Sindhughosh-class submarine: Difference between revisions

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|Class before={{sclass-|Vela|submarine|4}}
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|Total ships active= 8
|Total ships active= 7
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'''''Sindhughosh''-class''' submarines are {{sclass2-|Kilo|submarine|0}} diesel-electric [[submarine]]s in active service with the [[Indian Navy]]. Their names are in [[Sanskrit]], but in their Roman-alphabet forms sometimes a final short ''-a'' is dropped.
'''''Sindhughosh''-class''' submarines are {{sclass2|Kilo|submarine|0}} diesel-electric [[submarine]]s in active service with the [[Indian Navy]]. Their names are in [[Sanskrit]], but in their Roman-alphabet forms sometimes a final short ''-a'' is dropped.


The ''Sindhughosh'' submarines, designated 877EKM, were designed as part of ''Project 877'', and built under a contract between [[Rosvooruzhenie]] and the [[Government of India|Ministry of Defence (India)]].
The ''Sindhughosh'' submarines, designated 877EKM, were designed as part of ''Project 877'', and built under a contract between [[Rosvooruzhenie]] and the [[Government of India|Ministry of Defence (India)]].
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== Life extension and refit ==
== Life extension and refit ==
INS ''Sindhuvijay'' has been upgraded with the hydro acoustical [[USHUS]] complex and the CCS-MK radio communications system.<ref>[http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3153 Russian shipyard to float upgraded Indian Navy Kilo class submarine]</ref> On 29 August 2014 DAC cleared  the long-awaited mid-life upgrade of the four Kilo-class submarines, which would be carried out in Indian shipyards and is likely to cost Rs. 4,800 crore (4,800 million).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Sudhi Ranjan|title=Modi Government Drops Rs 6000-Crore Foreign Chopper Plan, Wants 'Made in India'|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/modi-government-drops-rs-6000-crore-foreign-chopper-plan-wants-made-in-india-656225|work=NDTV|date=29 August 2014}}</ref> On 5 November 2014 official sources at HSL said more than 90% of the work has been completed on the seventh submarine of the ''Sindhughosh'' class INS ''Sindhukirti''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Even Hudhud could not stop INS Sindhukirti refit at HSL|url=http://defenceradar.com/2014/11/05/even-hudhud-could-not-stop-ins-sindhukirti-refit-at-hsl/|date=5 November 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106193458/http://defenceradar.com/2014/11/05/even-hudhud-could-not-stop-ins-sindhukirti-refit-at-hsl/|archive-date=6 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Scheduled to re-join the fleet on 31 March 2015, she re-entered service on 23 May.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia delayed sub refit to weaken shipyard?|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/russia-delayed-sub-refit-to-weaken-shipyard-114090201331_1.html|access-date=8 September 2014|publisher=Business Standard|date=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Navy gets INS Sindhukirti back|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/navy-gets-ins-sindhukirti-back-115052300057_1.html|access-date=24 May 2015|publisher=Business Standard|date=23 May 2015}}</ref>
INS ''Sindhuvijay'' has been upgraded with the hydro acoustical [[USHUS]] complex and the CCS-MK radio communications system.<ref>[http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3153 Russian shipyard to float upgraded Indian Navy Kilo class submarine]</ref> On 29 August 2014 DAC cleared  the long-awaited mid-life upgrade of the four Kilo-class submarines, which would be carried out in Indian shipyards and is likely to cost Rs. 4,800 crore (4,800 million).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Sudhi Ranjan|title=Modi Government Drops Rs 6000-Crore Foreign Chopper Plan, Wants 'Made in India'|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/modi-government-drops-rs-6000-crore-foreign-chopper-plan-wants-made-in-india-656225|work=NDTV|date=29 August 2022}}</ref> On 5 November 2014 official sources at HSL said more than 90% of the work has been completed on the seventh submarine of the ''Sindhughosh'' class INS ''Sindhukirti''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Even Hudhud could not stop INS Sindhukirti refit at HSL|url=http://defenceradar.com/2014/11/05/even-hudhud-could-not-stop-ins-sindhukirti-refit-at-hsl/|date=5 November 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106193458/http://defenceradar.com/2014/11/05/even-hudhud-could-not-stop-ins-sindhukirti-refit-at-hsl/|archive-date=6 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Scheduled to re-join the fleet on 31 March 2015, she re-entered service on 23 May.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia delayed sub refit to weaken shipyard?|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/russia-delayed-sub-refit-to-weaken-shipyard-114090201331_1.html|access-date=8 September 2014|publisher=Business Standard|date=2 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Navy gets INS Sindhukirti back|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/navy-gets-ins-sindhukirti-back-115052300057_1.html|access-date=24 May 2015|publisher=Business Standard|date=23 May 2022}}</ref>


