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{{Short description|People who left East Bengal following the Partition of Bengal}} | {{Short description|People who left East Bengal following the Partition of Bengal}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=March | {{EngvarB|date=March 2017}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=March | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} | ||
'''East Bengali Refugees''' are people who left [[East Bengal]] following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]], which was part of the [[Indian independence movement|Independence of India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947. An overwhelming majority of these refugees and immigrants were [[Bengali Hindus]].<ref name="usstatedept_south_asia_crisis2">US State Department, "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976", Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971", Page 165</ref> During the Bangladesh liberation war with West Pakistan, an estimated | '''East Bengali Refugees''' are people who left [[East Bengal]] following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]], which was part of the [[Indian independence movement|Independence of India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947. An overwhelming majority of these refugees and immigrants were [[Bengali Hindus]].<ref name="usstatedept_south_asia_crisis2">US State Department, "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976", Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971", Page 165</ref> During the Bangladesh liberation war with West Pakistan, an estimated ten million people of East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) fled the country and took refuge in India particularly in the Indian states of [[West Bengal]] and Indian North East region, especially [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
In 1947, Bengal was partitioned into the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]] and the Pakistani province of [[East Bengal]]. East Bengal was later renamed [[East Pakistan]], which subsequently broke away from Pakistan to form the independent country of [[Bangladesh]]. Most of [[Sylhet]] district in Assam also joined East | In 1947, Bengal was partitioned into the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]] and the Pakistani province of [[East Bengal]]. East Bengal was later renamed [[East Pakistan]], which subsequently broke away from Pakistan to form the independent country of [[Bangladesh]]. Most of [[Sylhet]] district in Assam also joined East Bengal and subsequently became part of East Pakistan. East Bengal was the area of agricultural growth whereas West Bengal was meant for industrial development. | ||
== Settlement == | == Settlement == | ||
The majority of East Bengali refugees settled in the city of [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) and various other towns and rural areas of West Bengal, but a significant number also moved to the Barak Valley of [[Assam]] and the princely state of [[Tripura]] which eventually joined India in 1949. Around 0.5 million were also settled in other parts of [[India]], including the East Pakistan Displaced Persons' Colony (EPDP) in Delhi (subsequently renamed [[Chittaranjan Park]]), [[Odisha]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Bihar]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. The estimated 0.5 million Bengalis in [[Delhi]] and 0.3 million in [[Mumbai]] are also largely East Bengali refugees and their descendants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://education.nic.in/cd50years/15/8P/84/8P840K02.htm|title=Dandakaranya Project|website=education.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002710/http://education.nic.in/cd50years/15/8P/84/8P840K02.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |access-date=4 July | The majority of East Bengali refugees settled in the city of [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) and various other towns and rural areas of West Bengal, but a significant number also moved to the Barak Valley of [[Assam]] and the princely state of [[Tripura]] which eventually joined India in 1949. Around 0.5 million were also settled in other parts of [[India]], including the East Pakistan Displaced Persons' Colony (EPDP) in Delhi (subsequently renamed [[Chittaranjan Park]]), [[Odisha]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Bihar]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. The estimated 0.5 million Bengalis in [[Delhi]] and 0.3 million in [[Mumbai]] are also largely East Bengali refugees and their descendants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://education.nic.in/cd50years/15/8P/84/8P840K02.htm|title=Dandakaranya Project|website=education.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002710/http://education.nic.in/cd50years/15/8P/84/8P840K02.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
== Scope == | == Scope == | ||
The exact number of refugees has never been officially collected and estimates vary considerably. | The exact number of refugees has never been officially collected and estimates vary considerably. | ||
In the immediate aftermath of partition, commonly attributed figures suggest around | In the immediate aftermath of partition, commonly attributed figures suggest around three million East Bengalis migrating to India and 864,000 migrants from India to East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Heitzman |first1=James |last2=Worden |first2=Robert L. |date= September 1988|title= Bangladesh: A Country Study.|url=https://www.marines.mil/portals/1/Publications/Bangladesh%20Study_1.pdf?ver=2012-10-11-163233-097 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |page=57}}</ref> Indian government estimates suggest around 2.6 million migrants leaving East Bengal for India and 0.7 million migrants coming to East Pakistan from India.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/P_0229.htm|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|last=Elahi|first=K M|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|year=2003|edition=First|chapter=Population, Spatial Distribution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005021333/http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/P_0229.htm|archive-date=2008-10-05|editor1-last=Islam|editor1-first=Sirajul|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam|editor2-last=Jamal|editor2-first=Ahmed A.}}</ref> | ||
