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{{Short description|Social community of Odisha, India}}
{{For|the same surname and title|Karanam}}
{{For|the same surname and title|Karanam}}
{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Social community of Odisha, India}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox caste
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name        = Karan
|caste_name        = Karan
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|religions        = [[Hinduism]]
|religions        = [[Hinduism]]
|languages        = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|languages        = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|status            = [[Forward caste]]
|status            = [[Forward caste]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajasekhar |first1=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0mOAAAAMAAJ&q=karana+caste+ |title=Affirmative Action and Political Participation: Elected Representatives in the Panchayats of Orissa |last2=Patnaik |first2=Pratyusna |last3=Manjula |first3=R. |date=2005 |publisher=Institute for Social and Economic Change |isbn=978-81-7791-122-0 |language=en}}</ref>
|related          = [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmin]]
|related          = [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmin]]
}}
}}
The '''Karan or Karana''' is a [[writer]] caste<ref name="Pati2008">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Pati|title=Family Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA116|year=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|pages=116–}}</ref> found in the state of [[Odisha]] in [[India]]. They also held [[Karanam]] post in some parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], where they speak [[Odia language|Odia]]<ref name="Rao1990">{{cite book|author=M. Kodanda Rao|title=Cultural and Structural Dimensions of Family: A Study of Jalari Fishermen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKhxpLqX9bsC&pg=PA34|year=1990|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-270-5|pages=34–}}</ref> and played the similar role in Odisha as that of the [[Kayastha]]s of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] and are considered next prominent rank after [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmin]]s in Odisha. Traditionally they were the official record-keepers in the royal courts of the Odia princely states historically ([[Orissa Tributary States]]).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Ramesh P. |last1=Mohanty|first2=Durgesh Nandini |last2=Biswal|title=Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl66OPnClpoC&pg=PA40|year=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-199-1|page=40}}</ref> Nowadays they are politically dominating community and reign over 40 years of odisha politics.<ref>{{cite web | last=Pradhan | first=Ashok | title=Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting - Times of India | website=The Times of India | date=2019-04-13 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/odisha/news/reign-of-patnaiks-40-years-and-counting/articleshow/68858700.cms | access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref>
The '''Karan''' is a community found in the state of [[Odisha]] in [[India]].<ref name="Pati2008">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Pati|title=Family Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA116|year=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|pages=116–}}</ref> The post of Karana used to be a professional designation that was occupied by literate peoples.<ref name="IHC_KRN_2004">{{Cite journal |last=Raut |first=L.N. |date=2004 |title=Jati Formation in Early Medieval Orissa: Reflection on Karana (Kayastha Caste) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144743 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=65|pages=304–308 |jstor=44144743 }}</ref> They held [[Karanam]] posts in some parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], where they speak [[Odia language|Odia]] and played a similar role in Odisha to that of the [[Kayastha]]s of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]].{{Clarify|reason=What role was that. It is more reader-friendly to spell out what that role is.|date=September 2025}}<ref name="Rao1990">{{cite book|author=M. Kodanda Rao|title=Cultural and Structural Dimensions of Family: A Study of Jalari Fishermen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKhxpLqX9bsC&pg=PA34|year=1990|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-270-5|pages=34–}}</ref> In the social hierarchy of Odisha they rank next to [[Brahmin]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Rabindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&dq=karan+rank+next+to+brahmin&pg=PA116 |title=Family Planning |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0352-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patra |first=Patitapaban |date=December 1994 |title=Archeological remains of Dhenkanal |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/118750 |journal=Utkal University, Department of History |volume=V |pages=205–206|hdl=10603/118750 }}</ref> They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, [[record keeper]]s and [[dewan]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Pramod Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GzaAAAAMAAJ&q=srikarana |title=Colonialism and South Asia: Cuttack, 1803-1947 |date=2007 |publisher=R.N. Bhattacharya |isbn=978-81-87661-52-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohanty |first1=Ramesh P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl66OPnClpoC&pg=PA40 |title=Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal |last2=Biswal |first2=Durgesh Nandini |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8324-199-1 |page=40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceDuDwAAQBAJ&dq=srikarana&pg=PA375 |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=2017-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-4103-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYhKAQAAIAAJ&q=Sri+Karana++Mahasenapati |title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak |date=2002 |publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad |isbn=978-81-902761-5-3 |language=en}}</ref> They owned most [[Zamindar]]is in Odisha.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Sadasiba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_UeAAAAMAAJ&q=athgarh+state+srikaran |title=Agrarian and Political Movements: States of Orissa, 1931 to 1949 |date=1986 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0038-3 |language=en}}</ref> They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Joanna Gottfried |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22wCxbKAdmkC&dq=The+Two-headed+Deer%3A+Illustrations+of+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+in+Orissa&pg=PA90 |title=The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08065-2 |language=en}}</ref> Today they are a politically dominant community and have reigned over the politics of Odisha for more than 50 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2019-04-13 |title=Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/odisha/news/reign-of-patnaiks-40-years-and-counting/articleshow/68858700.cms |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=How the Patnaiks, despite being 2% of Odisha's population, ruled the state for 45 years, and maybe beyond |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/how-the-patnaiks-despite-being-2-of-odishas-population-ruled-the-state-for-45-years-and-maybe-beyond/articleshow/110027397.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: The evil that envelopes Orissa |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/14oriss.htm |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
 
==Origin==
===Divisions===
Karanas in Odisha are divided into various divisions, out of these divisions [[Kshatriya]] Karanas are considered superior to other divisions of Karanas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karana%20caste |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1975 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref> They are classified as Vratyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prinsep |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q_gAAAAMAAJ&dq=ray+karan+caste&pg=RA2-PA34 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1905 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref> Karanas used to observe rituals like [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] and [[Upanayana]] in their community.<ref  name=bd>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Biswarup |date=1980 |title=Kayasthas and Karanas in Orissa—A Study on Inscriptions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141924 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=41 |pages=940–944 |jstor=44141924 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
 
===Medieval Period===
The frequent admission of land grants to princes, [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmins]] and various officials gave rise to a new class of writers. However the Karanas crystallized into a distinct caste only in the 10th or 11th century AD owing to social mobility. Any mention of the term prior to that period simply denotes its functional aspect rather than a caste affiliation.<ref name="IHC_KRN_2004"/>


