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{{About|a goddess}}
{{About|a goddess}}
{{Distinguish|Koiren Leima}}
{{Distinguish|Thoibi|Koiren Leima}}
'''"Panthoibi"''' ({{lang-mni|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ}}), also spelt as '''"Panthoipi"''' ({{lang-omp|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯄꯤ}}), is a primordial goddess in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wPjqAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess&dq=panthoibi+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWtKD-n-zuAhWR8XMBHUOHAWMQ6AEwBnoECAkQAg</ref> She is associated with agricultural fertility, abundance, war and love in [[Meitei mythology]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess&dq=panthoibi+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp3ISTn-zuAhWWYisKHRy0Df4Q6AEwAXoECAMQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=izhuAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess&dq=panthoibi+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz1oLZn-zuAhUW_XMBHXUwA50Q6AEwA3oECAAQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ZF9uAAAAMAAJ&dq=panthoibi&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=panthoibi+war</ref> Legend says she was taught the art of [[pottery]] by goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]] before she had disappeared forever.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wPjqAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess&dq=panthoibi+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWtKD-n-zuAhWR8XMBHUOHAWMQ6AEwBnoECAkQAg</ref> She is the consort of [[Nongpok Ningthou]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wPjqAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess&dq=panthoibi+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWtKD-n-zuAhWR8XMBHUOHAWMQ6AEwBnoECAkQAg</ref>
{{Infobox deity
Panthoibi Iratpa, a religious festival dedicated to her, is celebrated every year.<ref>http://www.uniindia.com/durga-puja-panthoibi-festival-celebrated-in-manipur/other/news/243592.html</ref><ref>http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Manipur_Festival_Mangi_Devi.Durga_Puja</ref><ref>https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/panthoibi-celebrations-under-way/cid/319225</ref>
| type        = Meitei
| name        = Panthoibi <br /> ({{lang-omp|Panthoipi}})  
| deity_of    = Goddess of civilization, courage, fertility, handicraft, love, victory, warfare and wisdom
| member_of    = [[Lairembi]]s and [[Umang Lai]]s
| image        = PANTHOIPI.jpg
| alt          = <!-- for alternate text of the title image per [[WP:ALT]] -->
| caption      = Goddess Panthoipi charging forward riding on her white horse
| other_names  =
* Ayang Leima
* Koirel Leima ({{lang-omp|Koilel Leima}})
* Koiren Leima ({{lang-omp|Koilen Leima}})  
* Nongpok Leima
| hiro        =
| Old_Norse    =
| script_name  =
| script      =
| affiliation  = [[Meitei mythology]] ([[Manipuri mythology]]) and [[Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]])
| cult_center  = [[Nongmaiching Hill|Nongmaiching Hill (alias Selloi Langmai Hill)]]
| abode        = [[Nongmaiching Hill|Nongmaiching Hill (alias Selloi Langmai Hill)]]  
| planet      = <!-- or | world = -->
| weapons      = [[Spear]] and [[Sword]]
| battles      =
| artifacts    = [[Kajenglei]]
| animals      = white horse or tiger
| symbol      = [[Kajenglei]]
| adherents    =
| height      =  
| age          =  
| tree        =
| day          =  
| color        = <!-- or | colour = -->
| number      =
| consorts    = Tarang Khoinucha and [[Nongpok Ningthou]]
| parents      =
| siblings    =
| offspring    = <!-- or | children = -->
| predecessor  =
| successor    =
| army        =
| mount        = white horse or tiger
| texts        =
* [[Panthoibi Khongul]]
* [[Panthoibi Naheirol]]
* [[Numit Kappa]]
| gender      = female
| Greek_equivalent    = [[Athena]], [[Aphrodite]]
| Roman_equivalent    = [[Minerva]], [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]]
| Etruscan_equivalent  = [[Menrva]], [[Turan (mythology)|Turan]]
| Christian_equivalent =
| Slavic_equivalent    =
| Hinduism_equivalent  = [[Durga]]
| Canaanite_equivalent =
| equivalent1_type = Egyptian
| equivalent1 = [[Neith]], [[Hathor]] and [[Isis]]
| equivalent2_type =  
| equivalent2 =
| region      = [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMNiDwAAQBAJ&q=mythical+god+and+goddess+Nongpok+Ningthou+and+Panthoibi+of+Kangleipak&pg=PT7|title=Apology|last=Singh|first=T. S. P.|date=2018-05-31|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-5437-0188-3|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei ethnicity]]
| festivals    =
* [[Panthoibi Iratpa]]
* [[Lai Haraoba]]
}}
{{Meitei deities}}
'''Panthoibi''' ({{lang-mni|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ}}) or '''Panthoipi''' ({{lang-omp|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯄꯤ}}) is a goddess in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPjqAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess|title=Other Masters: Five Contemporary Folk and Tribal Artists of India|last=Jain|first=Jyotindra|date=1998|publisher=Crafts Museum and the Handicrafts and Handlooms Exports Corporation of India|language=en}}</ref> She is the goddess of civilization, courage, fertility, handicraft, love, victory, warfare and wisdom.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess|title=The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=1997|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-81-259-0416-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izhuAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=2001|publisher=The Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF9uAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+war|title=A Short History of Manipur|last=Singh|first=R. K. Jhalajit|date=1992|publisher=R.K. Jhalajit Singh|language=en}}</ref><ref>Social Movements in Contemporary India - Page 98 - Bidyut Chakrabarty, ‎Shibani Kinkar Chaube · 1999</ref> Her divine consort is [[Nongpok Ningthou]].<ref name=":0" />


{{Infobox deity|name=Panthoibi|texts=[[Panthoibi Khongul]]|greek_equivalent=[[Athena]]|festivals=[[Panthoibi Iratpa]], [[Lai Haraoba]]|consort=[[Nongpok Ningthou]]|dynasty=Ningthouja dynasty|ethnic_group=[[Meitei ethnicity]]|gender=Female|animals=Tiger, White horse|deity_of=Goddess of agricultural fertility, abundance, war and love|weapons=Sword, Shield, Spear, Snake|weapon=|affiliation=[[Lairembi]], [[Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]])|script=ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ, ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ|script_name=Meitei|other_names=Ayangleima Panthoipi|member_of=Seven goddesses|hinduism_equivalent=[[Durga]]<ref>http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Manipur_Festival_Mangi_Devi.Durga_Puja</ref>}}
According to [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|Col. John Shakespear]], Panthoibi is the most well known goddess of her religion.<ref>The Purums: An Old Kuki Tribe of Manipur - Page 207 - Tarakchandra Das · 1945</ref><ref>Anthropological Papers - Page 208 - Calcutta University Press, 1945</ref>


