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{{short description|River in Rajasthan and Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{short description|River in Rajasthan and Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox river
{{Infobox river
| name             = Sabarmati River
| name = Sabarmati River
| name_native      =
| native_name =  
| name_native_lang =
| native_name_lang =  
| name_other       =
| name_other =  
| name_etymology   =
| name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image = Sabarmati River (2020).jpg
| image           = Sabarmati Riverfront Jan 2011.JPG
| image_size =  
| image_size       =
| image_caption = Sabarmati River near Ahmedabad, Gujarat
| image_caption   = Sabarmati River near Ahmedabad, Gujarat
| mapframe = yes
| map              = Sabarmati_River_Basin.jpg
| map_size        = 250
| map_caption      = Map of the Sabarmati River [[Drainage basin|watershed]]
| pushpin_map      =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_type3 =  
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_name3 =  
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_type4 =  
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_name4 =  
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhinagar]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhinagar]]
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length    = {{convert|371|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati">{{cite book |title=Sabarmati Basin |date=2014 |publisher=Government of India Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://archive.org/details/SabarmatiBasin |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref>
| length_km = 371
| width_min   =
| length_ref = <ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati">{{cite book |title=Sabarmati Basin |date=2014 |publisher=Government of India Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://archive.org/details/SabarmatiBasin |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref>
| width_avg   =
| width_min =  
| width_max   =
| width_avg =  
| depth_min   =
| width_max =  
| depth_avg   =
| depth_min =  
| depth_max   =
| depth_avg =  
| discharge1_location=
| depth_max =  
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_location =  
| discharge1_min =  
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|120|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|120|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =
| discharge1_max =  
| discharge2_location= [[Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{Cite web
| discharge2_location = [[Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Sabarmati Basin Station: Ahmedabad
| title = Sabarmati Basin Station: Ahmedabad
| publisher = UNH/GRDC
| publisher = UNH/GRDC
Line 50: Line 44:
| discharge2_avg = {{convert|33|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_avg = {{convert|33|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max = {{convert|484|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max = {{convert|484|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 =  
| source1       =  
| source1_location = [[Aravalli Range]], [[Udaipur District]], Rajasthan, [[India]]
| source1_location= [[Aravalli Range]], [[Udaipur District]], Rajasthan, [[India]]
| source1_coordinates =  
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation = {{convert|782|m|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation= {{convert|782|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth =  
| mouth         =
| mouth_location = [[Gulf of Khambhat]], Gujarat, [[India]]
| mouth_location = [[Gulf of Khambhat]], Gujarat, [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates=
| mouth_coordinates =  
| mouth_elevation=  
| mouth_elevation =  
| progression   =
| progression =  
| river_system   =
| river_system =  
| basin_size    = {{cvt|30,680|km2}}<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| basin_size_km2 = 30,680
| basin_size_ref = <ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| tributaries_left = Wakal River, Harnav River, [[Hathmati River]], Watrak River<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| tributaries_left = Wakal River, Harnav River, [[Hathmati River]], Watrak River<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| tributaries_right= Sei River<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| tributaries_right = Sei River<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| custom_label   =
| custom_label =  
| custom_data   =
| custom_data =  
| extra         =
| extra =  
}}
}}


The '''Sabarmati river ''' is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011-12.pdf|title=Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers|publisher=Central Water Commission|year=2012|location=Gandhinagar|pages=14}}</ref> It originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] of the [[Udaipur District]] of [[Rajasthan]] and meets the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] of [[Arabian Sea]] after travelling {{cvt|371|km}} in a south-westerly direction across [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0" /> {{cvt|48|km}} of the river length is in Rajasthan, while {{cvt|323|km}} is in Gujarat.<ref name=":0" />
The '''Sabarmati River''' ({{ipa|gu|sabəɾmət̪iː|lang}}) is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite book|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011-12.pdf|title=Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers|publisher=Central Water Commission|year=2012|location=Gandhinagar|pages=14|archive-date=3 March 2017|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303122932/http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011-12.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] in the [[Udaipur District]] of [[Rajasthan]] and meets the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] in the [[Arabian Sea]] after travelling {{cvt|371|km}} in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan, and [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0a" /> {{cvt|48|km}} of the river length is in Rajasthan, while {{cvt|323|km}} is in Gujarat.<ref name=":0a" />
 