==Social Status==
==Social status==
[[File:Naveen Patnaik cm.jpg|thumb|Sri Naveen Patnaik Chief Minister of Odisha belongs to Karan caste]]
'''Medieval Period'''
The Karanas are a [[forward caste]] of Odisha.<ref name="MatthiesNärhi2016">{{cite book|author1=Aila-Leena Matthies|author2=Kati Närhi|title=The Ecosocial Transition of Societies: The contribution of social work and social policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiolDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|date=4 October 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-03460-5|pages=110–}}</ref> During the British colonial era, many Karanas used to be [[zamindar]]s of Odisha.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/189767/11/11_chapter%25204.pdf |title=sg.inflibnet.ac.in |format= }}</ref> In recent post-Independence era India, they have also played a dominant role in politics. Such is their prominence in politics that many members from the Karan community have been elected as the [[Chief Ministers of Odisha]], hence they are also dubbed as the political caste of Odisha.<ref name="VermaSingh2020">{{cite book|author1=Pramit Verma|author2=Pardeep Singh|title=Urban Ecology: Emerging Patterns and Social-Ecological Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7vbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|date=14 July 2020|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-820731-4|pages=83–}}</ref>
 
==Surnames==
Karanas along with [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmins]] feature in the 10th century inscriptions of [[Odisha]] and are represented as heads of the local population. Such depiction denotes their high social rank.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Brahmana+Karana+-+Puroga+-+nivasi |title=Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... |date=1995 |publisher=South Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref> Karanas enjoyed high status in medieval period and [[Marriage|married]] within the royal households. An example of this can be found in the Arasavali copper plate of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] monarch Vajrahasta III.<ref name="IHC_KRN_2004" /> They occupied high positions under the feudatory kings of Odisha, most of them were appointed as [[Dewan]]s in the princely states of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF4KAQAAIAAJ&q=held+high |title=Orissa District Gazetteers |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref> Karanas find mention in [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Kara]] records and are represented as Sadhyadhikarana or Chief Judicial Officer of a district. Similarly Srikarana featured in the temple inscription is said to have been the accountant general of [[Anangabhima Deva III]] of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. A Kosthakarana was a top administrative officer of Narsimha Deva 4 of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga Dynasty]]. Terms like Deula Karana represented the rank of Temple administrator. Samanta Karanas were the aristrocratic families of Karanas from Odisha, the word Samanta was also used by the kings of Odisha, thus it can be said Karanas were associated with the royal families of [[Odisha]].<ref name=bd/> The head of a Karana family was known as Samanta while his wife was known as Samantani.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUvRAAAAMAAJ&q=head+of+a+karan+family+samanta |title=History of Orissa in the 19th Century |date=1964 |publisher=Utkal University |language=en}}</ref> Some Karanas also received land grants and held feudatory status in medieval Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Shishir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zC1uAAAAMAAJ&q=karanas+received+land+grants |title=New Perspectives on the History and Culture of Orissa |date=2000 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-86791-23-3 |language=en}}</ref> They appear to be an important community in [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] as they held high positions in the government such as the post of army general, prime minister and accountant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Dr Manas Kumar |date=May 7, 2022 |title=DDCE, Utkal |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-16.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204044741/http://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-16.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2021 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=ddceutkal.ac.in }}</ref> Karanas were associated with the administration of the ruling dynasties of Odisha, a general named Srikarana Mahananda Senapati of the Karan caste was the army general and governor of Anangabhima 3 of Eastern Ganga dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Biswarup |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfYdAAAAMAAJ&q=Karana+caste |title=Orissa: Social, Cultural, and Religious Aspects |date=1985 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> Srikarana Mahananda Senapati was the Senadhyakshawara of the Kingdom or Commander in chief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parida |first=Asok Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jluAAAAMAAJ&q=srikarana+mahananda+senapati |title=Aspects of Socio-cultural Life in Early and Medieval Orissa |date=1996 |publisher=DSA Programme, Post Graduate Department of History, Utkal University |language=en}}</ref> Another official named Srikarana Pattanaik Viswanatha Mahasenapati was the army general and governor of Narsimha Deva 4 of Eastern Ganga Dynasty, he governed four Dandapatas or Rajyas of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga Dynasty]], he was also the Puro Srikarana of the Kingdom or Prime Minister.<ref name="books.google.com"/> Another general named Srikarana Suru Senapati under the reign of Anangabhima Dev 2 is said to have donated lands to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple of Puri]]  as evidenced from inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=S. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY8MAQAAMAAJ&q=srikarana+senapati |title=Virajā, the Capital of Ancient Orissa |date=2007 |publisher=Pratibha Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7702-148-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ramananda Ray]] was the governor of the southern territories in [[Gajapati Empire]], he was also a minister of [[Prataparudra Deva|Gajapati Prataparudra Deva]], [[Ramananda Ray]]a belonged to Karan community. The founder of [[Athgarh State]] was Raja SriKaran Niladri Bhagirath Barman Patnaik. He was the minister of the Raja of Puri, who conferred on him the title of Raja and gave him Athgarh for his service.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Paṭṭanāẏaka |first=Jagannātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpgeAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste |title=Feudatory States of Orissa, 1803-1857 |date=1988 |publisher=Vohra Publishers & Distributors |language=en}}</ref>
Prominent surnames of the Karan community include [[Patnaik]], [[Mohanty]], [[Das (surname)|Das]] etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/15193/10/10_chapter%25203.pdf |title=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |format= }}</ref><ref name="Pattanaik 2018">{{cite web | last=Pattanaik | first=Devdutt | title=Devdutt Pattanaik: Descendants of Chitragupta | website=mid-day | date=2018-02-18 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/devdutt-pattanaik-descendants-of-chitragupta/19083152 | access-date=2020-09-06}}</ref>
 
'''Modern Period'''
 
In British colonial era, Karanas owned most [[Zamindar]]is in Odisha and were extremely rich.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Bishnupada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuLZAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+zamindar |title=Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism |date=1996 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7102-049-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste+zamindar+extremely+rich |title=Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... |date=1995 |publisher=South Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/189767/11/11_chapter%25204.pdf |title=sg.inflibnet.ac.in |format= }}</ref> They also received large amounts of land grants in Khurda administration of [[Khurda kingdom|Khurda]] Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanabe |first=Akio |date= 2020|title=Genealogies of the "Paika Rebellion": Heterogeneities and Linkages |journal=International Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1017/S1479591420000157 |issn=1479-5914|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
In recent post-Independence era India, they have also played a dominant role in politics. Such is their prominence in politics that many members from the Karan community have been elected as the [[Chief Ministers of Odisha]], hence they are also dubbed as the political caste of Odisha.<ref name="VermaSingh2020">{{cite book|author1=Pramit Verma|author2=Pardeep Singh|title=Urban Ecology: Emerging Patterns and Social-Ecological Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7vbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|date=14 July 2020|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-820731-4|pages=83–}}</ref>
 
== Society and culture ==
'''Role in temple administration'''
 
Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana sub divisions of Karanas are the key servitors in the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] of Puri. They along with other key servitors manage the administration of temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Servitors firm on Sri Jagannath temple lock |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/oct/13/servitors-firm-on-sri-jagannath-temple-lock-2209588.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=The New Indian Express|date=13 October 2020 }}</ref> Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana servitors are also the representatives of the Raja of Puri and assist him in performing the temple rituals associated with Lord Jagannath.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-16 |title=Transfer of 'soul' during Nabakalebara {{!}} Sambad English |url=https://sambadenglish.com/transfer-of-soul-during-nabakalebara/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
* [[Biju Patnaik]]<ref name="Pradhan 2019">{{cite web | last=Pradhan | first=Ashok | title=Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting | website=The Times of India | date=2019-04-13 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/odisha/news/reign-of-patnaiks-40-years-and-counting/articleshow/68858700.cms | access-date=2020-09-06}}</ref>
 
* [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
=== Chief Ministers ===
* [[Naveen Patnaik]]
* [[Nabakrushna Choudhury]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] and freedom fighter.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Nabakrushna Choudhury]]<ref name="Rediff.com 2000">{{cite web | title=rediff.com: The evil that envelopes Orissa | website=Rediff.com | date=2000-02-14 | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/14oriss.htm | access-date=2020-09-06}}</ref>
* [[Biren Mitra]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]].<ref name=":1" />
* [[Biren Mitra]]<ref>"Rediff.com 2000"</ref>
* [[Biju Patnaik]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]], freedom fighter, industrialist and pilot.<ref name="toi_patnaik">{{cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Ashok |date=2019-04-13 |title=Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/odisha/news/reign-of-patnaiks-40-years-and-counting/articleshow/68858700.cms |access-date=2021-02-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>  
* [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] and former [[Governor of Assam]].<ref name="toi_patnaik" />
* [[Naveen Patnaik]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] and second longest serving Chief Minister of any Indian state.<ref name=":3" />
 
=== Freedom Fighters & Social Reformers ===
* [[Madhusudan Das|Utkala Gouraba Madhusudan Das]]; Indian Lawyer, industrialist, social reformer, founder of [[Utkal Sammilani]] and prominent figure for creation of [[Orissa Province]] (present-day [[Odisha]], India).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=Hiranya Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UV8uEAAAQBAJ&dq=madhusudan+das+karan+caste&pg=PT168 |title=Odisha of My Times: English Translation of "Mo Samayara Odisha" by Krishna Chandra Panigrahi |date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63850-732-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gopabandhu Choudhuri|Gopabandhu Choudhury]]; deputy magistrate in British Government, Indian activist, social worker and freedom fighter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&q=Choudhury++Karana |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ramadevi Choudhury]]; freedom fighter, social reformer and [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner.
* [[Annapurna Maharana|Annapurna Choudhury]]; women's rights activist and freedom fighter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-03 |title=Annapurna Maharana cremated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Annapurna-Maharana-cremated/articleshow/17870114.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nanda |first=Prabhat Kumar |date=October 2022 |title=Annapurna Maharana : a philanthropist |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2022/October/engpdf/203-204.pdf |journal=Odisha Review |pages=2}}</ref>
* [[Braja Sundar Das]]; Zamindar of Tisania estate, freedom fighter, politician, poet and social reformer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ସଂ. |url=https://archive.org/details/jajapurara-dui-amlana-pratibha-bichitra-nanda-o-braja-sundar-1997 |title=ଯାଜପୁରର ଦୁଇ ଅମ୍ଳାନ ପ୍ରତିଭା – ବିଚିତ୍ରା ନନ୍ଦ ଓ ବ୍ରଜ ସୁନ୍ଦର |date=1997 |language=Or}}</ref>
* [[Sarala Devi]]; Independence activist, feminist, social activist, writer and first Odia woman to join the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]] also the first woman to be elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keMrAQAAIAAJ&q=karana |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies. |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gopala Ballabha Das]]; writer, social reformer, deputy magistrate in British Government, assistant of Odisha commissioner during British rule and superintendent of all [[Princely state]] of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keMrAQAAIAAJ&q=Gopala+Ballabha |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies. |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jagabandhu Patnaik]]; [[Dewan]] of [[Porahat]] and the first martyr from [[Odisha]] in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=N. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcQtAAAAMAAJ&q=Jagabandhu+patnaik |title=Veer Surendra Sai |date=1985 |publisher=Department of Culture, Government of Orissa |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhagirathi Mahapatra]]; Indian lawyer, politician, founding member and first secretary of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee|Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&q=bhagirathi+mohapatra+karan |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nityanand Kanungo]]; social activist, former [[Governor of Bihar]] and [[Governor of Gujarat|Gujarat]], former union minister in [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet]] .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&q=karan |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Binod Kanungo]]; freedom fighter, [[Odisha Sahitya Academi Award|Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner and educator.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nilamani Senapati |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3044 |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Karaput |last2=Nabin Kumar Sahu |date=1966 |publisher=Cuttack, Superintendent Orissa Government Press}}</ref>
* [[Biswanath Pattnaik]]; social reformer and [[Bhoodan movement]] leader.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Ananya |date=2019-06-05 |title=Koraputia Gandhi: The Forgotten Legend Who Served Odisha's Tribals for 77 Years |url=https://thebetterindia.com/185187/koraputia-gandhi-odisha-biswanath-pattnaik/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Sarangadhar Das]]; Indian nationalist revolutionary, member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]] for framing newly independent India's [[Constitution of India|constitution]].
 