The Indian Navy signed a contract with the Russian shipbuilder Sevmash to refit and upgrade the existing submarines and to extend their operational life by 35 years. The first submarine, INS ''Sindhukesari'', will be sent for refit starting June 2016. The extensive refit, the value for which is pegged at Rs 5,000 crore for a total of four submarines, will not only extend the life of the boats but will also upgrade their combat potential and fitted with [[3M-54 Klub|Klub]] land attack cruise missile.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Navy signs Rs 5,000 crore pact with Russian shipbuilder Sevmash for Kilo class submarine refit - The Economic Times|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/navy-signs-rs-5000-crore-pact-with-russian-shipbuilder-zvezdochka-for-kilo-class-submarine-refit/articleshow/49425464.cms|website = The Economic Times|access-date = 2016-02-11|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Russia to modernize Sindhukesari submarine for the Indian Navy|url = http://in.rbth.com/news/2015/10/16/rusia-to-modernize-sindhukesari-submarine-for-the-indian-navy_483555|website = in.rbth.com|access-date = 2016-02-11|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The Indian Navy signed a contract with the Russian shipbuilder Sevmash to refit and upgrade the existing submarines and to extend their operational life by 35 years. The first submarine, INS ''Sindhukesari'', will be sent for refit starting June 2016. The extensive refit, the value for which is pegged at Rs 5,000 crore for a total of four submarines, will not only extend the life of the boats but will also upgrade their combat potential and fitted with [[3M-54 Klub|Klub]] land attack cruise missile.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Navy signs Rs 5,000 crore pact with Russian shipbuilder Sevmash for Kilo class submarine refit - The Economic Times|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/navy-signs-rs-5000-crore-pact-with-russian-shipbuilder-zvezdochka-for-kilo-class-submarine-refit/articleshow/49425464.cms|website = The Economic Times|access-date = 2016-02-11|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Russia to modernize Sindhukesari submarine for the Indian Navy|url = http://in.rbth.com/news/2015/10/16/rusia-to-modernize-sindhukesari-submarine-for-the-indian-navy_483555|website = in.rbth.com|access-date = 2016-02-11|df = dmy-all}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