== Course ==
The Sabarmati River originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. The total length of the river is {{Convert|371|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |year=2018 |isbn= |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Dhruv Sen |location= |pages=466 |oclc=}}</ref> After travelling {{Convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Rajasthan it flows into the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] where it is joined by a left bank tributary, [[Wakal River|Wakal]], near the village Ghonpankhari.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=S. K. |title=Hydrology and water resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K |last3=Singh |first3=V. P. |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn= |location=Dordrecht |pages=589–579 |bibcode=2007hwri.book.....J |oclc=}}</ref> From there, the river continues southwest to Mhauri and meets a right bank tributary, the [[Sei River]]. Continuing its journey, it is joined by a left bank tributary, the Harnav River, before entering the Dharoi reservoir. After the Sabarmati passes the [[Dharoi dam]] it meets another left bank tributary, the [[Hathmati River]].<ref name=":1" /> From there, the river flows past the city of Ahmedabad and is joined by a left bank tributary, the [[Vatrak River]]. The Sabarmati River continues to flow and drains into the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], in the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name=":1" />


==Basin==
==Basin==
The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is {{cvt|21674|km2}} out of which {{cvt|4124|km2}} lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining {{cvt|18550|km2}} in Gujarat.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |url=http://envfor.nic.in/nrcd/NRCD/Sabarmati.htm|title= Sabarmati River, India|publisher=National River Conservation Directorate}}</ref> The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from {{cvt|450|to|800|mm}} in different parts of the basin.<ref name="Sridhar_etal">{{cite journal |last1=Sridhar |first1=Alpa |last2=Chamyal |first2=L.S. |last3=Patel |first3=Mansi |title=Palaeoflood record of high-magnitude events during historical time in the Sabarmati River, Gujarat |journal=Current Science |date=25 August 2014 |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=675–679 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/107/04/0675.pdf |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> The river traverses three geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone.<ref name="Thokchom_etal">{{cite journal |last1=Thokchom |first1=Sarda |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Falguni |last3=Prasad |first3=A. Durga |last4=Dogra |first4=N.N. |last5=Rastogi |first5=B.K. |title=Paleoenvironmental implications and drainage adjustment in the middle reaches of the Sabarmati river, Gujarat: Implications towards hydrological variability |journal=Quaternary International |date=2017 |volume=454 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.026 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318838980 |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref>
The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is {{cvt|21674|km2}} out of which {{cvt|4124|km2}} lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining {{cvt|18550|km2}} in Gujarat.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |url=http://envfor.nic.in/nrcd/NRCD/Sabarmati.htm|title= Sabarmati River, India|publisher=National River Conservation Directorate}}</ref> The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from {{cvt|450|to|800|mm}} in different parts of the basin.<ref name="Sridhar_etal">{{cite journal |last1=Sridhar |first1=Alpa |last2=Chamyal |first2=L.S. |last3=Patel |first3=Mansi |title=Palaeoflood record of high-magnitude events during historical time in the Sabarmati River, Gujarat |journal=Current Science |date=25 August 2014 |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=675–679 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/107/04/0675.pdf |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> The river traverses three geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone.<ref name="Thokchom_etal">{{cite journal |last1=Thokchom |first1=Sarda |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Falguni |last3=Prasad |first3=A. Durga |last4=Dogra |first4=N.N. |last5=Rastogi |first5=B.K. |title=Paleoenvironmental implications and drainage adjustment in the middle reaches of the Sabarmati river, Gujarat: Implications towards hydrological variability |journal=Quaternary International |date=2017 |volume=454 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.026 |bibcode=2017QuInt.454....1T |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318838980 |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref>