=== Vaishnav Saints ===
* [[Achyutananda Dasa]]; 16th-century poet seer and Vaishnava saint.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA83 |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |date=1981 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0229-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ananta Dasa]]; Odia poet, mystic and one of the chief saint of Utkaliya [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&dq=ananta+dasa+karana&pg=PA86 |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |date=1981 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0229-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Balarama Dasa]]; 15th-century poet seer, litterateur, writer of [[Jagamohana Ramayana]] and [[Lakshmi Purana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI4eAAAAMAAJ&q=balarama+dasa+karana |title=A Study of History of Orissa: From the Earliest Times to Mukundadeva |date=1984 |publisher=Panchashila |language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Historical Figures ===
* [[Bisara Mohanty]]; historical figure of Jagannath culture who rescued Daru Brahma (soul stuff) of Lord Jagannath from the river Ganga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohanty |first=Gopinath |date=July 2020 |title=Bisara Mohanty, An Ardent Devotee ISSN 0970-8669 |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2020/Jun-Jul/engpdf/20-30.pdf |journal=Odisha Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIzXAAAAMAAJ&q=bisar+mohanty |title=Jagannath Revisited: Studying Society, Religion, and the State in Orissa |last2=Schnepel |first2=Burkhard |date=2001 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-386-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ramananda Ray]]; author of Jagannath Vallabha Natakam and the Governor of [[Gajapati Empire]].<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Madhavi Pattanayak]]; 16th-century poet and disciple of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rout |first=Savitri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SCzRH24LnAC&dq=Madhavi+Dasi&pg=PA32 |title=Women Pioneers in Oriya Literature |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-2546-8 |language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Art & Literature ===
* [[Brajanath Badajena]]; Odia poet and descendant of 16th-century poet Raghu Arakhita.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eBtAAAAMAAJ&q=Brajanath+badajena+Karan |title=Proceedings |date=1976 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Banamali Dasa]]; Odia [[Bhakti movement|bhakti-poet]] and composer of [[Odissi music]] .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Janaki Ballabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNi10M-NkOYC&q=Karan |title=Banamali Das |date=1993 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-449-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Birakishore Das|Jatiya Kabi Birakishore Das]]; National poet, social activist, politician and the editor of  "Mo Desha" .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahanti |first=Jagannatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zepjAAAAMAAJ&q=Birakishore+das |title=Children's Literature of Orissa |date=1993 |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Laxmikanta Mohapatra|Kanta Kabi Laxmikanta Mohapatra]]; illustrious Odia poet and patriot who wrote Odisha’s immortal state anthem “[[Bande Utkala Janani]]” and is revered as the voice of Odia nationalism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2020-06-07 |title=Bande Utkala Janani is State song of Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bande-utkala-janani-is-state-song-of-odisha/article31774388.ece |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka]]; Odia poet and composer of [[Odissi music]].
* [[Radhanath Ray]]; poet, novelist, essayist, educationist, cultural relativist, orator and songwriter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopinath Mohanty |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.220244/2015.220244.Radhanath-Ray_djvu.txt |title=Radhanath Ray |date=1983}}</ref>
* [[Pratibha Ray]]; renowned author and academic, best known for her contributions to Odia literature. Jnanpith Award for her novel Yajnaseni, which powerfully reinterprets the character of Draupadi from the Mahabharata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adhunik Sanskrit Sahitya Pustakalaya |url=https://sanskrit.nic.in/ASSP/writer/PratibhaR.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=sanskrit.nic.in}}</ref>
* [[Gourishankar Ray]]; writer and a prominent figure amongst the makers of [[Odisha|Modern Odisha]].
* [[Deba Prasad Das]]; [[Odissi|Odissi classical dancer and Guru]], recognized as one of the four first-generation masters who revived and structured the dance form, known for his robust style rooted in [[Gotipua|Gotipua traditions]] and recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1977.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPuADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |title=Orissa Society of Americas 39th Annual Convention Souvenir: For Annual Convention Held in 2008 at Toronto, Canada |publisher=Odisha Society of the Americas |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Artaballabha Mohanty]]; writer, literary critique and the publisher of only available print record of [[Madala Panji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-06 |title=Some Great Odiya Personalities |url=http://www.odiya.org/personality/personality.shtml |access-date=2024-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306153914/http://www.odiya.org/personality/personality.shtml |archive-date=2014-03-06 }}</ref>
* [[Kalicharan Pattnaik]]; eminent literary and artistic figure of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharitri E-Paper |url=https://www.dharitri.com/e-Paper/Bhubaneswar/231217/p6.htm |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.dharitri.com}}</ref>
* [[Annada Shankar Ray]]; Indian poet and essayist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-11 |title=অন্নদাশঙ্কর রায় – |url=https://banglarmamatimanush.com/annada-sankar-roy-jyoti-bandyopadhyay/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511133459/https://banglarmamatimanush.com/annada-sankar-roy-jyoti-bandyopadhyay/ |archive-date=2020-05-11 }}</ref>
* [[Gopinath Mohanty]];<ref>{{Cite web  |date=2019-04-20 |title=Gopinath Mohanty Memorial Lecture today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/apr/20/gopinath-mohanty-memorial-lecture-today-1966706.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> novelist, winner of [[Jnanpith Award]] and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].
* [[Surendra Mohanty]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-04 |title=Sambad: 24 and counting |url=https://orissamatters.com/2007/10/04/sambad/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Orissa Matters |language=en-US}}</ref> author, politician and [[Padma Shri]] award winner.
 
=== Education & Research ===
* [[Prana Krushna Parija]]; Indian botanist, scientist, politician, winner of [[Padma Bhushan]] and Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-19 |title=New Page |url=http://jagatsinghpur.nic.in/dist_portal/eminentperson.htm |access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119004950/http://jagatsinghpur.nic.in/dist_portal/eminentperson.htm |archive-date=2012-11-19 }}</ref>
* [[Sudhira Das]]; first woman engineer of Odisha, pioneering technical education for women in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swetaparna |title=First woman engineer of Odisha dies |url=https://sambadenglish.com/first-woman-engineer-of-odisha-dies/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=sambadenglish.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bidhu Bhusan Das]]; educator, public intellectual and ex-principal of Ranchi University (now [[Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University]]), vice Chancellor of [[Utkal University]], an advisor to [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]] and played a key role in establishing [[Kathmandu|Kathmandu's]] [[Tribhuvan University]] also helped to setup [[Nagaland University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Das, Bidhu Bhusan, 1922- - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n89267884.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=id.loc.gov}}</ref>
* [[Prabhat Nalini Das]]; Public intellectual, first dean/director of Humanities division at [[IIT Kanpur]], vice chancellor of [[North-Eastern Hill University]] also served as a professor of English and head of the English department at several prestigious institutions including [[Delhi University]], [[Ranchi University]], [[Lady Shri Ram College]] and [[Utkal University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashutosh Sheshabalaya on Global Reach |date=May 9, 2013 |url=https://www.voiceamerica.com/guest/17097/ashutosh-sheshabalaya |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The VoiceAmerica Talk |language=en |archive-date=2020-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219101712/https://www.voiceamerica.com/guest/17097/ashutosh-sheshabalaya |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Madhu Sudan Kanungo]]; renowned Indian scientist in the fields of neuroscience and gerontology. He is best known for his Gene Expression Theory of Aging, also founder-director of Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, chancellor of [[Nagaland University]] and [[Padma Shri]] award winner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-16 |title=Noted scholar M S Kanungo passes away |work=The Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-27/varanasi/29819818_1_bhu-orientation-programme-swatantrata-bhawan |access-date=2025-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916205554/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-27/varanasi/29819818_1_bhu-orientation-programme-swatantrata-bhawan |archive-date=2012-09-16}}</ref>
* [[Jitendra Nath Mohanty]]; Indian philosopher, served as an Emeritus professor of Philosophy in [[Temple University|Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Some Memories of My Teacher, J.N. Mohanty – The Indian Philosophy Blog |url=https://indianphilosophyblog.org/2023/03/20/some-memories-of-my-teacher-j-n-mohanty/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=indianphilosophyblog.org}}</ref>
* [[Nikhil Mohan Pattnaik]]; Indian scholar, scientist and founder of Srujanika, a science education and research non profit organization situated in Bhubaneswar'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-03 |title=The digital book binder - The New Indian Express |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/The-digital-book-binder/2013/09/01/article1757468.ece1 |access-date=2024-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903203527/http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/The-digital-book-binder/2013/09/01/article1757468.ece1 |archive-date=2013-09-03 }}</ref>
 