==Related pages==
Panthoibi is frequently associated with [[Leimarel Sidabi]]. She is regarded as one of the representations of Leimarel.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess+association+Leimarel+Sidabee+representations+aspects+earth+goddess&pg=PA23|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|pages=23|language=en}}</ref>
The personality of Panthoibi and other goddesses like [[Emoinu]] and [[Phouoibi]] depict as well as influence the [[:en:wikt:boldness|boldness]], courage, independence, [[:en:wikt:righteousness|righteousness]] and social honour of [[Meitei people|Meitei women]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIEOy8SRLv8C&q=panthoibi+shows+that+Meitei+women+are+bold+%2C+courageous+%2C+independent+and+enjoy+their+due+rights+and+have+an+honourable+place+in+the+society+&pg=PA24|title=Women's Role in the 20th Century Manipur: A Historical Study|last=Kipgen|first=Tingneichong G.|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-803-1|language=en}}</ref>
 
== Etymology ==
[[File:PANTHOIBI.jpg|thumb|The word "Pānthoibī", written in Meetei Mayek abugida]]
The [[Meitei language|Meitei]] term "Panthoibi" (ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ or ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ) is made up of three words, "Pan" (ꯄꯥꯟ), "Thoi" (ꯊꯣꯢ or ꯊꯣꯏ) and "Bi" (ꯕꯤ).
 
In [[Meitei language]], "Pan" (ꯄꯥꯟ) means ''to rule over something like country, kingdom, land, nation or state''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F-&searchhws=yes#|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary_pan|website=uchicago.edu|year=2006}}</ref>
 
In [[Meitei language]], "Thoi" (ꯊꯣꯢ or ꯊꯣꯏ) means ''to [[:en:wikt:exceed|exceed]]'', or ''to [[:en:wikt:transcend|transcend]]'', or ''to [[:en:wikt:win|win]]'', or ''to [[:en:wikt:excel|excel]]'', or ''to [[:en:wikt:increase|increase]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8F-&searchhws=yes#|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary_thoi|website=uchicago.edu|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webonary.org/manipuri?s=Thoi&search=Search&key=&search_options_set=1&match_whole_words=1&displayAdvancedSearchName=0|title=Manipuri Dictionary_Thoi|website=webonary.org}}</ref>
 
In [[Meitei language]], "Bi" ("Bee") (ꯕꯤ) or "Pi" ("Pee") (ꯄꯤ) is a suffix to denote feminine gender. For example, Thoibi is a female given name. It is made up of "Thoi" and "Bi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=thoibi&matchtype=default|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary_thoibi|website=uchicago.edu|year=2006}}</ref>
 
The term "Thoibi" (ꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ or ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ) also refers to [[:en:wikt:perfection|perfection]] or completion of beauty and [[:en:wikt:accomplishment|accomplishments]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EMKAQAAIAAJ&q=khamba+thoibi|title=Khamba and Thoibi: The Unscaled Height of Love|first=N. Tombi|last=Singh|date=29 August 1976|publisher=Chitrebirentombichand Khorjeirup|via=Google Books}}</ref>
 
== History ==
The worship of goddess Panthoibi started right from the era of the Khaba dynasty ruling over the [[Kangla]]. This was written in the [[Panthoibi Khongul]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PT29|title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works|last=Devi|first=Nunglekpam Premi|date=2018-04-14|publisher=FSP Media Publications|pages=29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PA119|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|pages=119|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi|title=A History of Manipuri Literature|last=Singh|first=Ch Manihar|date=1996|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0086-9|pages=13|language=en}}</ref>
 
The ''Panthoibi Naheiron'' text was written [[BCE|before Common Era]]. The fact was confirmed by the ''National Archives of India''. It contains [[Meitei language|Meitei]] hymns.<ref>National Register of Private Records - Issue 22 - Page 94 - [[:en:National Archives of India|National Archives of India]] · 1971</ref>
 
In 1100 AD, the [[Loyumba Shinyen]] text mentions the [[Heisnam|Heishnam]] clan's service to goddess Panthoibi. The text addresses her as the most [[:en:wikt:adore|adored]] Meetei goddess.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&q=Heishnam+offer+prayers+Panthoibi+most+adored+Meetei+goddess+&pg=PA4|title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-399-5|pages=4|language=en}}</ref>
 
In the 17th century, Panthoibi appeared as a war goddess riding on a tiger. The [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]'s first record of the building of a temple of Panthoibi was in the year 1686. The same text's first record of the making of her statue was in the year 1699.<ref name=":1" />
 
In the 18th century, there was a downfall of the worship of Panthoibi with the rise of [[Vaishnavism]] in [[Manipur]]. Hindu King Garib Niwaj Pamheiba (1709-1748) pulled down her temples. He broke her statues. Her last recorded temple was built in 1700. After that, no temple was built in her honour until modern era came.<ref name=":1" /><ref>History and Archaeology: Prof. H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume - Bhaskar Chatterjee · 1989 p. 190</ref>
 
From the 18th century onwards, Meitei goddess Panthoibi was equated as Hindu goddess [[Durga]] or her manifestation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Eighteenth+century+onwards+indigenous+deities+Hindu+counterparts+Panthoibi%2C+god+of+prosperity+and+war%2C+was+equated+with+DURGA.&pg=PT802|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|pages=802|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EGxDwAAQBAJ&q=Panthoibi+is+a+goddess+worshipped+by+the+Meiteis+of+Manipur%2C+who+has+now+been+Sanskritized+as+a+manifestation+of+Durga+and+is+worshipped+every+Navratri+like+in+the+rest+of+India.&pg=PT178|title=Truck de India!: A Hitchhiker's guide to Hindustan|last=Ubhaykar|first=Rajat|date=2019-10-22|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-93-86797-65-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgFREAAAQBAJ&q=Meitei+gods+were+aligned+with+comparable+Hindu+gods+and+renamed%3A+for+example%2C++Panthoibi+became+Durga%2C&pg=PA111|title=Antigone on the Contemporary World Stage|last1=Mee|first1=Erin B.|last2=Foley|first2=Helene P.|date=2011-06-16|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161811-6|pages=111|language=en}}</ref><ref>Ethnicity and Social Change: An Anthology of Essays - Page 43 - Gangmumei Kabui · 2002</ref><ref>The Land of Seven Sisters - Page 34 - J. P. Saikia · Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Assam, 1976</ref> The identity of Panthoibi was changed to that of Hindu goddess [[Durga]]. She was worshipped for five days in September – October.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA235|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|last1=Noni|first1=Arambam|last2=Sanatomba|first2=Kangujam|date=2015-10-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27066-9|language=en}}</ref>
 