The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ref1"/><ref name="Sabarmati_ICID">{{cite book |title=Water Resources Assessment of Sabarmati River Basin, India |date=2005 |publisher=International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage |url=https://archive.org/details/SabarmatiBasinAssessment_ICID |access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> Average annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is {{cvt|308|m3}} per capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of {{cvt|1545|m3}} per capita.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/IHD2016_final.pdf|title=Integrated Hydrological Data Book|publisher=Central Water Commission|year=2016|location=New Delhi|pages=1}}</ref>
The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers.<ref name=":0a" /><ref name="ref1"/><ref name="Sabarmati_ICID">{{cite book |title=Water Resources Assessment of Sabarmati River Basin, India |date=2005 |publisher=International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage |url=https://archive.org/details/SabarmatiBasinAssessment_ICID |access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> Average annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is {{cvt|308|m3}} per capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of {{cvt|1545|m3}} per capita.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/IHD2016_final.pdf|title=Integrated Hydrological Data Book|publisher=Central Water Commission|year=2016|location=New Delhi|pages=1|archive-date=7 March 2017|access-date=6 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307123825/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/IHD2016_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon.<ref name="Sridhar_etal" /> An average flow of {{cvt|33|m3}} per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979.<ref name="UNH_GRDC">{{cite web |title=Sabarmati Basin, Station: Ahmedabad |url=http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853050.html |website=UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields v 1.0 |publisher=UNH/GRDC |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood,<ref name="Sridhar_etal" /> when a flow of {{cvt|14,150|m3}} per second was measured at Dharoi.<ref name="Rakhecha_2002">{{cite book |last1=Rakhecha |first1=P.R. |title=Highest floods in India |date=2002 |publisher=IAHS |pages=167–172 |url=http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a271/iahs_271_167.pdf |access-date=13 May 2019 |chapter=The Extremes of the Extreme: Extraordinary Floods (Proceedings of a symposium held at Reykjavik, Iceland, July 2000), IAHS Publ. No. 271, 2002.}}</ref>
The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon.<ref name="Sridhar_etal" /> An average flow of {{cvt|33|m3|-1}} per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979.<ref name="UNH_GRDC">{{cite web |title=Sabarmati Basin, Station: Ahmedabad |url=http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853050.html |website=UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields v 1.0 |publisher=UNH/GRDC |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood,<ref name="Sridhar_etal" /> when a flow of {{cvt|14,150|m3|-1}} per second was measured at Dharoi.<ref name="Rakhecha_2002">{{cite book |last1=Rakhecha |first1=P.R. |title=Highest floods in India |date=2002 |publisher=IAHS |pages=167–172 |url=http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a271/iahs_271_167.pdf |access-date=13 May 2019 |chapter=The Extremes of the Extreme: Extraordinary Floods (Proceedings of a symposium held at Reykjavik, Iceland, July 2000), IAHS Publ. No. 271, 2002.}}</ref>
 
== Significance in Hinduism ==
In [[Rajasthan]], it is believed that the Sabarmati River originated due to the penance of ascetic Kashyapa on [[Mount Abu]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |title=India : a sacred geography |publisher=Harmony |year=2012 |location=New York |pages=283}}</ref> His penance had pleased [[Shiva]] and in return, Shiva gave ascetic Kashyapa the [[Ganges]] River. The Ganges River flowed from Shiva's hair onto Mount Abu and became the Sabarmati River.<ref name=":2" /> In another legend surrounding the origin of the river, Shiva brought the [[Ganga (goddess)|goddess Ganga]] to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2002 |title=The sacrificial maiden river |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
One of the legends surrounding the origin of the river is that [[Shiva]] brought the [[Ganga (goddess)|goddess Ganga]] to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The sacrificial maiden river|date=2 September 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Women washing clothes at the Sabarmati river, Ahmedabad (late 19th or early 20th century).jpg|thumb|Women washing clothes at the Sabarmati river, Ahmedabad (late 19th or early 20th century)]]
[[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]]'s ''Kavya-mimamsa'' (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati ([[IAST]]: Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text ''[[Shringara-manjari-katha]]'' calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness").<ref>{{cite book |author=Kalpalata Munshi |title=Śṛṅgāramañjarī Kathā of Paramāra King Bhojadeva |series=Singhi Jain Series |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |year=1959 |pages=77, 22 (translation section) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002914/100 }}</ref>