=== Jurists ===
* [[Ananga Kumar Patnaik]]; former justice of [[Supreme Court of India]], former chief justice of [[Chhattisgarh High Court]] and [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-18 |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice A.K. Patnaik |url=http://sci.nic.in/judges/sjud/akpatnaik.htm |access-date=2024-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818021930/http://sci.nic.in/judges/sjud/akpatnaik.htm |archive-date=2013-08-18 }}</ref>
* [[Gopal Ballav Pattanaik]]; 32nd [[Chief Justice of India]] and former [[Chief Justice of Patna High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-11-08 |title=G B Pattanaik takes oath as Chief Justice of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/G-B-Pattanaik-takes-oath-as-Chief-Justice-of-India/articleshow/27669480.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Bira Kishore Ray]]; first [[Orissa High Court|Chief Justice of Orissa High Court]] and first [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate general of Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=ଓଡ଼ିଶା ହାଇକୋର୍ଟର ପ୍ରଥମ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଚାରପତି ବୀର କିଶୋର ରାୟଙ୍କ ଶ୍ରାଦ୍ଧବାର୍ଷିକୀ |url=https://odishasambad.in/remembering-first-chief-justice-of-odisha-highcourt-birakishore-ray-on-his-death-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Odisha Sambad |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Sukanta Kishore Ray]]; former [[Orissa High Court|Chief Justice of Orissa High Court]] and [[Governor of Odisha|former Governor of Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1301877170150935&set=basw.AboNUNr0IBOnV-RUCDm-Qa2FcZhFGUBB2-t4z92shOJHVxw34qeelqveLfBYs-pcWGVogrirYAp9HyCfiZ854A91w_aMNgNZg33czIiwwcKcu9sM5Rjocquzl_dp-x0agHOHSa2k9RiVJDmVqBt-7uoUD99n9Zqlkm_6hlqUtoHWrke7Ynjtwc1Xz_Z3G7ni1n5tzEr2AAspW4h_VCOVKQcqVieuhVYgpsrpOFizQNtJAHi_jEzlW7DlvG4yn42cQRjpwMfVp-MUDkwbZOQLfgENNKtlkrsYdE7-xsZA_f166G4IiCv3hIYV31ONFiHjiiU&opaqueCursor=AbpZlBMyzgd724HSzZjMNSjNQK42kuR3w58iF-JV9X_h8T0FhL2nwtssTo8Z7vrDY90h_ay50K6Dxy8eFBU2xnd51S2KRmcqpyBAbebQufIBGO_aNnGaBSbUpTpDg8Ce4S_iXRN4Le3IlXoonIh72EsL1yFGXvm9USHy8euRIqIYQ5-0RU3jn_6Ex77ZF-9XoxNhuYlZJhpito3iRQUDo5E7HQJcjoJJj3EM0sJD4s6GP3Mf4k1k2YJs91nHCdo_yLfS4vB70Zxvbo7yBsrBtnN55d_5uCSGyrVvAMMD2uiU7n5_BdUSkkE-bsjZXQndklj0MhDKUl44RmImzy-tJmwQbIfZa9eJatk3PmkZne2wr15Lwr41PJV-SzAS4guvdYTlSFSZdDmVeLdUFy7-fhg6hhc3bl4yiY1spv1zAKkdbvMZgx4gN_PIhxoDKKgGqpFQv2JlBf31qcQ8C1NhCUY2ubq68Xu0RIB24NJPZuevnPJe_KipqixDaRRSxxXx3E13qS5P3apvxZzWMYjnY2hn5bK2L31qdYp41tpARzId7-MbN2stiNG8cLKPFMO8bh-TuyF9Nj4CNHffKJcB-iCcqWmpBcLvEcmMHmJcYZzwKTyxBEaT9XxAxXVoutdHf1dt9SKmzPSKsZVPizNLemjmv4RIBjAAoGrGXZG9yb_tuDtZwA4FCWmbYiNYF--duRjBmKoE-C_zD1o-w3dT-IqPeInFAN5PqutZRe5ER8SaKsNzRe3uJrYhia3VQPX1DsUQvqlvZL4TA13jqxvcbFwM8PYVZX7y5_Cba_G-dEsUFbMnr30k1VGyD3cPbGN-sHCPACEsXiAEUpICk3B1xFTGcUAJYgV4DyMjEdqv32W8wHAkeGR7JhqyiJFzhv-RJGI |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
* Jugal Kishore Mohanty; former [[Sikkim High Court|Chief Justice of Sikkim High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2021-03-20 |title=Governor Biswa Bhusan pays tributes to Justice Jugal Kishore Mohanty |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/governor-biswa-bhusan-pays-tributes-to-justice-jugal-kishore-mohanty-677707 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pradip Kumar Mohanty]]; former [[Jharkhand High Court|Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court]] and former [[Chairperson]] of [[Lokpal|Lokpal of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-01 |title=Justice Pradip Kumar Mohanty appointed as Chief Justice of Jharkhand HC {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com |url=http://odishasuntimes.com/justice-pradip-kumar-mohanty-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801125123/http://odishasuntimes.com/justice-pradip-kumar-mohanty-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/ |archive-date=2018-08-01 }}</ref>
 