In 2015, the naval exercise Malabar, between the navies of India and the United States, involved {{INS|Sindhudhvaj|S56|2}} and {{USS|City of Corpus Christi|SSN-705|6}} hunting each other. ''India Today'' reported that ''Sindhudhvaj'' managed to track ''Corpus Christi'' and score a simulated kill without being detected.<ref>{{cite news|title=In underwater battle, India 'annihilates' American n-submarine|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=28 November 2015|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/in-underwater-battle-india-annihilates-american-n-submarine/1/533506.html}}</ref>
In 2015, the naval exercise Malabar, between the navies of India and the United States, involved {{INS|Sindhudhvaj|S56|2}} and {{USS|City of Corpus Christi|SSN-705|6}} hunting each other. ''India Today'' reported that ''Sindhudhvaj'' managed to track ''Corpus Christi'' and score a simulated kill without being detected.<ref>{{cite news|title=In underwater battle, India 'annihilates' American n-submarine|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=28 November 2015|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/in-underwater-battle-india-annihilates-american-n-submarine/1/533506.html}}</ref>
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==Incidents==
==Incidents==
*On 10 January 2008, INS ''Sindhughosh'' collided with the cargo ship MV ''Leeds Castle''. The submarine was reported to have sustained superficial damage to its [[conning tower]]. As a result, the submarine was out of service for a month. The cargo ship was in restricted shallow waters.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,23036157-1702,00.html News report on Submarine collision]</ref>
*On 10 January 2008, INS ''Sindhughosh'' collided with the cargo ship MV ''Leeds Castle''. The submarine was reported to have sustained superficial damage to its [[conning tower]]. As a result, the submarine was out of service for a month. The cargo ship was in restricted shallow waters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,23036157-1702,00.html |title=News report on Submarine collision |access-date=10 January 2008 |archive-date=28 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728091913/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,23036157-1702,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*On 26 February 2010, a fire on board INS ''Sindhurakshak'' killed one sailor and injured two others. The fire was due to a defective battery.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Fire-mishap-on-INS-Sindhurakshak-due-to-explosion-in-battery-Navy/H1-Article1-513475.aspx Fire Mishap on INS Sindhurakshak] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304163956/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Fire-mishap-on-INS-Sindhurakshak-due-to-explosion-in-battery-Navy/H1-Article1-513475.aspx |date=2010-03-04 }}</ref>  
*On 26 February 2010, a fire on board INS ''Sindhurakshak'' killed one sailor and injured two others. The fire was due to a defective battery.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Fire-mishap-on-INS-Sindhurakshak-due-to-explosion-in-battery-Navy/H1-Article1-513475.aspx Fire Mishap on INS Sindhurakshak] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304163956/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Fire-mishap-on-INS-Sindhurakshak-due-to-explosion-in-battery-Navy/H1-Article1-513475.aspx |date=2010-03-04 }}</ref>  
*On 14 August 2013 an explosion, followed by a fire, was reported to have occurred on ''Sindhurakshak''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian submarine hit by explosion at Mumbai port |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23691324 |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref> ''Sindhurakshak'' sank in the dock.
*On 14 August 2013 an explosion, followed by a fire, was reported to have occurred on ''Sindhurakshak''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian submarine hit by explosion at Mumbai port |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23691324 |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> ''Sindhurakshak'' sank in the dock.
*On 17 January 2014, ''Sindhughosh'' ran aground due to the low tide, while returning to the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news | title=Submarine hits ground due to low tide, no casualty | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Submarine-hits-ground-due-to-low-tide-no-casualty/articleshow/29021702.cms | date=19 January 2014 | access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref>
*On 17 January 2014, ''Sindhughosh'' ran aground due to the low tide, while returning to the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news | title=Submarine hits ground due to low tide, no casualty | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Submarine-hits-ground-due-to-low-tide-no-casualty/articleshow/29021702.cms | date=19 January 2014 | access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>
*On 26 February 2014, smoke was detected on board INS ''Sindhuratna'' resulting in 7 sailors being rendered unconscious and two dead. Those unconscious were airlifted to hospital <ref>{{cite news |title=Two officers died in fire on board submarine INS Sindhuratna, confirms navy |publisher=NDTV News |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/two-officers-died-in-fire-on-board-submarine-ins-sindhuratna-confirms-navy-488905 |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref>
*On 26 February 2014, smoke was detected on board INS ''Sindhuratna'' resulting in 7 sailors being rendered unconscious and two dead. Those unconscious were airlifted to hospital <ref>{{cite news |title=Two officers died in fire on board submarine INS Sindhuratna, confirms navy |publisher=NDTV News |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/two-officers-died-in-fire-on-board-submarine-ins-sindhuratna-confirms-navy-488905 |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref>


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|S56
|S56
|12 June 1987
|12 June 1987
|
|16 July 2022
|Scheduled to be decommissioned in June 2021
|Decommissioned
|-
|-
|{{INS|Sindhuraj|S57|2}}
|{{INS|Sindhuraj|S57|2}}
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|26 August 1988
|26 August 1988
|March 2020<ref name="sindhuvirtransfer"/>
|March 2020<ref name="sindhuvirtransfer"/>
|Refit at [[Hindustan Shipyard]] completed.<br>Transferred to [[Myanmar Navy]] in March 2020.<ref name="sindhuvirtransfer">{{cite web|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2020/02/indian-navys-sindhuvir-submarine-refit-complete-handover-to-myanmar-shortly.html|title=Indian Navy's Sindhuvir Submarine Refit Complete, Handover To Myanmar Next Month|publisher=LiveFist|author=Shiv Aroor|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>
|Refit at [[Hindustan Shipyard]] completed.<br>Transferred to [[Myanmar Navy]] in March 2020.<ref name="sindhuvirtransfer">{{cite web|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2020/02/indian-navys-sindhuvir-submarine-refit-complete-handover-to-myanmar-shortly.html|title=Indian Navy's Sindhuvir Submarine Refit Complete, Handover To Myanmar Next Month|publisher=LiveFist|author=Shiv Aroor|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{INS|Sindhuratna|S59|2}}
|{{INS|Sindhuratna|S59|2}}
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{{Kilo class submarine}}
{{Kilo class submarine}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{Submarines_of_Indian_Navy}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhughosh-class submarine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhughosh-class submarine}}