However, since 1960s, the worship of Panthoibi got increased. It started replacing the worship of Durga. In many regions, the place [[:en:wikt:usurped|usurped]] by Durga had been restored to Panthoibi.<ref name=":2" />
 
== Attributes and epithets ==
Goddess Panthoibi is regarded as self-confident and self-conscious with female pride.<ref>Family in Manipur - Page 52 - Manipur Association for Science and Society & Imphal District Organizing Council, BJGVJ, MANAR, Manipur, 1994</ref> Legend says she has many [[metamorphosis]] (forms). One example is [[Phouoibi]] (goddess of grains).<ref name="Partridge Publishing">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dF0oCgAAQBAJ&q=Panthoibi%3A+a+legendary+who+has+many+metamorphosis%2C+like+Phouibi+goddess+grain&pg=PT43|title=Tattooed with Taboos: An Anthology of Poetry by Three Women from Northeast India|last1=Phuritshabam|first1=Chaoba|last2=Ningombam|first2=Shreema|last3=Haripriya|first3=Soibam|date=2015-07-06|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-4851-9|pages=43|language=en}}</ref>
Panthoibi is regarded the ruling deity of birth and death.<ref>The March of India - Volume 15, Issues 1-9 - Page 30 - 1963</ref>
=== Panthoibi as a priestess goddess ===
According to the [[Anoirol]] text, goddess Panthoibi is a personification of ''Khabi Lengnao Mombi''. The latter is the ancient [[maibi|amaibi]] (lit. ''priestess''). Different personifications of Panthoibi manifest differently according to different texts.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2Q-DwAAQBAJ&q=Anoirol+which+make+Panthoibi%2C+in+the+personification+of+Khabi+Lengnao+Mombi%2C+the+primeval+amaibi.+And+the+different+personifications+of+Panthoibi+in+different+texts+manifest+different+texts&pg=PT381|title=Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation|last1=Dzüvichü|first1=Lipokmar|last2=Baruah|first2=Manjeet|date=2017-11-13|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-27134-9|language=en}}</ref> Panthoibi was regarded as a pre-historical [[Maibi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4h4rBwAAQBAJ&q=panthoibi+tradition+beginning+mankind+pre+historical+maibis&pg=PA116|title=Academic Days of Timişoara: Social Sciences Today|last1=Raţă|first1=Georgeta|last2=Palicica|first2=Maria|date=2011-09-22|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-3401-8|pages=116|language=en}}</ref> She is also regarded as an incarnation of goddess [[Nongthang Leima]], another goddess [[maibi|amaibi]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Manipur, a Tourist Paradise - Page 82 - E. Ishwarjit Singh · 2005</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Celebration of Life: Indian Folk Dances - Page 129 - Jiwan Pani, ‎India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division · 2000</ref>
 
=== Panthoibi as a goddess of game ===
Panthoibi is a ruling deity of the ''Kang'' game. Kang is a popular indoor game of [[Meitei culture|Meitei tradition]] in [[Manipur]]. Kang players pray to her before and during the game. People believe that one cannot do his or her best at the game without her blessings.<ref>Khamba and Thoibi: The Unscaled Height of Love - Page 69 - N. Tombi Singh · 1976</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&q=The+Meiteis+aka+Manipuris+believed+that+their+deity+Panthoibi+goddess+played+the+Kang+game.&pg=PA121|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development|last=Sahoo|first=Ajaya K.|date=2021-03-30|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-36686-0|pages=121|language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Panthoibi as a patron goddess of potters ===
Goddess Panthoibi is the patron deity of all the [[:en:wikt:potter|potters]]. She gifted the pot-making art to the women of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TLsJW-WInIC&q=In+Manipur+%2C+the+Mother+Goddess+%2C+Panthoibi+%2C+is+still+the+patron+-+Goddess+of+all+potters+.+She+is+said+to+have+handed+the+gift+of+pot+-+making+to+the+women+of+Manipur+&pg=PA89|title=Devi: Tales of the Goddess of Our Time|last=Pāṇḍe|first=Mr̥ṇāla|date=1996|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-026549-1|pages=89|language=en}}</ref> She was taught the art of [[pottery]] by goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]] before her disappearance.<ref name=":0" /> She has another [[#Pottery and Human Civilization|mythology]] about this.
 
=== Panthoibi as the goddess of death and fertility ===
[[File:Haoreima.jpg|thumb|300px|''Haoreibi Shampubi'' (alias ''Haoreima'') carrying a basket on her back]]
Goddess Panthoibi has legendary connections to ''Haoreibi Shampubi'' (alias ''Haoreima''). Haoreibi Shampubi is a woman from the hills. She was killed while arranging to meet her lover. She turned into a [[:en:wikt:tortured|tortured]] spirit. She is regarded as an [[incarnation]] of Panthoibi. So, the goddess became associated with death and fertility.<ref name="Bloomsbury Publishing">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBiWDwAAQBAJ&q=Haoreibi+regarded+as+an+incarnation+of+Panthoibi%2C+the+goddess+of+death%2C+and+as+a+bringer+of+fertility&pg=PA227|title=Women and Borders: Refugees, Migrants and Communities|last1=Shekhawat|first1=Seema|last2=Re|first2=Emanuela C. Del|date=2017-12-18|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-83860-987-0|pages=227|language=en}}</ref>
=== Panthoibi as the goddess of diseases and illnesses ===
Panthoibi reacts badly to bad actions of the humans. If a person has spit nearby Panthoibi's shrine, he or she will not be able to turn his or her neck. It could be healed only by a [[maiba]]. For this, the maiba will perform a ritual.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmxK-f7EA6kC&q=Diseases+illnesses+if+person+spit+Ima+panthoibi+he+not+turn+his+neck+Maiba+%28+healer+%29+performs+ritual&pg=PA143|title=Culture, Ecology, and Sustainable Development|last=Chaudhury|first=Sukant Kumar|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-132-8|pages=143|language=en}}</ref>
=== Panthoibi as the goddess of spinning and weaving ===
==== Learned from a spider ====
Goddess Panthoibi got inspired by a spider. It was making [[:en:wikt:cobweb|cobwebs]] in a corner. From the spider, the art of [[:en:wikt:spinning|spinning]] and [[weaving]] was learned.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpDp6XnVZ6YC&q=Manipuri+people+believe+Goddess+%27+Panthoibi+%27+inspiration+%27+spider+%27+making+cobwebs+corner+learnt+art+spinning+weaving&pg=PA29|title=Folk Tales of Manipur|last=Bhola|first=Rachna|date=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-89182-40-3|pages=29|language=en}}</ref>
Panthoibi imitated the pattern of weaving of the spider. Later, she introduced the art of weaving.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xBdDwAAQBAJ&q=Leishambi+goddess+creatio+taught+primeval+ancestress+Panthoibi+art+weaving+introduced+imitating+pattern+spider&pg=PT67|title=Short Essays on Women and Society: Manipuri Women through the Century|last=Devi|first=Nunglekpam Premi|date=2018-05-25|publisher=FSP Media Publications|pages=67|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">Bulletin - Indian Museum - Volume 33 - Page 247 - Indian Museum · 1998</ref>
==== Learned from another goddess ====
In another legend, Panthoibi was taught the art of weaving  by Goddess ''Leishambi''. Leishambi is the goddess of creation.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
 