As per the Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department of the Government of West Bengal, the census figures show the number of refugees from East Pakistan in 1971 was nearly 6 million | As per the Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department of the Government of West Bengal, the census figures show the number of refugees from East Pakistan in 1971 was nearly 6 million and in 1981, the number was assessed at 8 million.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/refugee-relief-and-rehabilitation | title = Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation | work = Government | publisher = Egiye Bangla | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref> A district-wise break-up in 1971, shows the main thrust of the refugee influx was on 24-Parganas (22.3% of the total refugees), Nadia (20.3%), Bankura (19.1%) and Kolkata (12.9%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.calternatives.org/resource/pdf/The%20Puzzling%20Numbers%20The%20Politics%20of%20Counting%20%27Refugees%27%20in%20West%20Bengal.pdf | title = The Puzzling Numbers: The Politics of Counting Refugees in West Bengal | first= Abhijit| last= Dasgupta| work = Table 1.2, Page 66| publisher = South Asian Refgees Watch, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2000 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref> | ||
== Further migration == | == Further migration == | ||
=== 1950s === | === 1950s === | ||
In 1950, it is estimated that a further one million refugees crossed into West Bengal, particularly in the aftermath of [[1950 Barisal riots]] and [[Noakhali riots]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.weeklyholiday.net/2006/050506/cul.html|title=Coming Out of Partition: Refugee Women of Bengal|last=Chakravartty|first=Gargi|website=www.weeklyholiday.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106021839/http://www.weeklyholiday.net/2006/050506/cul.html|archive-date=2007-01-06|access-date=4 July | In 1950, it is estimated that a further one million refugees crossed into West Bengal, particularly in the aftermath of [[1950 Barisal riots]] and [[Noakhali riots]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.weeklyholiday.net/2006/050506/cul.html|title=Coming Out of Partition: Refugee Women of Bengal|last=Chakravartty|first=Gargi|website=www.weeklyholiday.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106021839/http://www.weeklyholiday.net/2006/050506/cul.html|archive-date=2007-01-06|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> The 1951 [[Demographics of India|Census of India]] recorded that 27% of Kolkata's population was East Bengali refugees mainly Hindu Bengalis and they contributed the economic growth of Kolkata in various fields. Millions of Hindus particularly Bengali speaking from East Pakistan took refuge in India's various states, mainly West Bengal. A number estimated that around 0.32 million Hindus from East Pakistan migrated mainly to Kolkata and various rural areas and towns of West Bengal during 1947.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchcal.com/kaleidoscope/people/east.asp|title=The East Bengal Refugees|website=www.catchcal.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925052911/http://www.catchcal.com/kaleidoscope/people/east.asp|archive-date=2009-09-25|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
=== 1960s === | === 1960s === | ||
Migration continued, primarily from East Pakistan to India, right up to the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, both on an ongoing basis and with spikes during periods of particular communal unrest such as the [[1964 East Pakistan riots]] and the 1965 India-Pakistan War, when it is estimated that 600,000 refugees left for India.<ref name=":0" /> Estimates of the number of refugees up to 1970 are over | Migration continued, primarily from East Pakistan to India, right up to the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, both on an ongoing basis and with spikes during periods of particular communal unrest such as the [[1964 East Pakistan riots]] and the 1965 India-Pakistan War, when it is estimated that 600,000 refugees left for India.<ref name=":0" /> Estimates of the number of refugees up to 1970 are over five million to West Bengal alone.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/07/30/stories/13300611.htm |title=The Hindu : A home ... far from home? |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=4 July 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305174949/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/07/30/stories/13300611.htm |archive-date=5 March 2007 }}</ref> This includes around 4.1 million coming between 1946 and 1958 and 1.2 million coming between 1959 and 1971.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
=== 1970s === | === 1970s === | ||