[[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]]'s ''Kavya-mimamsa'' (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati ([[IAST]]: Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text ''[[Shringara-manjari-katha]]'' calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness").<ref>{{cite book |author=Kalpalata Munshi |title=Śṛṅgāramañjarī Kathā of Paramāra King Bhojadeva |series=Singhi Jain Series |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |year=1959 |pages=77, 22 (translation section) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002914/100 }}</ref>
Jain acharya [[Buddhisagarsuri]] has written many poems about the Sabarmati River.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-16|title=पीएम मोदी ने जिन जैन मुनि का ज़िक्र किया वो कौन हैं|language=hi|work=BBC News Hindi|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-49361515|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>
 
During [[Indian independence movement|India's independence struggle]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established the [[Sabarmati Ashram]] as his home on the banks of this river.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Ashram History|url=http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/about-gandhi-ashram/history}}</ref>
 
In 2018, an assessment by the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) named the Kheroj-Vautha stretch of the Sabarmati among the [[List of most-polluted rivers|most polluted river stretches]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/more-river-stretches-critically-polluted-cpcb/article24962440.ece |title=More river stretches are critically polluted: Central Pollution Control Board |author=Jacob Koshy |date=2018-09-17 |newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref> Ahmedabad civic body's failure to build a sewage treatment plant in [[Motera]] resulted in further pollution of the river water.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-15 |title=Delay in Motera STP project turns river into toxic channel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/delay-in-motera-stp-project-turns-river-into-toxic-channel/articleshow/110129541.cms |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
 
The [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] and future [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave]] are situated near the river.


During [[Indian independence movement|India's independence struggle]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established [[Sabarmati Ashram]] as his home on the banks of this river.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Ashram History|url=http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/about-gandhi-ashram/history}}</ref>
=== Sabarmati Riverfront ===
{{main|Sabarmati Riverfront}}


In 2018, an assessment by the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) named the Kheroj-Vautha stretch of Sabarmati among the most polluted river stretches in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/more-river-stretches-critically-polluted-cpcb/article24962440.ece |title=More river stretches are critically polluted: Central Pollution Control Board |author=Jacob Koshy |date=2018-09-17 |newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref>
The Sabarmati Riverfront project is one of the most ambitious projects undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. As per the research conducted by couple of academics, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mehta, Vishwa & Bhatt, Bhasker. (2017). Waterfront Development: A Case Study of Sabarmati Riverfront. |website= ResearchGate | date=2017-03-01 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315825242}}</ref> As of 2020, the second phase of the project has received in-principle approval.<ref name="The Indian Express 2020">{{cite web | title=Sabarmati Riverfront Phase 2 plan receives in-principle approval | website=The Indian Express | date=2020-10-27 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/sabarmati-riverfront-phase-2-plan-receives-in-principle-approval-6890670/ | access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> [[KPMG]] has listed the Sabarmati Riverfront project in its top 100 most innovative global infrastructure projects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-03 |title=Sabarmati riverfront among top 100 global projects |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Sabarmati-riverfront-among-top-100-global-projects/article20466471.ece |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>


==Dams==
==Dams==
There are several reservoirs on Sabarmati and its tributaries. The [[Dharoi dam]] is located on the main river. Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of [[Ahmedabad]] while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-up weir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.
There are several reservoirs on the Sabarmati and its tributaries. The [[Dharoi dam]] is located on the main river.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-18 |title=Gujarat’s Dharoi dam water release: Lower promenades of Sabarmati riverfront closed till water recedes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-dharoi-dam-water-release-sabarmati-riverfront-closed-8097254/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of [[Ahmedabad]] while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-ueir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The [[Kalpasar Project|Kalpasar]] is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}