=== Others ===
* [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]; retired [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General of the Indian Army]], 42nd [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]], former [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Southern Command]].<ref>{{Cite web  |date=2020-01-26 |title=Lt Gen Chandi Prasad Mohanty is General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Southern Army Command |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/24/lt-gen-chandi-prasad-mohanty-is-general-officer-commanding-in-chief-of-southern-army-command-2093740.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kishen Pattnaik]]; Indian politician, social activist, author, founder & editor of Hindi monthly periodical called ''Samayik Varta.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Sambad |date=2022-09-22 |title=ଖଡ଼ିଆଳର ପୂର୍ବତନ ବିଧାୟକ କପିଳ ନାରାୟଣ ତିୱାରୀଙ୍କ ପରଲୋକ |url=https://sambad.in/state/kapil-narayan-tiwari-former-mla-of-khadial-passed-away-879906/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Sambad |language=or}}</ref>
* [[Jayanti Patnaik]]; four-time Member of Parliament, first Chairperson of [[National Commission for Women]] and wife of former Chief Minister of Odisha and ex governor of Assam [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik|Shri Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-22 |title=NCW::Breif<!--sic--> History |url=http://ncw.nic.in/frmABTBreifHistory.aspx |access-date=2025-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322143848/http://ncw.nic.in/frmABTBreifHistory.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Niranjan Patnaik]]; former president of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]] and Ex Cabinet Minister.<ref name=":3" />
* [[Sarat Pattanayak]]; Indian politician and former president of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-23 |title=Old war horse Sarat Pattnayak appointed Odisha Congress chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/old-war-horse-sarat-pattnayak-appointed-odisha-congress-chief/articleshow/91749222.cms |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Banamali Patnaik]]; Indian politician and former president of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0ZPAQAAMAAJ&q=banamali+%22Patnaik%22+passed+obituary+1980 |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1980 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>
* Samir Mohanty; Indian politician and former president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=Samir Mohanty elected Odisha BJP president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/samir-mohanty-elected-odisha-bjp-chief-president-narendra-singh-tomar-1637543-2020-01-16 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
* [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]; Indian politician, writer, film producer and founder-editor of the [[Odia language|Odia]] daily [[Sambad]].<ref name=":3" />
* [[Ashok Kumar Das]]; Indian politician and former leader of opposition in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] during [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-23 |title=Sons rise in Orissa politics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections-east/story/sons-rise-in-orissa-politics-48405-2009-05-22 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pranab Prakash Das]]; Indian politician, former Energy Minister and one of the prominent leader in [[Naveen Patnaik|Naveen Patnaik's]] Government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranab Prakash Das(BJD):Constituency- JAJPUR(JAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5577 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Bijoy Mohapatra]]; former Irrigation Minister and most powerful minister (known as Super Chief Minister) in [[Biju Patnaik|Biju Patnaik's]] cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-20 |title=Orissa Politics: Bijoy Mohapatra : In Jaya Chandra's Path - By Manoj Padhi |url=http://hindtoday.com/Blogs/ViewBlogsV2.aspx?HTAdvtId=596&HTAdvtPlaceCode=IND674ORISSA |access-date=2024-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820041358/http://hindtoday.com/Blogs/ViewBlogsV2.aspx?HTAdvtId=596&HTAdvtPlaceCode=IND674ORISSA |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]]; former state's Cabinet Minister in [[Fifth Naveen Patnaik ministry|Naveen Patnaik's Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naba Kisore Das(BJD):Constituency- JHARSUGUDA(JHARSUGUDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4872 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Manas Mangaraj]]; Indian politician, journalist and member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Odisha]] as member of [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manas Ranjan Mangaraj(BJD):(ODISHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=990 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Akshaya Mohanty]]; singer, lyricist, composer, musician, writer and Jayadev award winner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-25 |title=$ $ $ Akshaya Mohanty $ $ $ |url=http://akshayamahanty.com/life.htm |access-date=2024-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325152426/http://akshayamahanty.com/life.htm |archive-date=25 March 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Hara Patnaik]]; Indian actor, director, screenplay writer and singer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-17 |title=Odia actor Hara Patnaik dead |work=IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odia-actor-hara-patnaik-dead/522747-8.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150117232210/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odia-actor-hara-patnaik-dead/522747-8.html |archive-date=2015-01-17}}</ref>
* [[Akshay Parija]]: Indian film maker and businessmen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=A Life Transformed |url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=3237 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Harvard Business School Alumni |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bijay Mohanty]]; Indian actor, Jayadev award winner, Orissa Cine Critics Award winner, National Film Awards winner and 6 times [[Odisha State Film Awards]] winner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-22 |title=Odisha bids a tearful adieu to Bijay Mohanty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/odisha-bids-a-tearful-adieu-to-bijay-mohanty/articleshow/77110843.cms |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Arindam Roy|Arindam Ray]]; Indian actor, politician and son in law of former leader of opposition [[Ashok Kumar Das]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arindam Roy, BJP Candidate from Salipur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/arindam-roy-s18aed2008a094e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arindam Roy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SALIPUR(CUTTACK) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1179 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Buddhaditya Mohanty]]; Indian actor.
* [[Mahasweta Ray]]; Ollywood actress, [[Odisha State Film Awards|Odisha State Film Award winner]].<ref>{{Cite web  |date=2012-05-08 |title=Weaving a legacy of grace |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2010/Dec/12/weaving-a-legacy-of-grace-210240.html |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Anubhav Mohanty]]; Indian actor and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anubhav Mohanty(BJD):Constituency- KENDRAPARA(ODISHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10133 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Uttam Mohanty]]; Indian actor, [[Odisha State Film Awards|Odisha State Film Awards winner]] and Jayadev Award winner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttam Mohanty {{!}} Actor, Writer, Music Department |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0595948/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>  
* [[Babushaan Mohanty]]; Indian actor, playback singer and son of [[Uttam Mohanty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Pragativadi News |date=2022-07-31 |title=Babushaan celebrates birthday with fans, cuts cake; Announces new Odia film "Gajapati" |url=https://pragativadi.com/babushaan-celebrates-birthday-with-fans-cuts-cake-announces-new-odia-film-gajapati/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 
== Surnames ==
Some titles associated with the Karan caste includes:
 
[[Patnaik]], [[Mohanty]], [[Chowdhury|Choudhury]], [[Das (surname)|Das]], [[Rai (title)|Ray]], [[Mohapatra]], [[Samantray|Samantaray]], [[Routray]], Chhotray, Kanungo, [[Bakshi]], Raychoudhury, Bohidar, Srikarana, Dandapata, Das Mahapatra, Parija, Pruseth, Narendra, [[Senapati|Mahasenapati]], Srichandan, Harichandan, Bebarta, Mangaraj, Samantasinghar, [[Jena (surname)|Badajena]], [[Behera (title)|Behera]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Upadhyay |first=Arun Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6y1uAAAAMAAJ&q=jena+karana |title=Origin of Orissa Names |date=2000 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |isbn=978-81-86472-60-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kshatriya+Karan+jena |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1975 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBNDAAAAYAAJ&q=Dandapata |title=Proceedings |date=2006 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jena |first=K. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGZyHbmMVFEC&q=+karan+caste |title=Land Revenue Administration in Orissa During the Nineteenth Century |date=1968 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/15193/10/10_chapter%25203.pdf | title=Socio-historical profile of the Sukinda region | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613150032/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15193/10/10_chapter%203.pdf | archive-date=2018-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-18 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik: Descendants of Chitragupta |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/devdutt-pattanaik--descendants-of-chitragupta-19083152 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hust |first=Evelin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xUqAAAAYAAJ&q=karan+kayastha |title=Women's Political Representation and Empowerment in India: A Million Indiras Now? |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-575-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohapatra |first=Gopinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH4cAAAAMAAJ&q=jagannath+in+history+and+religious+tradition |title=Jagannātha in History & Religious Traditions of Orissa |date=1982 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Mauchline Roberts |first=Elizabeth |title=Gandhi and the Indian nationalist movement to 1920 |date=2019-08-13 |work=Gandhi, Nehru and Modern India |pages=14–27 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000628197/chapters/10.4324/9780367351717-2 |access-date=2024-10-26 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780367351717-2 |isbn=978-0-367-35171-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DS5uAAAAMAAJ&q=bakshi |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Sundargarh |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Dipti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&dq=srikarana+mahasenapati&pg=PA77 |title=Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) |date=2007 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-195-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Indian Anthropological |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9waBAAAAMAAJ&q=behera+karana |title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society |date=1998 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moharana |first=Surendra |date=July 2016 |title=The Role of Daitas in Navakalevara |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2015/July/engpdf/115-122.pdf |journal=Odisha Review |pages=116}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
 
