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Old Persian: Difference between revisions
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Old Persian appears primarily in the inscriptions, [[clay tablet]]s and [[seal (device)|seal]]s of the [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]] era (c. 600 BCE to 300 BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now [[Iran]], [[Romania]] ([[Gherla]]),{{sfn|Kuhrt|2013|page=197}}{{sfn|Frye|1984|page=103}}{{sfn|Schmitt|2000|page=53}} [[Armenia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Iraq]], [[Turkey]] and [[Egypt]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avesta.org/op/op.htm |title=Old Persian Texts |work=Avesta – Zoroastrian Archives}}</ref><ref>Kent, R. G. (1950) "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", p. 6. American Oriental Society.</ref> with the most important attestation by far being the contents of the [[Behistun Inscription]] (dated to 525 BCE). | Old Persian appears primarily in the inscriptions, [[clay tablet]]s and [[seal (device)|seal]]s of the [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]] era (c. 600 BCE to 300 BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now [[Iran]], [[Romania]] ([[Gherla]]),{{sfn|Kuhrt|2013|page=197}}{{sfn|Frye|1984|page=103}}{{sfn|Schmitt|2000|page=53}} [[Armenia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Iraq]], [[Turkey]] and [[Egypt]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avesta.org/op/op.htm |title=Old Persian Texts |work=Avesta – Zoroastrian Archives}}</ref><ref>Kent, R. G. (1950) "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", p. 6. American Oriental Society.</ref> with the most important attestation by far being the contents of the [[Behistun Inscription]] (dated to 525 BCE). | ||
Recent research (2007) into the vast [[Persepolis Fortification Archive]] at the Oriental Institute at the [[University of Chicago]] unearthed Old Persian tablets, which suggest Old Persian was a written language in use for practical recording and not only for royal display.<ref>{{cite web |title=Everyday text shows that Old Persian was probably more commonly used than previously thought |date=June 15, 2007 |publisher=University of Chicago News Office | | Recent research (2007) into the vast [[Persepolis Fortification Archive]] at the Oriental Institute at the [[University of Chicago]] unearthed Old Persian tablets, which suggest Old Persian was a written language in use for practical recording and not only for royal display.<ref>{{cite web |title=Everyday text shows that Old Persian was probably more commonly used than previously thought |date=June 15, 2007 |publisher=University of Chicago News Office (archived) |url=http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/07/070615.oldpersian.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070202/http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/07/070615.oldpersian.shtml |archive-date=2017-10-16 }}</ref> | ||
==Origin and overview== | ==Origin and overview== | ||
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| *Hr̥táh || [[asha|arta]] || ard || ord ارد || order, truth | | *Hr̥táh || [[asha|arta]] || ard || ord ارد || order, truth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| *dráwgah || [[ | | *dráwgah || [[Asha|druj (𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥)]] || drugh || dorugh دروغ || lie | ||
|- | |- | ||
| *cwáHdaH || spada || spah 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧 || sepah سپاه || army | | *cwáHdaH || spada || spah 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧 || sepah سپاه || army | ||
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* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7JFAQAAIAAJ|title=The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock |author=Darius I (King of Persia)|editor=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1908|publisher=Vanderbilt university|series=Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies|access-date=2011-07-06}} | * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7JFAQAAIAAJ|title=The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock |author=Darius I (King of Persia)|editor=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1908|publisher=Vanderbilt university|series=Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies|access-date=2011-07-06}} | ||
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* {{cite web | | * {{cite web |last1=Harvey|first1=Scott L.|last2=Slocum|first2=Jonathan |title=Series Introduction |work=Old Iranian Online|publisher=The University of Texas at Austin Linguistics Research Center |url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/aveol}} | ||
* {{citation|chapter=Cases in Iranian languages and dialects|year=1995|title=Encyclopedia Iranica|volume=5|pages=25–37|location=Costa Mesa|publisher=Mazda|last=Windfuhr|first=Gernot L.|chapter-url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a008.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104230552/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a008.html|archive-date=2007-11-04}} | * {{citation|chapter=Cases in Iranian languages and dialects|year=1995|title=Encyclopedia Iranica|volume=5|pages=25–37|location=Costa Mesa|publisher=Mazda|last=Windfuhr|first=Gernot L.|chapter-url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a008.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104230552/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a008.html|archive-date=2007-11-04}} | ||
* {{cite journal |title=From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification |year=2007|journal=Arta|volume=1 | | * {{cite journal |title=From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification |year=2007|journal=Arta|volume=1 |last1=Stolper |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Tavernier |first2=Jan}} | ||
* {{cite web |title=An Old Persian text in the Persepolis Fortification Archive |date=June 18, 2007 |others=Posted by Chuck Jones |url=http://persepolistablets.blogspot.com/2007/06/old-persian-text-in-persepolis.html |work=Persepolis Fortification Archive Project}} | |||
* {{Citation |last=Asatrian |first=Garnik| title= Etymological Dictionary of Persian| series= [[Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12]] |publisher= [[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2010 |isbn= 978-90-04-18341-4| url=<!--broken or incorrect link: http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227&pid=24857-->}} | * {{Citation |last=Asatrian |first=Garnik| title= Etymological Dictionary of Persian| series= [[Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12]] |publisher= [[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2010 |isbn= 978-90-04-18341-4| url=<!--broken or incorrect link: http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227&pid=24857-->}} | ||
{{Refend}} | {{Refend}} | ||