== Mythology ==
Panthoibi is a maiden of extraordinary beauty. She is a daughter of a Meitei king. Many kings and princes wanted to marry her. King Shapaiba ({{lang-omp|Shapaipa}}) was from the western parts of the valley of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]). He was one among her [[:en:wikt:suitor|suitors]]. He promised her to construct good roads, beautiful bridges, spacious house and fish ponds. Every promises were just for the sake of her. Despite all these, she did not accept his proposal. Finally, Panthoibi was married to Tarang Khoinucha (alias Taram Khoinucha). Her mortal husband is the son of King Khaba Sokchrongba and Queen Teknga of the Khaba dynasty. Her marriage ceremony was an outstanding one. Bridge poles were made of iron. The [[:en:wikt:plank|planks]] were made of silver plates. The side [[:en:wikt:railing|railings]] were made of golden rods.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PT26|title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works|last=Devi|first=Nunglekpam Premi|date=2018-04-14|publisher=FSP Media Publications|pages=26|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Northeast India: A Reader">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X31aDwAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PT236|title=Northeast India: A Reader|last1=Oinam|first1=Bhagat|last2=Sadokpam|first2=Dhiren A.|date=2018-05-11|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-95320-0|pages=236|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA280|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850|last=Mukherjee|first=Sujit|date=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1453-9|pages=280|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lp5REAAAQBAJ&q=Panthoibi%2C+the+daughter+of+the+King%2C+the+wife+of+Kh%C4%81ba%2C&pg=PA112|title=Traditional Cosmology, vol. 5: Solar and Lunar Anomalies|last=Sluijs|first=Marinus Anthony van der|date=2018-01-01|publisher=All-Round Publications|isbn=978-1-9994383-0-2|pages=112|language=en}}</ref>
=== Meeting Nongpok Ningthou ===
Goddess Panthoibi first met God [[Nongpok Ningthou]] (alias Angoupa Kainou Chingsangsompa) when she was wandering in the open meadows, bathing and sporting in the cool waters of the running river. She was attracted to his handsome looks and [[:en:wikt:towering|towering]] personality. The two fell in love at first sight. She was proposed by Nongpok Ningthou to elope with him. But the already married goddess did not accept the instant proposal very soon. It was because it was not even five days passed after her wedding. She insisted him to spend some time.<ref name="Northeast India: A Reader"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PT28|title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works|last=Devi|first=Nunglekpam Premi|date=2018-04-14|publisher=FSP Media Publications|pages=28|language=en}}</ref>
 
Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou secretly met many times. This causes the in-laws of Panthoibi to have suspicion over her. Her mortal husband tried to win her heart many times. But all of these attempts failed. Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou finally eloped. They wore the attires of the [[:en:Tangkhul Naga|Tangkhuls]].<ref name=":1"/><ref name="Northeast India: A Reader"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA280|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850|last=Mukherjee|first=Sujit|date=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1453-9|pages=280|language=en}}</ref>
 
The two divine lovers ultimately got united on the sun-washed slopes of the [[Nongmaiching Hill]]s. Their happy union was celebrated with dances and music by the gods (by the ''Langmai people'' and not the ''gods'' in another version). These celebration gave birth to the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="Northeast India: A Reader"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA280|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850|last=Mukherjee|first=Sujit|date=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1453-9|pages=280|language=en}}</ref>
 
==== Another version ====
In another version of the story, Panthoibi first met Nongpok Ningthou when she was helping her father at [[Slash-and-burn|jhum cultivation (Slash-and-burn)]]. The two fell in love at first sight without any talks. But Panthoibi got married to another man against her wish. She left her husband's house to search for her true lover. Nongpok Ningthou also left his home for the same purpose. The two lovers met at the [[Kangla]]. Kangla became the place of their divine union. So, it is considered to be a special place of coronation of the Meitei kings.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/72/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou+Panthoibi|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|website=archive.org|pages=73}}</ref>
=== Panthoibi and the Sun God ===
According to the [[Numit Kappa]] text (c. 1st century), two suns shone in the ancient sky. One was wounded by an archer hero (''many men'' in some version). The two brother suns fled from their positions. They hid for ten long days. So, the world remain in darkness. No men could work. Crops perished. Cattles died. So, the ten godly kings (or ''kingly gods'') approached to many divinities. They requested each to [[:en:wikt:plead|plead]] with the Sun God. None succeeded to do so. Finally, the ten gods came to Princess Panthoibi. It was because she knew many mysteries and secrets. So, she showed them magical ceremonies to [[:en:wikt:lure|lure]] the Sun God. They did the same to the Sun God. The unwounded Sun God returned. But the wounded one never returned.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1FHAQAAMAAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA551|title=Journal of the Society of Arts|date=1905|publisher=The Society|pages=551|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgfyAAAAMAAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA551|title=Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce Journal|date=1905|publisher=The Society|pages=551|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a05DAAAAYAAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA551|title=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts|last=Britain)|first=Royal Society of Arts (Great|date=1905|publisher=G. Bell and Sons|pages=551|language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Panthoibi and the weaving spider ===
[[File:Web (PSF).png|thumb|300px|A spider making [[:en:wikt:cobweb|cobwebs (spiderwebs)]].]]
Once Panthoibi saw a [[spider]]. It was producing fine threads. It was also making [[:en:wikt:cobweb|cobwebs (spiderwebs)]]. From this, she got the knowledge. She started the art of weaving. The divine feminine association of the art signifies the association of females with weaving.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGFoDwAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PT201|title=Employment and Labour Market in North-East India: Interrogating Structural Changes|last1=Xaxa|first1=Virginius|last2=Saha|first2=Debdulal|last3=Singha|first3=Rajdeep|date=2018-08-06|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-82345-9|pages=201|language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Pottery and Human Civilization ===
[[File:Bunga senduduk 3.jpg|thumb|300px|Melastoma malabathricum]]
After the creation of the human beings, Panthoibi made their settlements and habitats. Human started eating and drinking. Panthoibi realised the need of vessels to store food and water. So, she started making pots. In the beginning, she lacked the idea how to make a pot. Later, she looked around. She saw a flower - ''Nura Khudonglei'' (''[[:en:Melastoma malabathricum|Malabar melastome]]''). She imitated the shape and the design of the flower. Then, she produced a pot. Since then, human civilization starting making pots for cooking food and drinking water.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZYwEAAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA217|title=In Search of Business Models in Social Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Cases|last1=Guha|first1=Samapti|last2=Majumdar|first2=Satyajit|date=2021-05-28|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-16-0390-7|pages=217|language=en}}</ref>
 