* [[Madala Panji]], a chronicle of [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] written by '''Karanas'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pāṇigrāhī |first1=Śarata Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra86AAAAMAAJ&q=+madala+panji |title=The Cult and Culture of Lord Jagannath |last2=Panda |first2=Daityari |date=1984 |publisher=Rashtrabhasha Samavaya Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rath |first=Bijaya Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karana |title=Cultural History of Orissa, A.D. 855-1110 |date=1983 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pāṇigrāhī |first1=Śarata Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra86AAAAMAAJ&q=Karana |title=The Cult and Culture of Lord Jagannath |last2=Panda |first2=Daityari |date=1984 |publisher=Rashtrabhasha Samavaya Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhoi dynasty]], a medieval Hindu dynasty founded by [[Govinda Vidyadhara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt4nbp1VIhsC&pg=PA2687 |title=Indian Encyclopaedia |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7755-257-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reddy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWfeU9eQd5YC&pg=SL2-PA32 |title=General Studies History 4 Upsc |date=2005-11-01 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited |isbn=978-0-07-060447-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORnlAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL2-PA175 |title=Indian History |isbn=978-1-259-06323-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1o8BAAAAMAAJ&q=accountant |title=The History of the Gajapati Kings of Orissa and Their Successors |date=1953 |publisher=General Trading Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohapatra |first=Gopinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH4cAAAAMAAJ&q=govinda+vidyadhara+accountant |title=Jagannātha in History & Religious Traditions of Orissa |date=1982 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=PANIGRAHI |first=KRISHNA CHANDRA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0mkEAAAQBAJ&dq=govinda+vidyadhara&pg=PT340 |title=History of Orissa: (HINDU PERIOD) |date=2023-01-05 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68586-798-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brighenti |first=Francesco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnnXAAAAMAAJ&q=bhoi+karan |title=Śakti Cult in Orissa |date=2001 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0179-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce61AAAAIAAJ&q=bhoi+writer+ |title=The Sultanate of Delhi: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, Hindu Rule in Afghanistan and Causes of the Defeat of the Hindus in Early Medieval Age (711 - 1526 A.D.) |date=1959 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Athgarh State]], a [[Princely state]] founded by Raja Niladri Bhagirathi Barman Pattanayak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTduAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste+bebarta |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Cuttack |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref>  
* [[Karani script|Karani Script]], an Odia Script introduced by '''Karanas,''' it was primarily used for court, land, temple, and accounting records as well as other administrative purposes.
* [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]
* [[Bengali Kayastha]]
* [[Karanam]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{ref list}}


[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]

Latest revision as of 00:45, 27 January 2026


For the same surname and title, see Karanam.


Karan
କରଣ
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesOdia
Populated statesOdisha
SubdivisionsKaran, Karan Vaishnav
Related groupsBrahmin
StatusForward caste[1]

The Karan is a community found in the state of Odisha in India.[2] The post of Karana used to be a professional designation that was occupied by literate peoples.[3] They held Karanam posts in some parts of Andhra Pradesh, where they speak Odia and played a similar role in Odisha to that of the Kayasthas of West Bengal and Bihar.[clarification needed][4] In the social hierarchy of Odisha they rank next to Brahmins.[5][6] They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, record keepers and dewans.[7][8][9][10] They owned most Zamindaris in Odisha.[11][12][13] They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous.[14] Today they are a politically dominant community and have reigned over the politics of Odisha for more than 50 years.[15][16][17]

Origin[edit | edit source]

Divisions[edit | edit source]

Karanas in Odisha are divided into various divisions, out of these divisions Kshatriya Karanas are considered superior to other divisions of Karanas.[18] They are classified as Vratyas.[19] Karanas used to observe rituals like Sati and Upanayana in their community.[20]

Medieval Period[edit | edit source]

The frequent admission of land grants to princes, Brahmins and various officials gave rise to a new class of writers. However the Karanas crystallized into a distinct caste only in the 10th or 11th century AD owing to social mobility. Any mention of the term prior to that period simply denotes its functional aspect rather than a caste affiliation.[3]

Social status[edit | edit source]

Medieval Period

Karanas along with Brahmins feature in the 10th century inscriptions of Odisha and are represented as heads of the local population. Such depiction denotes their high social rank.[21] Karanas enjoyed high status in medieval period and married within the royal households. An example of this can be found in the Arasavali copper plate of the Eastern Ganga monarch Vajrahasta III.[3] They occupied high positions under the feudatory kings of Odisha, most of them were appointed as Dewans in the princely states of Odisha.[22] Karanas find mention in Bhauma-Kara records and are represented as Sadhyadhikarana or Chief Judicial Officer of a district. Similarly Srikarana featured in the temple inscription is said to have been the accountant general of Anangabhima Deva III of Eastern Ganga dynasty. A Kosthakarana was a top administrative officer of Narsimha Deva 4 of Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Terms like Deula Karana represented the rank of Temple administrator. Samanta Karanas were the aristrocratic families of Karanas from Odisha, the word Samanta was also used by the kings of Odisha, thus it can be said Karanas were associated with the royal families of Odisha.[20] The head of a Karana family was known as Samanta while his wife was known as Samantani.[23] Some Karanas also received land grants and held feudatory status in medieval Odisha.[24] They appear to be an important community in Eastern Ganga dynasty as they held high positions in the government such as the post of army general, prime minister and accountant.[25] Karanas were associated with the administration of the ruling dynasties of Odisha, a general named Srikarana Mahananda Senapati of the Karan caste was the army general and governor of Anangabhima 3 of Eastern Ganga dynasty.[26] Srikarana Mahananda Senapati was the Senadhyakshawara of the Kingdom or Commander in chief.[27] Another official named Srikarana Pattanaik Viswanatha Mahasenapati was the army general and governor of Narsimha Deva 4 of Eastern Ganga Dynasty, he governed four Dandapatas or Rajyas of Eastern Ganga Dynasty, he was also the Puro Srikarana of the Kingdom or Prime Minister.[10] Another general named Srikarana Suru Senapati under the reign of Anangabhima Dev 2 is said to have donated lands to the Jagannath Temple of Puri as evidenced from inscriptions.[28] Ramananda Ray was the governor of the southern territories in Gajapati Empire, he was also a minister of Gajapati Prataparudra Deva, Ramananda Raya belonged to Karan community. The founder of Athgarh State was Raja SriKaran Niladri Bhagirath Barman Patnaik. He was the minister of the Raja of Puri, who conferred on him the title of Raja and gave him Athgarh for his service.[29]

