aina''
| |
| | {{IPA|/ə,ɑː,ɪ,iː,u,uː,oː,ɔː,eː,ɛː, ʔ, ∅/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـع}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـعـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|عـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਅ,ਆ,ਇ,ਈ,ਉ,ਊ,ਏ,ਐ,ਓ,ਔ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 25
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|غین}}
| |
| | ''g͟haina''
| |
| | {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـغ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـغـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|غـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[غ]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਗ਼'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 26
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|فے}}
| |
| | ''fē''
| |
| | {{IPA|/f/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـف}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـفـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|فـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ف]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਫ਼'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 27
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|قاف}}
| |
| | ''qāfa''
| |
| | {{IPA|/q/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـق}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـقـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|قـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ق]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਕ਼'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 28
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|کاف}}
| |
| | ''kāfa''
| |
| | {{IPA|/k/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـک}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـکـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|کـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[Kāf|ک]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਕ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 29
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|گاف}}
| |
| | ''gāfa''
| |
| | {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـگ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـگـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|گـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[گ]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਗ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 30
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|لام}}
| |
| | ''lāma''
| |
| | {{IPA|/l/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـل}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـلـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|لـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ل]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਲ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 31<ref name=":4">Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed</ref>
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|لؕام}}
| |
| | ''ḷāma''
| |
| | {{IPA|/ɭ/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـلؕ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـلؕـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|لؕـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ࣇ|لؕ]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਲ਼'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 32
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|میم}}
| |
| | ''mīma''
| |
| | {{IPA|/m/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـم}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـمـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|مـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[م]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਮ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 33
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|نون}}
| |
| | ''nūna''
| |
| | {{IPA|/n, ɲ/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـن}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـنـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|نـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ن]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਨ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 34<ref name=":4" />
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|ݨون}}
| |
| | ''ṇūṇa''
| |
| | {{IPA|/ɳ/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـݨ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـݨـ}}
| |
| | {{Nq|ݨـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ݨ]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਣ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 35
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|نون غنّہ}}
| |
| | ''nūn ġunnah''
| |
| | {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel|◌̃]], ŋ/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـں}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـن٘ـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ن٘ـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}}
| |
| {{Small|{{Nastaliq|(ن٘)}}}}
| |
| <br />
| |
| |'''ੰ''', '''ਂ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 36
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|واؤ}}
| |
| | ''wā{{hamza}}oa''
| |
| | {{IPA|/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـو}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـو}}
| |
| |{{Nq|و}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[و]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ੳ''', '''ਵ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 37
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|نکی ہے}}<br>{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}
| |
| | ''choṭī hē''<br>''gol hē''
| |
| |{{IPA|/ɦ, ɑː, e:/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـہ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـہـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ہـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ਹ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 38
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}
| |
| | ''do-cashmī hē''
| |
| | {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـھ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـھـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ھ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}}
| |
| |'''varied''' / '''੍ਹ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 39
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|ہمزہ}}
| |
| | ''hamzah''
| |
| | {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ء}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ء}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ء}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}}
| |
| |'''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 40
| |
| |{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}
| |
| |''choṭī yē''
| |
| |{{IPA|/j, iː/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـی}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـیـ}}
| |
| |{{Nq|یـ}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ی]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ੲ''', '''ਯ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 41
| |
| |{{Nastaliq|وڈّی يے}}
| |
| |''waḍḍi yē''
| |
| |{{IPA|/ɛː, eː/}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـے}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ـے}}
| |
| |{{Nq|ے}}
| |
| | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}}
| |
| |'''ੇ''', '''ੈ'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| No Punjabi words begin with {{rtl-lang|ur|ں}}, {{rtl-lang|ur|ھ}}, {{rtl-lang|ur|ڑ}} or {{rtl-lang|ur|ے}}.
| |
| The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows. In addition, {{Nastaliq|ل}} and {{Nastaliq|لؕ}} form ligatures with {{Nastaliq|ا}}: {{Nastaliq|لا}} ({{Nastaliq|ـلا}}) and {{Nastaliq|لؕا}} ({{Nastaliq|ـلؕا}}).
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| ! No.
| |
| ! '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC">{{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref>
| |
| ! '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/>
| |
| ! '''IPA'''
| |
| ! Example
| |
| |-
| |
| |1
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}}
| |
| | ''bh''
| |
| |
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|بھاری}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |2
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}}
| |
| | ''ph''
| |
| | {{IPA|[pʰ]}}
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|پھل}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |3
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}}
| |
| | ''th''
| |
| | {{IPA|[tʰ]}}
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|تھم}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |4
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}
| |
| | ''ṭh''
| |
| | {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|ٹھیس}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |5
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}}
| |
| | ''jh''
| |
| |
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |6
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}}
| |
| | ''ch''
| |
| | {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|چھوکرا}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |7
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}}
| |
| | ''dh''
| |
| |
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |8
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}
| |
| | ''ḍh''
| |
| |
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |9
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}}
| |
| | ''rh''
| |
| | {{IPA|[rʱ]}}
| |
| | No example?
| |
| |-
| |
| |10
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}
| |
| | ''ṛh''
| |
| | {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|کڑھنا}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |11
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}}
| |
| | ''kh''
| |
| | {{IPA|[kʰ]}}
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|کھولنا}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |12
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}}
| |
| | ''gh''
| |
| |
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|گھبراہٹ}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |13
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}}
| |
| | ''lh''
| |
| | {{IPA|[lʱ]}}
| |
| | No example?
| |
| |-
| |
| |14
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}}
| |
| | ''mh''
| |
| | {{IPA|[mʱ]}}
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|ڈمھ}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |15
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}}
| |
| | ''nh''
| |
| | {{IPA|[nʱ]}}
| |
| | {{Nastaliq|ننھا}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |16
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}}
| |
| | ''wh''
| |
| | {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}}
| |
| | No example?
| |
| |-
| |
| |17
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}}
| |
| | ''yh''
| |
| | {{IPA|[jʱ]}}
| |
| | No example?