== Worship ==
Panthoibi is mainly worshipped by the [[Heisnam]] family of [[Meitei ethnicity]]. So, she is also known as ''Heisnam Lairembi'' (lit. [[Lairembi]] of the [[Heisnam]]).<ref>Archaeology in Manipur - Page 85 - L. Kunjeswori Devi · Rajesh Publications, 2003</ref>
 
== Identification with other deities ==
{{See|Incarnations of Leimarel Sidabi}}
Panthoibi is regarded as one of the divine incarnations of Goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]].<ref>Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition - Page 250 - Molly Kaushal, ‎Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts · 2001</ref><ref>Kaushal, Molly; Arts, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the (2001). Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition. Leimarel and Panthoibi. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. ISBN 978-81-246-0182-2.</ref> She is also regarded as an incarnation of goddess [[Nongthang Leima]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/> She also has many forms including [[Phouoibi]] (goddess of grains).<ref name="Partridge Publishing"/> Goddess ''Haoreibi Shampubi'' (alias ''Haoreima'') is also regarded as an incarnation of Panthoibi.<ref name="Bloomsbury Publishing"/>
 
== Festivals ==
=== Panthoibi Iratpa ===
{{Main|Panthoibi Iratpa}}
''Panthoibi Iratpa'' (''Panthoibi Eratpa'') is a religious festival dedicated to goddess Panthoipi. It is celebrated every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/panthoibi-celebrations-under-way/cid/319225|title=Panthoibi celebrations under way|website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
[[File:Panthoibi at Hojai, Assam 01.jpg|thumb|300px|Statue of Panthoibi during [[Panthoibi Iratpa]] festival celebrated at Hojai Natun Bazar, [[Assam]]]]
 
=== Lai Haraoba ===
{{Main|Lai Haraoba}}
Panthoibi and [[Nongpok Ningthou]] are at the core of [[Lai Haraoba]] festival. Their legend finds an important place in the [[:en:wikt:lyrical|lyrical]] literature of [[Ancient Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=Nongpok+and+Panthoibi+is+at+the+core+of+Lai+Haraoba.+Their+legend+finds+a+prominent+place+in+the+ancient+lyrical+literature+of+Manipur.&pg=PA120|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|pages=120|language=en}}</ref>
 
== In Art forms ==
=== Panthoibi Jagoi ===
{{Main|Panthoibi Jagoi}}
''Panthoibi Jagoi'' is a duet dance form. It is accompanied by a song of love. It is sung by a [[maibi]] and a ''Pena Khongba'' ([[Pena (musical instrument)|pena player]]). It has reference to the love of Panthoibi and [[Nongpok Ningthou]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&q=Panthoibi+Jagoi+duet+dance+portraying+romantic+affairs+Nongpok+Ningthou+Panthoibi&pg=PA621|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA290|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29629-7|pages=290|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLfE8HGwdIMC&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA135|title=Emergent North-East : A Way Forward|last=Sadangi|first=H. C.|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-437-0|pages=135|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PT233|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en|pages=233}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PT234|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en|pages=234}}</ref> It also depicts the process of [[weaving]].<ref>Challenges of Economic Policy in Manipur: Essays in Honour of Prof. M. Iboton Singh, Volume 2 - Page 465 - E. Bijoykumar Singh, ‎Ksh Jhaljit Singh · 2009</ref>
 
=== Panthoibi Sheishak ===
''Panthoibi Sheishak'' is a song sung in the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival. It is performed by the [[Pena (musical instrument)|pena players]]. It retells the story of Panthoibi searching for her beloved Nongpok Ningthou.<ref name="Meitei">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA36|title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur|last=Meitei|first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana|date=2021-06-06|publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam|isbn=978-93-5473-655-1|language=en}}</ref>
 
{{cquote|It was the time of setting sun when the bright light on the face of the hills deceased, and the rising smoke in the hills gradually receded to meet the rising smoke from the plain.
 
Panthoibi was unaware of the whereabouts of Nongpok Ningthou and in her helpless condition she beseeched the tall trees of the hills and the leafy ones of the plains to help her find her beloved.<ref name="Meitei">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA36|title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur|last=Meitei|first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana|date=2021-06-06|publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam|isbn=978-93-5473-655-1|language=en}}</ref>
}}
 
It is one of the 9 singing styles (tunes) sung in the [[Lai Haraoba]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3rJ3DQAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PT169|title=Orality: the Quest for Meanings|last=Khiangte|first=Zothanchhingi|date=2016-10-28|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-8671-9|pages=169|language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba ===
''Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba'' is an [[:en:wikt:enactment|enactment]] of the [[:en:wikt:repartee|repartee]] between Tangkhul Pakhang (an incarnation of [[Nongpok Ningthou]]) and Tangkhul Nurabi (an incarnation of Panthoibi). The two repartee players dress up in [[:en:Tangkhul Naga|Tangkhul Naga]] costumes of farming in the field. This is performed on the last night of the [[Kanglei Haraoba]] (one of the 4 forms of [[Lai Haraoba]] festival).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi&pg=PA129|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|last1=Noni|first1=Arambam|last2=Sanatomba|first2=Kangujam|date=2015-10-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27066-9|language=en}}</ref>
 
== Namesakes ==
=== Commerce ===
==== Panthoibi Emporium ====
The ''Panthoibi Emporium'' is a trading center in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>Proceedings. Official Report - Page 71 - Manipur (India). Legislative Assembly · 1978</ref>
==== Panthoibi Housing ====
The ''Panthoibi Housing Finance Company Limited'' is a housing financial company. Its main branch office is near Flyover bridge of Uripok Tourangbam Leikai in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIckEAAAQBAJ&q=Panthoibi+Housing+Finance+Company+Limited%2C+Near+Flyover+bridge%2C+Uripok+Tourangbam+Leikai%2C+IMPHAL-795001%2C+MANIPUR+&pg=SA8-PA21|title=Handbook of Non-Banking Financial Companies|last=Babel|first=Rajeev|date=2021-03-15|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-90176-20-5|pages=8–21|language=en}}</ref>
==== Panthoibi Manipur Handicrafts Emporium ====
The ''Panthoibi Manipur Handicrafts Emporium'' is an emporium in [[Delhi]], [[India]]. It mainly stores handmade by-products made of [[silk]] from [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FIMEAAAQBAJ&q=handmade+by-products+from+the+process+of+silk+extraction+are+available+at+the+%27Panthoibi+Manipur+Handicrafts+Emporium%27+in+Delhi.&pg=PT130|title=Reflections: Handicrafts, Sustainability, and Livelihoods: A collection of my Essays|last=Pachauri|first=Swasti|date=2020-12-02|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64899-938-3|pages=130|language=en}}</ref>
 