==Sabarmati Riverfront==
In 2002, water from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] river was released into the Sabarmati River through the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam|Sardar Sarovar dam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release of Narmada waters to Sabarmati brings hope of rich agricultural yields |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020909-narmada-waters-release-to-sabarmati-brings-hope-of-rich-agricultural-yields-better-life-796392-2002-09-08 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
[[Sabarmati Riverfront]] project is one of the most ambitious project undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. Per the research conducted by couple of academicians, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce the river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mehta, Vishwa & Bhatt, Bhasker. (2017). Waterfront Development: A Case Study of Sabarmati Riverfront. |website= ResearchGate | date=2017-03-01 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315825242_Waterfront_Development_A_Case_Study_of_Sabarmati_Riverfront}}</ref> The second phase of the project has now received an in-principle approval.<ref name="The Indian Express 2020">{{cite web | title=Sabarmati Riverfront Phase 2 plan receives in-principle approval | website=The Indian Express | date=2020-10-27 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/sabarmati-riverfront-phase-2-plan-receives-in-principle-approval-6890670/ | access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752.jpg|Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752
File:Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752.jpg|Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati River circa 1752
File:Sabarmati River Ahmedabad India 1890.jpg|Sabarmati river in 1890
File:Sabarmati River Ahmedabad India 1890.jpg|Sabarmati River in 1890
File:Watercarts Sabarmati River Ahmedabad 1890.jpg|Watercarts in Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1890s
File:Watercarts Sabarmati River Ahmedabad 1890.jpg|Watercarts in Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1890s
File:Harnav River.jpg|View of the Harnav, a tributary of the Sabarmati
File:Harnav River.jpg|View of the Harnav, a tributary of the Sabarmati
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==See also==
==See also==
*[[Ahmedabad]]
*[[Ahmedabad]]
*[[Sabarmati Riverfront|Sabarmati River Front]]
*[[List of most-polluted rivers]]
*[[List of rivers in India]]
*[[List of rivers in India]]
*[[Sabarmati Ashram]]
*[[Sabarmati Ashram]]
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==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3bsabarmati.htm Sabarmati Basin (Department of Irrigation, Government of Rajasthan)]
*[http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3bsabarmati.htm Sabarmati Basin (Department of Irrigation, Government of Rajasthan)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024093555/http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3bsabarmati.htm |date=24 October 2005 }}
*[http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/parmar.htm Sustainable water project Sabarmati River Basin]
*[http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/parmar.htm Sustainable water project Sabarmati River Basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119110208/http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/parmar.htm |date=19 November 2006 }}
*[http://wrmin.nic.in/riverbasin/sabarmati.htm Map of Sabarmati Basin]
*[http://wrmin.nic.in/riverbasin/sabarmati.htm Map of Sabarmati Basin]
*[http://www.water-international-france.fr/article.php3?id_article=147&idRubSel=213&id_parent=&id_rubrique=214&id_pere= Integrated management of the Sabarmati river basin]
*[http://www.water-international-france.fr/article.php3?id_article=147&idRubSel=213&id_parent=&id_rubrique=214&id_pere= Integrated management of the Sabarmati River basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061126022454/http://www.water-international-france.fr/article.php3?id_article=147&idRubSel=213&id_parent=&id_rubrique=214&id_pere= |date=26 November 2006 }}
*[http://deshgujarat.com/2007/01/19/ahmedabad-sabarmati-riverfront-projectvideo/ Information about sabarmati riverfront project of Ahmedabad]
*[http://deshgujarat.com/2007/01/19/ahmedabad-sabarmati-riverfront-projectvideo/ Information about sabarmati riverfront project of Ahmedabad]


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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Sabarmati River|*]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Geography of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Geography of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]

Latest revision as of 21:48, 27 March 2026


Sabarmati River
Sabarmati River near Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Location
CountryIndia
StateGujarat, Rajasthan
CitiesAhmedabad, Gandhinagar
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationAravalli Range, Udaipur District, Rajasthan, India
 • elevation782 m (2,566 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, India
Discharge 
 • average120 m3/s (4,200 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationAhmedabad[1]
 • average33 m3/s (1,200 cu ft/s)
 • minimum0 m3/s (0 cu ft/s)
 • maximum484 m3/s (17,100 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftWakal River, Harnav River, Hathmati River, Watrak River[2]
 • rightSei River[2]