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| * {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ے}}}} (waddi ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|یَ}}}}.
| |
| * Vowels are expressed as follows:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| !Romanization
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Final
| |
| !Middle
| |
| !Initial
| |
| |-
| |
| |a (ਅ)
| |
| | colspan="2" |ـہ
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَ}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اَ}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |ā (ਆ)
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |یٰ
| |
| | colspan="2" |{{Nastaliq|ـَا}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|آ}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |i (ਇ)
| |
| | colspan="2" |N/A
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـِ}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اِ}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |ī (ਈ)
| |
| | colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـِى}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـِيـ}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اِی}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |ē (ਏ)
| |
| | colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـے}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـيـ}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اے}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |ai (ਐ)
| |
| | colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَے}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَيـ}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اَے}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |u (ਉ)
| |
| | colspan="2" |N/A
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـُ}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اُ}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |ū (ਊ)
| |
| | colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـُو}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اُو}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| |o (ਓ)
| |
| | colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـو}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|او}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |au (ਔ)
| |
| | colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَو}}
| |
| | style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اَو}}
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Difference from Persian and Urdu ===
| |
| {{See also|Persian alphabet|Urdu alphabet}}
| |
| Shahmukhi has more letters added to the Urdu base to represent sounds not present in Urdu, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic and Persian base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} to represent [[voiceless retroflex stop|/ʈ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} to represent [[voiced retroflex stop|/ɖ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} to represent [[retroflex flap|/ɽ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} to represent [[nasal vowel|/◌̃/]], and {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} to represent [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]]. Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-[[He (letter)|he]] letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant|/ʰ/]] or a [[murmured voice|/ʱ/]], this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed below. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: [[ࣇ]] to represent [[Voiced retroflex lateral approximant|/ɭ/]] and [[ݨ]] to represent [[Voiced retroflex nasal|/ɳ/]]. These characters, however are rarely used.
| |
| | |
| ===Loanwords===
| |
| In Punjabi, there are many Arabic and Persian [[loanword]]s. These words contain some sounds which were alien to South Asian languages before the influence of Arabic and Persian, and are therefore represented by introducing dots beneath specific Gurmukhi characters. Since the Gurmukhi alphabet is [[phonetic]], any loanwords which contained pre-existing sounds were more easily transliterated without the need for characters modified with [[subscript]] dots.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| |
| ! Shahmukhi Letter !! Gurmukhi Letter
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ذ}}}} || ਜ਼
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ص}}}} || ਸ
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ض}}}} || ਜ਼
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ط}}}} || ਤ
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ظ}}}} || ਜ਼
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|غ}}}} || ਗ਼
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ح}}}} || ਹ
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ث}}}} || ਸ
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|گ}}}} || ਗ
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|چ}}}} || ਚ
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|پ}}}} || ਪ
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ਜ਼
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|خ}}}} || ਖ਼
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ز}}}} || ਜ਼
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ف}}}} || ਫ਼
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ق}}}} || ਕ਼
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ع}}}} || ''variable''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ژ}}}} is pronounced 'j' in French or as vi{{strong|si}}on in English
| |
| | |
| {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ع}}}} is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words.
| |
| | |
| == Gallery ==
| |
| <gallery>
| |
| File:Bulleh Shah poetry example.png|An example of poetry in Shahmukhi by [[Bulleh Shah]], a prominent [[Sufi poetry|Sufi-poet]]
| |
| File:Bhulay Shah.jpg|Another example of poetry by Bulleh Shah in Shahmukhi
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| *[[Gurmukhī alphabet]]
| |
| *[[Saraiki alphabet]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * [http://www.cicling.org/2008/RCS-vol-33/12-Saini.pdf Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System: A Corpus based Approach]
| |
| * [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html The Western Panjabi Alphabet]
| |
| * [http://www.apnaorg.com/shahmukhi/ Learn Shahmukhi]
| |
| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040315071212/http://www.likhari.org/shamukhi.htm Likhari in Shahmukhi]
| |
| * [http://apnaorg.com/poetry/nanak/ Kalam-e-Baba Nanak]
| |
| * [http://www.punjabiandpunjab.com/ Punjabi and Punjab]
| |
| * [http://www.apnaorg.com/books/hazarasingh/ E-Book on Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi]
| |
| * [http://www.saanjhpunjab.org/ PDF on Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi]
| |
| | |
| {{Arabic alphabets}}
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| {{Punjabi language topics}}
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Shahmukhi alphabet}}
| |
| [[Category:Arabic alphabets]]
| |
| [[Category:Language orthographies]]
| |
| [[Category:Punjabi language]]
| |
| [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] | |
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