== Related pages ==
* [[Moirang Thoibi|Thoibi]]
* [[Nongthang Leima]]
* [[Nongthang Leima]]
==References==
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465684 Ariba Manipuri Sahityagee Saklon by Nabachandra, Polem]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267411 Chinglon Laihui by Manglem Meitei, Lairenjam]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465666 Erat Laisol by Singh, Khulem Chandrashekhar]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466461 Khannashi Neinnashi Leishatpa Puya by Manglem Meitei,l]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466620 Lairemjam Manglem Gi Lai Haraoba by Manglem Meitei, Lairenjam]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465366 Langgol Chinggoirol by Singh, Kulchandra Ngariyambam]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465703 Manipuree Funggawaree Part 1 by Singh, Kabrabam Neelakanta]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465715 Manipuree Funggawaree Part 2 by Singh, Kabrabam Neelakanta]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466697 Yek Taretki Meihourol by Manglem Meitei,l]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466275 Yek Taret Ki Meihouron by Manglem Meitei,l]
== Other websites ==
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Panthoibi&sa.x=19&sa.y=13 E-PAO, Panthoibi]
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Panthoibi&sin=TXT INTERNET ARCHIVE, Panthoibi]
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4&searchhws=yes Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary, Panthoibi]
[[Category:Meitei gods and goddesses]]
[[Category:Meitei gods and goddesses]]
{{simple-Wikipedia}}

Latest revision as of 17:02, 26 March 2022

This article is about a goddess. For other uses, see Panthoibi (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Thoibi or Koiren Leima.
Panthoibi
(Old Manipuri: Panthoipi)
Goddess of civilization, courage, fertility, handicraft, love, victory, warfare and wisdom
Member of Lairembis and Umang Lais
PANTHOIPI.jpg
Goddess Panthoipi charging forward riding on her white horse
Other names
AffiliationMeitei mythology (Manipuri mythology) and Meitei religion (Sanamahism)
Major cult centerNongmaiching Hill (alias Selloi Langmai Hill)
AbodeNongmaiching Hill (alias Selloi Langmai Hill)
WeaponsSpear and Sword
ArtifactsKajenglei
Animalswhite horse or tiger
SymbolKajenglei
Mountwhite horse or tiger
Texts
Genderfemale
RegionAncient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur)[1]
Ethnic groupMeitei ethnicity
Festivals
ConsortsTarang Khoinucha and Nongpok Ningthou
Equivalents
Greek equivalentAthena, Aphrodite
Roman equivalentMinerva, Venus
Etruscan equivalentMenrva, Turan
Hinduism equivalentDurga
Egyptian equivalentNeith, Hathor and Isis
Meitei gods and goddesses
series
PANTHOIPI.jpg
Heavenly gods and goddesses
Netherworld gods and goddesses

Panthoibi (Meitei: ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ) or Panthoipi (Old Manipuri: ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯄꯤ) is a goddess in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur).[2] She is the goddess of civilization, courage, fertility, handicraft, love, victory, warfare and wisdom.[3][4][5][6] Her divine consort is Nongpok Ningthou.[2]

According to Col. John Shakespear, Panthoibi is the most well known goddess of her religion.[7][8]

Panthoibi is frequently associated with Leimarel Sidabi. She is regarded as one of the representations of Leimarel.[9]

The personality of Panthoibi and other goddesses like Emoinu and Phouoibi depict as well as influence the boldness, courage, independence, righteousness and social honour of Meitei women.[10]

Etymology[edit]

The word "Pānthoibī", written in Meetei Mayek abugida

The Meitei term "Panthoibi" (ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ or ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ) is made up of three words, "Pan" (ꯄꯥꯟ), "Thoi" (ꯊꯣꯢ or ꯊꯣꯏ) and "Bi" (ꯕꯤ).

In Meitei language, "Pan" (ꯄꯥꯟ) means to rule over something like country, kingdom, land, nation or state.[11]

In Meitei language, "Thoi" (ꯊꯣꯢ or ꯊꯣꯏ) means to exceed, or to transcend, or to win, or to excel, or to increase.[12][13]

In Meitei language, "Bi" ("Bee") (ꯕꯤ) or "Pi" ("Pee") (ꯄꯤ) is a suffix to denote feminine gender. For example, Thoibi is a female given name. It is made up of "Thoi" and "Bi".[14]

The term "Thoibi" (ꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ or ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ) also refers to perfection or completion of beauty and accomplishments.[15]

History[edit]

The worship of goddess Panthoibi started right from the era of the Khaba dynasty ruling over the Kangla. This was written in the Panthoibi Khongul.[16][17][18]

The Panthoibi Naheiron text was written before Common Era. The fact was confirmed by the National Archives of India. It contains Meitei hymns.[19]

In 1100 AD, the Loyumba Shinyen text mentions the Heishnam clan's service to goddess Panthoibi. The text addresses her as the most adored Meetei goddess.[20]

In the 17th century, Panthoibi appeared as a war goddess riding on a tiger. The Cheitharol Kumbaba's first record of the building of a temple of Panthoibi was in the year 1686. The same text's first record of the making of her statue was in the year 1699.[16]

In the 18th century, there was a downfall of the worship of Panthoibi with the rise of Vaishnavism in Manipur. Hindu King Garib Niwaj Pamheiba (1709-1748) pulled down her temples. He broke her statues. Her last recorded temple was built in 1700. After that, no temple was built in her honour until modern era came.[16][21]

From the 18th century onwards, Meitei goddess Panthoibi was equated as Hindu goddess Durga or her manifestation.[22][23][24][25][26] The identity of Panthoibi was changed to that of Hindu goddess Durga. She was worshipped for five days in September – October.[27]

However, since 1960s, the worship of Panthoibi got increased. It started replacing the worship of Durga. In many regions, the place usurped by Durga had been restored to Panthoibi.[27]

Attributes and epithets[edit]

Goddess Panthoibi is regarded as self-confident and self-conscious with female pride.[28] Legend says she has many metamorphosis (forms). One example is Phouoibi (goddess of grains).[29] Panthoibi is regarded the ruling deity of birth and death.[30]

Panthoibi as a priestess goddess[edit]

According to the Anoirol text, goddess Panthoibi is a personification of Khabi Lengnao Mombi. The latter is the ancient amaibi (lit. priestess). Different personifications of Panthoibi manifest differently according to different texts.[31] Panthoibi was regarded as a pre-historical Maibi.[32] She is also regarded as an incarnation of goddess Nongthang Leima, another goddess amaibi.[33][34]

Panthoibi as a goddess of game[edit]

Panthoibi is a ruling deity of the Kang game. Kang is a popular indoor game of Meitei tradition in Manipur. Kang players pray to her before and during the game. People believe that one cannot do his or her best at the game without her blessings.[35][36]

Panthoibi as a patron goddess of potters[edit]

Goddess Panthoibi is the patron deity of all the potters. She gifted the pot-making art to the women of Manipur.[37] She was taught the art of pottery by goddess Leimarel Sidabi before her disappearance.[2] She has another mythology about this.