Revision as of 12:47, 15 October 2022

Ae dq ins S62 1.jpg
INS Sindhuvijay (S62)
Class overview
Name: Sindhughosh class
Operators:  Indian Navy
Preceded by: class
Succeeded by: class
In commission: 1986–
Planned: 10
Completed: 10
Active: 7
Retired: 3
General characteristics
Type: Attack Submarine
Displacement:
  • 2,325 t (2,288 long tons) surfaced
  • 3,076 t (3,027 long tons) submerged
Length: 72.6 m (238 ft 2 in)
Beam: 9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
Draught: 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in)
Propulsion:
  • 2 × diesel-electric motors, 3,650 hp (2,722 kW) each
  • 1 × motor, 5,900 hp (4,400 kW)
  • 2 × auxiliary motors, 204 hp (152 kW)
  • 1 × economic speed motor, 130 hp (97 kW)
Speed:
  • 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) surfaced[1]
  • 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) submerged[2]
Range:
  • 6,000 mi (9,700 km) at 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) snorkeling
  • 400 mi (640 km) at 3 kn (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) submerged
Test depth: 300 m (980 ft)
Complement: 53 (13 Officers)
Armament:
  • Club-S missile
  • Type 53-65 torpedo
  • TEST 71/76 anti-submarine, active-passive homing torpedo
  • 24 × DM-1 mines in lieu of torpedoes

Sindhughosh-class submarines are -class diesel-electric submarines in active service with the Indian Navy. Their names are in Sanskrit, but in their Roman-alphabet forms sometimes a final short -a is dropped.

The Sindhughosh submarines, designated 877EKM, were designed as part of Project 877, and built under a contract between Rosvooruzhenie and the Ministry of Defence (India).

The submarines have a displacement of 3,000 tonnes, a maximum diving depth of 300 meters, top speed of 18 knots, and are able to operate solo for 45 days with a crew of 53. The final unit was the first to be equipped with the 3M-54 Klub (SS-N-27) antiship cruise missiles with a range of 220 km.

Life extension and refit

INS Sindhuvijay has been upgraded with the hydro acoustical USHUS complex and the CCS-MK radio communications system.[3] On 29 August 2014 DAC cleared the long-awaited mid-life upgrade of the four Kilo-class submarines, which would be carried out in Indian shipyards and is likely to cost Rs. 4,800 crore (4,800 million).[4] On 5 November 2014 official sources at HSL said more than 90% of the work has been completed on the seventh submarine of the Sindhughosh class INS Sindhukirti.[5] Scheduled to re-join the fleet on 31 March 2015, she re-entered service on 23 May.[6][7]

The Indian Navy signed a contract with the Russian shipbuilder Sevmash to refit and upgrade the existing submarines and to extend their operational life by 35 years. The first submarine, INS Sindhukesari, will be sent for refit starting June 2016. The extensive refit, the value for which is pegged at Rs 5,000 crore for a total of four submarines, will not only extend the life of the boats but will also upgrade their combat potential and fitted with Klub land attack cruise missile.[8][9]

In 2015, the naval exercise Malabar, between the navies of India and the United States, involved Sindhudhvaj and Template:USS hunting each other. India Today reported that Sindhudhvaj managed to track Corpus Christi and score a simulated kill without being detected.[10]

In December 2015, L&T was chosen by the Russian shipbuilder Sevmash to be its Indian partner in the refit project. While the first of the four Kilo class subs will go to the Russian Zvezdochka shipyard for inspection and refit, the remaining three are likely to be modernized at the Kattupalli shipyard. The first of the submarines to be modernized at private yard, a first for India, will go in by 2017, An order for 2-3 more submarines could also be commissioned, depending on ongoing acquisition plans of the Indian Navy.[11][12][13]

