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The '''Khilafat movement''' or the '''Caliphate movement''', also known as the '''Indian Muslim movement''' (1919–24), was a [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] political protest campaign launched by Muslims of [[British Raj|British India]] led by [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]], Maulana [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ajmal e Azam|last=Hussain|first=Intezaar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hakim Ajmal Khan|last=Andrews|first=C.F}}</ref> and [[Abul Kalam Azad]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Khilafat-movement Khilafat movement | Indian Muslim movement | Britannica.com]</ref> to restore the [[List of caliphs#Ottoman Caliphate (1517 – 3 March 1924)|caliph]] of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]], who was considered the leader of the Muslims, as an effective political authority. It was a protest against the sanctions placed on the caliph and the [[Ottoman Empire]] after the [[First World War]] by the [[Treaty of Sèvres]].<ref>http://www.goyalbrothers.com {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329044342/http://goyalbrothers.com/#home|date=March 29, 2018}}{{failed verification|date=September 2020}}</ref><ref>http://www.nationalgeographic.com {{full citation needed|date=September 2020}}</ref> | The '''Khilafat movement''' or the '''Caliphate movement''', also known as the '''Indian Muslim movement''' (1919–24), was a [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] political protest campaign launched by Muslims of [[British Raj|British India]] led by [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]], Maulana [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ajmal e Azam|last=Hussain|first=Intezaar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hakim Ajmal Khan|last=Andrews|first=C.F}}</ref> and [[Abul Kalam Azad]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Khilafat-movement Khilafat movement | Indian Muslim movement | Britannica.com]</ref> to restore the [[List of caliphs#Ottoman Caliphate (1517 – 3 March 1924)|caliph]] of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]], who was considered the leader of the Muslims, as an effective political authority. It was a protest against the sanctions placed on the caliph and the [[Ottoman Empire]] after the [[First World War]] by the [[Treaty of Sèvres]].<ref>http://www.goyalbrothers.com {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329044342/http://goyalbrothers.com/#home|date=March 29, 2018}}{{failed verification|date=September 2020}}</ref><ref>http://www.nationalgeographic.com {{full citation needed|date=September 2020}}</ref> | ||
The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a more favourable diplomatic position and moved towards | The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a more favourable diplomatic position and moved towards Nationalism. By 1924 Turkey simply abolished the role of caliph.<!--The role of sultan was abolished in 1922.--><ref>Gail Minault, ''The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India'' (1982).</ref> | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
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Although political activities and popular outcry on behalf of the caliphate emerged across the Muslim world, the most prominent activities took place in India. A prominent Oxford educated Muslim journalist, [[Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar]] had spent four years in prison for advocating resistance to the colonial government and support for the caliphate. At the onset of the [[Turkish War of Independence]], Muslim religious leaders feared for the caliphate, which the European powers were reluctant to protect. To some of the Muslims of India, the prospect of being [[conscripted]] to fight against fellow Muslims in Turkey was anathema.<ref>However, at the same time, note must also be made that in the North Punjab and part of the NWFP, a huge number of Muslims did actively volunteer to serve in the British Indian Army in World War I</ref> To its founders and followers, the Khilafat was not a religious movement but rather a show of solidarity with their fellow Muslims in Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. C. Niemeijer|title=The Khilafat movement in India, 1919–1924|url=https://archive.org/details/khilafatmovement0000niem|url-access=registration|year=1972|publisher=Nijhoff|page=[https://archive.org/details/khilafatmovement0000niem/page/84 84]}}</ref> | Although political activities and popular outcry on behalf of the caliphate emerged across the Muslim world, the most prominent activities took place in India. A prominent Oxford educated Muslim journalist, [[Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar]] had spent four years in prison for advocating resistance to the colonial government and support for the caliphate. At the onset of the [[Turkish War of Independence]], Muslim religious leaders feared for the caliphate, which the European powers were reluctant to protect. To some of the Muslims of India, the prospect of being [[conscripted]] to fight against fellow Muslims in Turkey was anathema.<ref>However, at the same time, note must also be made that in the North Punjab and part of the NWFP, a huge number of Muslims did actively volunteer to serve in the British Indian Army in World War I</ref> To its founders and followers, the Khilafat was not a religious movement but rather a show of solidarity with their fellow Muslims in Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. C. Niemeijer|title=The Khilafat movement in India, 1919–1924|url=https://archive.org/details/khilafatmovement0000niem|url-access=registration|year=1972|publisher=Nijhoff|page=[https://archive.org/details/khilafatmovement0000niem/page/84 84]}}</ref> | ||