Panthoibi as the goddess of death and fertility[edit]

Haoreibi Shampubi (alias Haoreima) carrying a basket on her back

Goddess Panthoibi has legendary connections to Haoreibi Shampubi (alias Haoreima). Haoreibi Shampubi is a woman from the hills. She was killed while arranging to meet her lover. She turned into a tortured spirit. She is regarded as an incarnation of Panthoibi. So, the goddess became associated with death and fertility.[38]

Panthoibi as the goddess of diseases and illnesses[edit]

Panthoibi reacts badly to bad actions of the humans. If a person has spit nearby Panthoibi's shrine, he or she will not be able to turn his or her neck. It could be healed only by a maiba. For this, the maiba will perform a ritual.[39]

Panthoibi as the goddess of spinning and weaving[edit]

Learned from a spider[edit]

Goddess Panthoibi got inspired by a spider. It was making cobwebs in a corner. From the spider, the art of spinning and weaving was learned.[40] Panthoibi imitated the pattern of weaving of the spider. Later, she introduced the art of weaving.[41][42]

Learned from another goddess[edit]

In another legend, Panthoibi was taught the art of weaving by Goddess Leishambi. Leishambi is the goddess of creation.[41][42]

Mythology[edit]

Panthoibi is a maiden of extraordinary beauty. She is a daughter of a Meitei king. Many kings and princes wanted to marry her. King Shapaiba (Old Manipuri: Shapaipa) was from the western parts of the valley of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur). He was one among her suitors. He promised her to construct good roads, beautiful bridges, spacious house and fish ponds. Every promises were just for the sake of her. Despite all these, she did not accept his proposal. Finally, Panthoibi was married to Tarang Khoinucha (alias Taram Khoinucha). Her mortal husband is the son of King Khaba Sokchrongba and Queen Teknga of the Khaba dynasty. Her marriage ceremony was an outstanding one. Bridge poles were made of iron. The planks were made of silver plates. The side railings were made of golden rods.[43][44][45][46]

Meeting Nongpok Ningthou[edit]

Goddess Panthoibi first met God Nongpok Ningthou (alias Angoupa Kainou Chingsangsompa) when she was wandering in the open meadows, bathing and sporting in the cool waters of the running river. She was attracted to his handsome looks and towering personality. The two fell in love at first sight. She was proposed by Nongpok Ningthou to elope with him. But the already married goddess did not accept the instant proposal very soon. It was because it was not even five days passed after her wedding. She insisted him to spend some time.[44][47]

Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou secretly met many times. This causes the in-laws of Panthoibi to have suspicion over her. Her mortal husband tried to win her heart many times. But all of these attempts failed. Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou finally eloped. They wore the attires of the Tangkhuls.[16][44][48]

The two divine lovers ultimately got united on the sun-washed slopes of the Nongmaiching Hills. Their happy union was celebrated with dances and music by the gods (by the Langmai people and not the gods in another version). These celebration gave birth to the Lai Haraoba festival.[16][44][49]

Another version[edit]

In another version of the story, Panthoibi first met Nongpok Ningthou when she was helping her father at jhum cultivation (Slash-and-burn). The two fell in love at first sight without any talks. But Panthoibi got married to another man against her wish. She left her husband's house to search for her true lover. Nongpok Ningthou also left his home for the same purpose. The two lovers met at the Kangla. Kangla became the place of their divine union. So, it is considered to be a special place of coronation of the Meitei kings.[50]

Panthoibi and the Sun God[edit]

According to the Numit Kappa text (c. 1st century), two suns shone in the ancient sky. One was wounded by an archer hero (many men in some version). The two brother suns fled from their positions. They hid for ten long days. So, the world remain in darkness. No men could work. Crops perished. Cattles died. So, the ten godly kings (or kingly gods) approached to many divinities. They requested each to plead with the Sun God. None succeeded to do so. Finally, the ten gods came to Princess Panthoibi. It was because she knew many mysteries and secrets. So, she showed them magical ceremonies to lure the Sun God. They did the same to the Sun God. The unwounded Sun God returned. But the wounded one never returned.[51][52][53]

Panthoibi and the weaving spider[edit]

A spider making cobwebs (spiderwebs).

Once Panthoibi saw a spider. It was producing fine threads. It was also making cobwebs (spiderwebs). From this, she got the knowledge. She started the art of weaving. The divine feminine association of the art signifies the association of females with weaving.[54]

Pottery and Human Civilization[edit]

Melastoma malabathricum

After the creation of the human beings, Panthoibi made their settlements and habitats. Human started eating and drinking. Panthoibi realised the need of vessels to store food and water. So, she started making pots. In the beginning, she lacked the idea how to make a pot. Later, she looked around. She saw a flower - Nura Khudonglei (Malabar melastome). She imitated the shape and the design of the flower. Then, she produced a pot. Since then, human civilization starting making pots for cooking food and drinking water.[55]

Worship[edit]

Panthoibi is mainly worshipped by the Heisnam family of Meitei ethnicity. So, she is also known as Heisnam Lairembi (lit. Lairembi of the Heisnam).[56]

Identification with other deities[edit]

Further information: Incarnations of Leimarel Sidabi

Panthoibi is regarded as one of the divine incarnations of Goddess Leimarel Sidabi.[57][58] She is also regarded as an incarnation of goddess Nongthang Leima.[33][34] She also has many forms including Phouoibi (goddess of grains).[29] Goddess Haoreibi Shampubi (alias Haoreima) is also regarded as an incarnation of Panthoibi.[38]

Festivals[edit]

Panthoibi Iratpa[edit]

Main article: Panthoibi Iratpa

Panthoibi Iratpa (Panthoibi Eratpa) is a religious festival dedicated to goddess Panthoipi. It is celebrated every year.[59]