The Sabarmati River (Template:Ipa) is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.[3] It originates in the Aravalli Range in the Udaipur District of Rajasthan and meets the Gulf of Khambhat in the Arabian Sea after travelling 371 km (231 mi) in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan, and Gujarat.[3] 48 km (30 mi) of the river length is in Rajasthan, while 323 km (201 mi) is in Gujarat.[3]

Course[edit | edit source]

The Sabarmati River originates in the Aravalli Range in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The total length of the river is 371 km (231 mi).[4] After travelling 48 km (30 mi) in Rajasthan it flows into the Indian state of Gujarat where it is joined by a left bank tributary, Wakal, near the village Ghonpankhari.[5] From there, the river continues southwest to Mhauri and meets a right bank tributary, the Sei River. Continuing its journey, it is joined by a left bank tributary, the Harnav River, before entering the Dharoi reservoir. After the Sabarmati passes the Dharoi dam it meets another left bank tributary, the Hathmati River.[5] From there, the river flows past the city of Ahmedabad and is joined by a left bank tributary, the Vatrak River. The Sabarmati River continues to flow and drains into the Gulf of Khambhat, in the Arabian Sea.[5]

Basin[edit | edit source]

The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is 21,674 km2 (8,368 sq mi) out of which 4,124 km2 (1,592 sq mi) lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining 18,550 km2 (7,160 sq mi) in Gujarat.[6] The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from 450 to 800 mm (18 to 31 in) in different parts of the basin.[7] The river traverses three geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone.[8]

The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers.[3][6][9] Average annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is 308 m3 (10,900 cu ft) per capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of 1,545 m3 (54,600 cu ft) per capita.[10]

The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon.[7] An average flow of 33 m3 (1,170 cu ft) per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979.[11] Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood,[7] when a flow of 14,150 m3 (499,700 cu ft) per second was measured at Dharoi.[12]

Significance in Hinduism[edit | edit source]

In Rajasthan, it is believed that the Sabarmati River originated due to the penance of ascetic Kashyapa on Mount Abu.[13] His penance had pleased Shiva and in return, Shiva gave ascetic Kashyapa the Ganges River. The Ganges River flowed from Shiva's hair onto Mount Abu and became the Sabarmati River.[13] In another legend surrounding the origin of the river, Shiva brought the goddess Ganga to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.[14]

History[edit | edit source]

Women washing clothes at the Sabarmati river, Ahmedabad (late 19th or early 20th century)

Rajashekhara's Kavya-mimamsa (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati (IAST: Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text Shringara-manjari-katha calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness").[15]

Jain acharya Buddhisagarsuri has written many poems about the Sabarmati River.[16]

During India's independence struggle, Mahatma Gandhi established the Sabarmati Ashram as his home on the banks of this river.[17]

In 2018, an assessment by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) named the Kheroj-Vautha stretch of the Sabarmati among the most polluted river stretches in India.[18] Ahmedabad civic body's failure to build a sewage treatment plant in Motera resulted in further pollution of the river water.[19]

The Narendra Modi Stadium and future Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave are situated near the river.

Sabarmati Riverfront[edit | edit source]

Main article: Sabarmati Riverfront

The Sabarmati Riverfront project is one of the most ambitious projects undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. As per the research conducted by couple of academics, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods.[20] As of 2020, the second phase of the project has received in-principle approval.[21] KPMG has listed the Sabarmati Riverfront project in its top 100 most innovative global infrastructure projects.[22]

Dams[edit | edit source]

There are several reservoirs on the Sabarmati and its tributaries. The Dharoi dam is located on the main river.[23] The Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of Ahmedabad while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-ueir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.[citation needed]

In 2002, water from the Narmada river was released into the Sabarmati River through the Sardar Sarovar dam.[24]