Modern Period

In British colonial era, Karanas owned most Zamindaris in Odisha and were extremely rich.[11][12][30] They also received large amounts of land grants in Khurda administration of Khurda Kingdom.[31]

In recent post-Independence era India, they have also played a dominant role in politics. Such is their prominence in politics that many members from the Karan community have been elected as the Chief Ministers of Odisha, hence they are also dubbed as the political caste of Odisha.[32]

Society and culture[edit | edit source]

Role in temple administration

Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana sub divisions of Karanas are the key servitors in the Jagannath Temple of Puri. They along with other key servitors manage the administration of temple.[33] Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana servitors are also the representatives of the Raja of Puri and assist him in performing the temple rituals associated with Lord Jagannath.[34]

Notable people[edit | edit source]

Chief Ministers[edit | edit source]

Freedom Fighters & Social Reformers[edit | edit source]

Vaishnav Saints[edit | edit source]

Historical Figures[edit | edit source]

Art & Literature[edit | edit source]

Education & Research[edit | edit source]

Jurists[edit | edit source]

Others[edit | edit source]

Surnames[edit | edit source]

Some titles associated with the Karan caste includes:

Patnaik, Mohanty, Choudhury, Das, Ray, Mohapatra, Samantaray, Routray, Chhotray, Kanungo, Bakshi, Raychoudhury, Bohidar, Srikarana, Dandapata, Das Mahapatra, Parija, Pruseth, Narendra, Mahasenapati, Srichandan, Harichandan, Bebarta, Mangaraj, Samantasinghar, Badajena, Behera etc.[100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Rajasekhar, D.; Patnaik, Pratyusna; Manjula, R. (2005). Affirmative Action and Political Participation: Elected Representatives in the Panchayats of Orissa. Institute for Social and Economic Change. ISBN 978-81-7791-122-0.
  2. ↑ Rabindra Nath Pati (2008). Family Planning. APH Publishing. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Raut, L.N. (2004). "Jati Formation in Early Medieval Orissa: Reflection on Karana (Kayastha Caste)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 65: 304–308. JSTOR 44144743.
  4. ↑ M. Kodanda Rao (1990). Cultural and Structural Dimensions of Family: A Study of Jalari Fishermen. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-81-7022-270-5.
  5. ↑ Pati, Rabindra Nath (2008). Family Planning. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8.
  6. ↑ Patra, Patitapaban (December 1994). "Archeological remains of Dhenkanal". Utkal University, Department of History. V: 205–206. hdl:10603/118750.
  7. ↑ Mohanty, Pramod Kumar (2007). Colonialism and South Asia: Cuttack, 1803-1947. R.N. Bhattacharya. ISBN 978-81-87661-52-8.
  8. ↑ Mohanty, Ramesh P.; Biswal, Durgesh Nandini (2007). Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal. Mittal Publications. p. 40. ISBN 978-81-8324-199-1.
  9. ↑ Sircar, D. C. (1 January 2017). Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-4103-1.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak. State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad. 2002. ISBN 978-81-902761-5-3.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Das, Bishnupada (1996). Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism. Firma KLM Private Limited. ISBN 978-81-7102-049-2.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... South Indian History Congress. 1995.
  13. ↑ Pradhan, Sadasiba (1986). Agrarian and Political Movements: States of Orissa, 1931 to 1949. Inter-India Publications. ISBN 978-81-210-0038-3.
  14. ↑ Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1 January 1996). The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08065-2.
  15. ↑ "Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting". The Times of India. 13 April 2019. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 "How the Patnaiks, despite being 2% of Odisha's population, ruled the state for 45 years, and maybe beyond". The Economic Times. 11 May 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "rediff.com: The evil that envelopes Orissa". m.rediff.com. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  18. ↑ The Orissa Historical Research Journal. Superintendent of Research and Museum. 1975.
  19. ↑ Prinsep, James (1905). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Bishop's College Press.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Das, Biswarup (1980). "Kayasthas and Karanas in Orissa—A Study on Inscriptions". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 41: 940–944. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44141924.
  21. ↑ Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... South Indian History Congress. 1995.
  22. ↑ Orissa (India) (1966). Orissa District Gazetteers. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press.
  23. ↑ Mukherjee, Prabhat (1964). History of Orissa in the 19th Century. Utkal University.
  24. ↑ Panda, Shishir Kumar (2000). New Perspectives on the History and Culture of Orissa. Punthi Pustak. ISBN 978-81-86791-23-3.
  25. ↑ Das, Dr Manas Kumar (7 May 2022). "DDCE, Utkal" (PDF). ddceutkal.ac.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  26. ↑ Das, Biswarup (1985). Orissa: Social, Cultural, and Religious Aspects. Sundeep Prakashan.
  27. ↑ Parida, Asok Nath (1996). Aspects of Socio-cultural Life in Early and Medieval Orissa. DSA Programme, Post Graduate Department of History, Utkal University.
  28. ↑ Mishra, S. P. (2007). Virajā, the Capital of Ancient Orissa. Pratibha Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7702-148-6.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Paṭṭanāẏaka, Jagannātha (1988). Feudatory States of Orissa, 1803-1857. Vohra Publishers & Distributors.
  30. ↑ "sg.inflibnet.ac.in" (PDF).
  31. ↑ Tanabe, Akio (2020). "Genealogies of the "Paika Rebellion": Heterogeneities and Linkages". International Journal of Asian Studies. 17 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1017/S1479591420000157. ISSN 1479-5914.
  32. ↑ Pramit Verma; Pardeep Singh (14 July 2020). Urban Ecology: Emerging Patterns and Social-Ecological Systems. Elsevier Science. pp. 83–. ISBN 978-0-12-820731-4.
  33. ↑ "Servitors firm on Sri Jagannath temple lock". The New Indian Express. 13 October 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  34. ↑ "Transfer of 'soul' during Nabakalebara | Sambad English". 16 July 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
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