Mohammad Ali and his brother [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]] joined with other Muslim leaders such as Pir Ghulam Mujaddid Sarhandi, Sheikh Shaukat Ali Siddiqui, Dr. [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Raees-Ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo]], [[Hasrat Mohani]], [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]], [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] and Dr. [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] to form the All India Khilafat Committee. The organisation was based in Lucknow, India at Hathe Shaukat Ali, the compound of Landlord Shaukat Ali Siddiqui. They aimed to build political unity amongst Muslims and use their influence to protect the caliphate. In 1920, they published the Khilafat Manifesto, which called upon the British to protect the caliphate and for Indian Muslims to unite and hold the British accountable for this purpose.<ref>Gail Minault, ''The Khilafat movement'', p. 92</ref> The Khilafat Committee in Bengal included [[Mohammad Akram Khan|Mohmmad Akram Khan]], [[Maniruzzaman Islamabadi|Manruzzaman Islamabadi]], [[Mujibur Rahman Khan]] and [[Chittaranjan Das]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Mohammad_Akram|title=Khan, Mohammad Akram|website=[[Banglapedia]]|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society|last1=Razzaq|first1=Rana|access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> | Mohammad Ali and his brother [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]] joined with other Muslim leaders such as Pir Ghulam Mujaddid Sarhandi, Sheikh Shaukat Ali Siddiqui, Dr. [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Raees-Ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo]], [[Hasrat Mohani]], [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]], [[Mohammad Farooq Chishti]], [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] and Dr. [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] to form the All India Khilafat Committee. The organisation was based in Lucknow, India at Hathe Shaukat Ali, the compound of Landlord Shaukat Ali Siddiqui. They aimed to build political unity amongst Muslims and use their influence to protect the caliphate. In 1920, they published the Khilafat Manifesto, which called upon the British to protect the caliphate and for Indian Muslims to unite and hold the British accountable for this purpose.<ref>Gail Minault, ''The Khilafat movement'', p. 92</ref> The Khilafat Committee in Bengal included [[Mohammad Akram Khan|Mohmmad Akram Khan]], [[Maniruzzaman Islamabadi|Manruzzaman Islamabadi]], [[Mujibur Rahman Khan]] and [[Chittaranjan Das]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Mohammad_Akram|title=Khan, Mohammad Akram|website=[[Banglapedia]]|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society|last1=Razzaq|first1=Rana|access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
In 1920 an alliance was made between Khilafat leaders and the [[Indian National Congress]], the largest political party in India and of the nationalist movement. Congress leader [[Mohandas Gandhi]] and the Khilafat leaders promised to work and fight together for the causes of Khilafat and ''[[Swaraj]]''. Seeking to increase pressure on the colonial government, the Khilafatists became a major part of the [[non-cooperation movement]] — a nationwide campaign of mass, peaceful [[civil disobedience]]. Some also engaged in a [[protest emigration]] from [[North-West Frontier Province]] to Afghanistan under [[Amanullah Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clements|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C&pg=PA109|title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia|last2=Adamec|first2=Ludwig W.|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-402-8|language=en}}</ref> Khilafat leaders such as Dr. Ansari, Maulana Azad and Hakim Ajmal Khan also grew personally close to Gandhi. These leaders founded the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in 1920 to promote independent education and social rejuvenation for Muslims.