Gallery[edit | edit source]

  • Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati River circa 1752
    Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati River circa 1752
  • Sabarmati River in 1890
    Sabarmati River in 1890
  • Watercarts in Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1890s
    Watercarts in Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1890s
  • View of the Harnav, a tributary of the Sabarmati
    View of the Harnav, a tributary of the Sabarmati
  • Construction work going on near the river under the Sabarmati River Front Development Project
    Construction work going on near the river under the Sabarmati River Front Development Project
  • River Sabarmati in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
    River Sabarmati in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
  • Sabarmati River near Ambod
    Sabarmati River near Ambod

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Sabarmati Basin Station: Ahmedabad". UNH/GRDC. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Sabarmati Basin. Government of India Ministry of Water Resources. 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers (PDF). Gandhinagar: Central Water Commission. 2012. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  4. ↑ Singh, Dhruv Sen, ed. (2018). The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 466.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Jain, S. K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K; Singh, V. P. (2007). Hydrology and water resources of India. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 589–579. Bibcode:2007hwri.book.....J.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Sabarmati River, India". National River Conservation Directorate.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Sridhar, Alpa; Chamyal, L.S.; Patel, Mansi (25 August 2014). "Palaeoflood record of high-magnitude events during historical time in the Sabarmati River, Gujarat" (PDF). Current Science. 107 (4): 675–679. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  8. ↑ Thokchom, Sarda; Bhattacharya, Falguni; Prasad, A. Durga; Dogra, N.N.; Rastogi, B.K. (2017). "Paleoenvironmental implications and drainage adjustment in the middle reaches of the Sabarmati river, Gujarat: Implications towards hydrological variability". Quaternary International. 454: 1–14. Bibcode:2017QuInt.454....1T. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.026. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  9. ↑ Water Resources Assessment of Sabarmati River Basin, India. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  10. ↑ Integrated Hydrological Data Book (PDF). New Delhi: Central Water Commission. 2016. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  11. ↑ "Sabarmati Basin, Station: Ahmedabad". UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields v 1.0. UNH/GRDC. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  12. ↑ Rakhecha, P.R. (2002). "The Extremes of the Extreme: Extraordinary Floods (Proceedings of a symposium held at Reykjavik, Iceland, July 2000), IAHS Publ. No. 271, 2002.". Highest floods in India (PDF). IAHS. pp. 167–172. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Eck, Diana L. (2012). India : a sacred geography. New York: Harmony. p. 283.
  14. ↑ "The sacrificial maiden river". The Times of India. 2 September 2002. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  15. ↑ Kalpalata Munshi (1959). Śṛṅgāramañjarī Kathā of Paramāra King Bhojadeva. Singhi Jain Series. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 77, 22 (translation section).
  16. ↑ "पीएम मोदी ने जिन जैन मुनि का ज़िक्र किया वो कौन हैं". BBC News Hindi (in हिन्दी). 16 August 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  17. ↑ "Sabarmati Ashram History".
  18. ↑ Jacob Koshy (17 September 2018). "More river stretches are critically polluted: Central Pollution Control Board". The Hindu.
  19. ↑ "Delay in Motera STP project turns river into toxic channel". The Times of India. 15 May 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  20. ↑ "Mehta, Vishwa & Bhatt, Bhasker. (2017). Waterfront Development: A Case Study of Sabarmati Riverfront". ResearchGate. 1 March 2017.
  21. ↑ "Sabarmati Riverfront Phase 2 plan receives in-principle approval". The Indian Express. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  22. ↑ "Sabarmati riverfront among top 100 global projects". www.thehindubusinessline.com. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  23. ↑ "Gujarat's Dharoi dam water release: Lower promenades of Sabarmati riverfront closed till water recedes". The Indian Express. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  24. ↑ "Release of Narmada waters to Sabarmati brings hope of rich agricultural yields". India Today. Retrieved 11 April 2023.

External links[edit | edit source]

22°18′N 72°22′E / 22.300°N 72.367°E / 22.300; 72.367

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