Incidents

  • On 10 January 2008, INS Sindhughosh collided with the cargo ship MV Leeds Castle. The submarine was reported to have sustained superficial damage to its conning tower. As a result, the submarine was out of service for a month. The cargo ship was in restricted shallow waters.[14]
  • On 26 February 2010, a fire on board INS Sindhurakshak killed one sailor and injured two others. The fire was due to a defective battery.[15]
  • On 14 August 2013 an explosion, followed by a fire, was reported to have occurred on Sindhurakshak.[16] Sindhurakshak sank in the dock.
  • On 17 January 2014, Sindhughosh ran aground due to the low tide, while returning to the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai.[17]
  • On 26 February 2014, smoke was detected on board INS Sindhuratna resulting in 7 sailors being rendered unconscious and two dead. Those unconscious were airlifted to hospital [18]

Ships of the class

Name Pennant Builder Homeport Commission date Decommision date Status
Sindhughosh S55 Sevmash,
Severodvinsk 		Mumbai 30 April 1986 Refitted to project 08773 2002-2005 at Zvezdochka shipyard
Sindhudhvaj S56 12 June 1987 16 July 2022 Decommissioned
Sindhuraj S57 20 October 1987 Refitted under project 08773 at Zvezdochka shipyard.[19]
Sindhuvir S58 26 August 1988 March 2020[19] Refit at Hindustan Shipyard completed.
Transferred to Myanmar Navy in March 2020.[19]
Sindhuratna S59 22 December 1988 Refitted to project 08773 2001-2003 at Zvezdochka shipyard
Sindhukesari S60 Vishakhapatnam 16 February 1989 Refitted under project 08773 at Zvezdochka shipyard.[19]
Sindhukirti S61 4 January 1990 Refitted to project 08773 from 2007-2015 in her home base Vishakhapatnam
Sindhuvijay S62 18 March 1991 Refitted to project 08773 2005-2007 at Zvezdochka shipyard
Sindhurakshak S63 Mumbai 24 December 1997 5 September 2017 Refitted to project 08773 09.08.2010-2012 at Zvezdochka shipyard.
Exploded and sank in Mumbai 14 August 2013
Sindhurashtra S65 Vishakhapatnam 19 July 2000 To be Refitted to project 08773

Gallery

  • INS Sindhurakshak

    INS Sindhurakshak

  • INS Sindhuvijay

    INS Sindhuvijay

  • INS Sindhurakshak at Portsmouth Harbour, UK in 2013

    INS Sindhurakshak at Portsmouth Harbour, UK in 2013

  • design of submarines

    design of submarines

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Rosoboron exports - Project 636".
  2. ↑ "Rosoboron exports - Project 636".
  3. ↑ Russian shipyard to float upgraded Indian Navy Kilo class submarine
  4. ↑ Sen, Sudhi Ranjan (29 August 2022). "Modi Government Drops Rs 6000-Crore Foreign Chopper Plan, Wants 'Made in India'". NDTV.
  5. ↑ "Even Hudhud could not stop INS Sindhukirti refit at HSL". 5 November 2014. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  6. ↑ "Russia delayed sub refit to weaken shipyard?". Business Standard. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  7. ↑ "Navy gets INS Sindhukirti back". Business Standard. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  8. ↑ "Navy signs Rs 5,000 crore pact with Russian shipbuilder Sevmash for Kilo class submarine refit - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  9. ↑ "Russia to modernize Sindhukesari submarine for the Indian Navy". in.rbth.com. Retrieved 11 February 2016.[permanent dead link]
  10. ↑ "In underwater battle, India 'annihilates' American n-submarine". India Today. 28 November 2015.
  11. ↑ Pubby, Manu (14 July 2018). "Upgrading Kilo class submarines: L&T set to partner Russia for Rs 5,000-crore defence deal". The Economic Times. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  12. ↑ "L&T partners with Russia for upgrading Kilo class submarines". Business Insider. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  13. ↑ "L&T shortlisted for 'Kilo' upgrade work". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  14. ↑ "News report on Submarine collision". Archived from the original on 28 July 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
  15. ↑ Fire Mishap on INS Sindhurakshak Archived 2010-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ "Indian submarine hit by explosion at Mumbai port". BBC News. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  17. ↑ "Submarine hits ground due to low tide, no casualty". 19 January 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  18. ↑ "Two officers died in fire on board submarine INS Sindhuratna, confirms navy". NDTV News. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Shiv Aroor. "Indian Navy's Sindhuvir Submarine Refit Complete, Handover To Myanmar Next Month". LiveFist. Retrieved 23 February 2022.

External links

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