<ref>Gail Minault, ''The Khilafat movement'', p. 69</ref> | In 1920 an alliance was made between Khilafat leaders and the [[Indian National Congress]], the largest political party in India and of the nationalist movement. Congress leader [[Mohandas Gandhi]] and the Khilafat leaders promised to work and fight together for the causes of Khilafat and ''[[Swaraj]]''. Seeking to increase pressure on the colonial government, the Khilafatists became a major part of the [[non-cooperation movement]] — a nationwide campaign of mass, peaceful [[civil disobedience]]. Some also engaged in a [[protest emigration]] from [[North-West Frontier Province]] to Afghanistan under [[Amanullah Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clements|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C&pg=PA109|title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia|last2=Adamec|first2=Ludwig W.|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-402-8|language=en}}</ref> Khilafat leaders such as Dr. Ansari, Maulana Azad and Hakim Ajmal Khan also grew personally close to Gandhi. These leaders founded the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in 1920 to promote independent education and social rejuvenation for Muslims.<ref>Gail Minault, ''The Khilafat movement'', p. 69</ref> | ||
The non-cooperation campaign was at first successful. The programme started with boycott of legislative councils, government schools, colleges and foreign goods. Government functions and surrender of titles and distinctions.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Massive protests, strikes and acts of civil disobedience spread across India. Hindus and Muslims joined forces in the campaign, which was initially [[Nonviolent resistance|peaceful]]. Gandhi, the Ali brothers and others were swiftly arrested by the colonial government. Under the flag of Tehrik-e-Khilafat, a Punjab Khilafat deputation comprising Moulana Manzoor Ahmed and Moulana Lutfullah Khan Dankauri took a leading role throughout India, with a particular concentration in the Punjab (Sirsa, Lahore, Haryana etc.). | The non-cooperation campaign was at first successful. The programme started with boycott of legislative councils, government schools, colleges and foreign goods. Government functions and surrender of titles and distinctions.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Massive protests, strikes and acts of civil disobedience spread across India. Hindus and Muslims joined forces in the campaign, which was initially [[Nonviolent resistance|peaceful]]. Gandhi, the Ali brothers and others were swiftly arrested by the colonial government. Under the flag of Tehrik-e-Khilafat, a Punjab Khilafat deputation comprising Moulana Manzoor Ahmed and Moulana Lutfullah Khan Dankauri took a leading role throughout India, with a particular concentration in the Punjab (Sirsa, Lahore, Haryana etc.). People from villages such as [[Aujla Khurd]] were the main contributors to the cause. {{citation needed|date=July 2021}} | ||
==Collapse== | ==Collapse== | ||
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The final blow came with the victory of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha]]'s forces, who overthrew the Ottoman rule to establish a progressive, secular republic in independent Turkey. He abolished the role of caliph and sought no help from Indians.<ref>Gail Minault, ''The Khilafat movement'', p. 205</ref> | The final blow came with the victory of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha]]'s forces, who overthrew the Ottoman rule to establish a progressive, secular republic in independent Turkey. He abolished the role of caliph and sought no help from Indians.<ref>Gail Minault, ''The Khilafat movement'', p. 205</ref> | ||
The Khilafat leadership fragmented on different political lines. [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]] created [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]] with the support of [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]]. Leaders such as Dr. Ansari, [[Maulana Azad]] and [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] remained strong supporters of Gandhi and the Congress. The Ali brothers joined Muslim League. They would play a major role in the growth of the League's popular appeal and the subsequent [[Pakistan movement]]. There was, however, a caliphate conference in Jerusalem in 1931 following Turkey's abolition of the Khilafat, to determine what should be done about the caliphate.<ref>Vali Nasr, ''The Shia Revival,'' Norton, (2006), p. 106</ref> | The Khilafat leadership fragmented on different political lines. [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]] created [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]] with the support of [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]]. Leaders such as Dr. Ansari, [[Maulana Azad]] and [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] remained strong supporters of Gandhi and the Congress. The Ali brothers joined Muslim League. They would play a major role in the growth of the League's popular appeal and the subsequent [[Pakistan movement]]. There was, however, a caliphate conference in Jerusalem in 1931 following Turkey's abolition of the Khilafat, to determine what should be done about the caliphate.<ref>Vali Nasr, ''The Shia Revival,'' Norton, (2006), p. 106</ref> | ||
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||