Statue of Panthoibi during Panthoibi Iratpa festival celebrated at Hojai Natun Bazar, Assam

Lai Haraoba[edit]

Main article: Lai Haraoba

Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou are at the core of Lai Haraoba festival. Their legend finds an important place in the lyrical literature of Ancient Manipur.[60]

In Art forms[edit]

Panthoibi Jagoi[edit]

Main article: Panthoibi Jagoi

Panthoibi Jagoi is a duet dance form. It is accompanied by a song of love. It is sung by a maibi and a Pena Khongba (pena player). It has reference to the love of Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou.[61][62][63][64][65] It also depicts the process of weaving.[66]

Panthoibi Sheishak[edit]

Panthoibi Sheishak is a song sung in the Lai Haraoba festival. It is performed by the pena players. It retells the story of Panthoibi searching for her beloved Nongpok Ningthou.[67]

It was the time of setting sun when the bright light on the face of the hills deceased, and the rising smoke in the hills gradually receded to meet the rising smoke from the plain. Panthoibi was unaware of the whereabouts of Nongpok Ningthou and in her helpless condition she beseeched the tall trees of the hills and the leafy ones of the plains to help her find her beloved.[67]

It is one of the 9 singing styles (tunes) sung in the Lai Haraoba.[68]

Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba[edit]

Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba is an enactment of the repartee between Tangkhul Pakhang (an incarnation of Nongpok Ningthou) and Tangkhul Nurabi (an incarnation of Panthoibi). The two repartee players dress up in Tangkhul Naga costumes of farming in the field. This is performed on the last night of the Kanglei Haraoba (one of the 4 forms of Lai Haraoba festival).[69]

Namesakes[edit]

Commerce[edit]

Panthoibi Emporium[edit]

The Panthoibi Emporium is a trading center in New Delhi, India.[70]

Panthoibi Housing[edit]

The Panthoibi Housing Finance Company Limited is a housing financial company. Its main branch office is near Flyover bridge of Uripok Tourangbam Leikai in Imphal.[71]

Panthoibi Manipur Handicrafts Emporium[edit]

The Panthoibi Manipur Handicrafts Emporium is an emporium in Delhi, India. It mainly stores handmade by-products made of silk from Manipur.[72]

Related pages[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Singh, T. S. P. (2018-05-31). Apology. Partridge Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-5437-0188-3.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jain, Jyotindra (1998). Other Masters: Five Contemporary Folk and Tribal Artists of India. Crafts Museum and the Handicrafts and Handlooms Exports Corporation of India.
  3. ↑ Parratt, Saroj Nalini (1997). The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-259-0416-8.
  4. ↑ Session, North East India History Association (2001). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.
  5. ↑ Singh, R. K. Jhalajit (1992). A Short History of Manipur. R.K. Jhalajit Singh.
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  7. ↑ The Purums: An Old Kuki Tribe of Manipur - Page 207 - Tarakchandra Das · 1945
  8. ↑ Anthropological Papers - Page 208 - Calcutta University Press, 1945
  9. ↑ Devi, Dr Yumlembam Gopi. Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. Lulu.com. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7.
  10. ↑ Kipgen, Tingneichong G. (2010). Women's Role in the 20th Century Manipur: A Historical Study. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7835-803-1.
  11. ↑ "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary_pan". uchicago.edu. 2006.
  12. ↑ "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary_thoi". uchicago.edu. 2006.
  13. ↑ "Manipuri Dictionary_Thoi". webonary.org.
  14. ↑ "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary_thoibi". uchicago.edu. 2006.
  15. ↑ Singh, N. Tombi (29 August 1976). "Khamba and Thoibi: The Unscaled Height of Love". Chitrebirentombichand Khorjeirup – via Google Books.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Devi, Nunglekpam Premi (2018-04-14). A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works. FSP Media Publications. p. 29.
  17. ↑ Devi, Dr Yumlembam Gopi. Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. Lulu.com. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7.
  18. ↑ Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.
  19. ↑ National Register of Private Records - Issue 22 - Page 94 - National Archives of India · 1971
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  21. ↑ History and Archaeology: Prof. H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume - Bhaskar Chatterjee · 1989 p. 190
  22. ↑ Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. p. 802. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.
  23. ↑ Ubhaykar, Rajat (2019-10-22). Truck de India!: A Hitchhiker's guide to Hindustan. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-93-86797-65-0.
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  25. ↑ Ethnicity and Social Change: An Anthology of Essays - Page 43 - Gangmumei Kabui · 2002
  26. ↑ The Land of Seven Sisters - Page 34 - J. P. Saikia · Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Assam, 1976
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Noni, Arambam; Sanatomba, Kangujam (2015-10-16). Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9.
  28. ↑ Family in Manipur - Page 52 - Manipur Association for Science and Society & Imphal District Organizing Council, BJGVJ, MANAR, Manipur, 1994
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Phuritshabam, Chaoba; Ningombam, Shreema; Haripriya, Soibam (2015-07-06). Tattooed with Taboos: An Anthology of Poetry by Three Women from Northeast India. Partridge Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4828-4851-9.
  30. ↑ The March of India - Volume 15, Issues 1-9 - Page 30 - 1963
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  40. ↑ Bhola, Rachna (2004). Folk Tales of Manipur. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 29. ISBN 978-81-89182-40-3.
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  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Bulletin - Indian Museum - Volume 33 - Page 247 - Indian Museum · 1998
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  47. ↑ Devi, Nunglekpam Premi (2018-04-14). A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works. FSP Media Publications. p. 28.
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  50. ↑ Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East. p. 73. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
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  55. ↑ Guha, Samapti; Majumdar, Satyajit (2021-05-28). In Search of Business Models in Social Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Cases. Springer Nature. p. 217. ISBN 978-981-16-0390-7.
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  57. ↑ Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition - Page 250 - Molly Kaushal, ‎Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts · 2001
  58. ↑ Kaushal, Molly; Arts, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the (2001). Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition. Leimarel and Panthoibi. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. ISBN 978-81-246-0182-2.
  59. ↑ "Panthoibi celebrations under way". telegraphindia.com.
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  62. ↑ Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (2020-11-25). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-000-29629-7.
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  66. ↑ Challenges of Economic Policy in Manipur: Essays in Honour of Prof. M. Iboton Singh, Volume 2 - Page 465 - E. Bijoykumar Singh, ‎Ksh Jhaljit Singh · 2009
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  70. ↑ Proceedings. Official Report - Page 71 - Manipur (India). Legislative Assembly · 1978
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  72. ↑ Pachauri, Swasti (2020-12-02). Reflections: Handicrafts, Sustainability, and Livelihoods: A collection of my Essays. Notion Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-64899-938-3.

Bibliography[edit]

Other websites[edit]


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