Another major influx into India came in 1971 during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], when Hindu refugees escaped systematic [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|mass killings]], [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|rapes]], lootings and arson. It is estimated that around | Another major influx into India came in 1971 during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], when Hindu refugees escaped systematic [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|mass killings]], [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|rapes]], lootings and arson. It is estimated that around ten million East Bengali refugees entered India during the early months of the war, of whom 1.5 million may have stayed back after Bangladesh became independent.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Gyanesh |title=Divided Landscapes, Fragmented Identities: East Bengal Refugees and Their Rehabilitation in India, 1947–79 |journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=24–39 |issn=0129-7619 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9493.1996.tb00082.x}} | * {{cite journal |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Gyanesh |title=Divided Landscapes, Fragmented Identities: East Bengal Refugees and Their Rehabilitation in India, 1947–79 |journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=24–39 |issn=0129-7619 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9493.1996.tb00082.x}} | ||
* {{citation |first=Tetsuya |last=Nakatani |title=Away from Home : The Movement and Settlement of Refugees from East Pakistan in West Bengal, India |journal=Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies |volume=12 |date=2000 |doi=10.11384/jjasas1989.2000.73 |pages=73– |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjasas1989/2000/12/2000_12_73/_article/-char/ja/}} | * {{citation |first=Tetsuya |last=Nakatani |title=Away from Home : The Movement and Settlement of Refugees from East Pakistan in West Bengal, India |journal=Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies |volume=12 |date=2000 |doi=10.11384/jjasas1989.2000.73 |pages=73– |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjasas1989/2000/12/2000_12_73/_article/-char/ja/}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Roy |first=Haimanti |title=Partitioned Lives: Migrants, Refugees, Citizens in India and Pakistan, 1947-65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvqfuAAACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=OUP India |isbn=978-0-19-808177-7 |ref={{sfnref|Roy, Partitioned Lives| | * {{citation |last=Roy |first=Haimanti |title=Partitioned Lives: Migrants, Refugees, Citizens in India and Pakistan, 1947-65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvqfuAAACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=OUP India |isbn=978-0-19-808177-7 |ref={{sfnref|Roy, Partitioned Lives|2013}}}} | ||
{{Bangladesh-India relations}} | {{Bangladesh-India relations}} | ||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
[[Category:Partition of India]] | [[Category:Partition of India]] | ||
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]] | [[Category:History of the Republic of India]] | ||
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]] | [[Category:Impacts of the Bangladesh Liberation War]] | ||
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]] | [[Category:India–Pakistan relations]] | ||
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]] | [[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]] | ||
Latest revision as of 07:32, 24 June 2024
East Bengali Refugees are people who left East Bengal following the Partition of Bengal, which was part of the Independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. An overwhelming majority of these refugees and immigrants were Bengali Hindus.[1] During the Bangladesh liberation war with West Pakistan, an estimated ten million people of East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) fled the country and took refuge in India particularly in the Indian states of West Bengal and Indian North East region, especially Tripura and Assam.[citation needed]
History[edit | edit source]
In 1947, Bengal was partitioned into the Indian state of West Bengal and the Pakistani province of East Bengal. East Bengal was later renamed East Pakistan, which subsequently broke away from Pakistan to form the independent country of Bangladesh. Most of Sylhet district in Assam also joined East Bengal and subsequently became part of East Pakistan. East Bengal was the area of agricultural growth whereas West Bengal was meant for industrial development.
Settlement[edit | edit source]
The majority of East Bengali refugees settled in the city of Kolkata (Calcutta) and various other towns and rural areas of West Bengal, but a significant number also moved to the Barak Valley of Assam and the princely state of Tripura which eventually joined India in 1949. Around 0.5 million were also settled in other parts of India, including the East Pakistan Displaced Persons' Colony (EPDP) in Delhi (subsequently renamed Chittaranjan Park), Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. The estimated 0.5 million Bengalis in Delhi and 0.3 million in Mumbai are also largely East Bengali refugees and their descendants.[2]
Scope[edit | edit source]
The exact number of refugees has never been officially collected and estimates vary considerably.
In the immediate aftermath of partition, commonly attributed figures suggest around three million East Bengalis migrating to India and 864,000 migrants from India to East Pakistan.[3] Indian government estimates suggest around 2.6 million migrants leaving East Bengal for India and 0.7 million migrants coming to East Pakistan from India.[4]
As per the Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department of the Government of West Bengal, the census figures show the number of refugees from East Pakistan in 1971 was nearly 6 million and in 1981, the number was assessed at 8 million.[5] A district-wise break-up in 1971, shows the main thrust of the refugee influx was on 24-Parganas (22.3% of the total refugees), Nadia (20.3%), Bankura (19.1%) and Kolkata (12.9%).[6]
Further migration[edit | edit source]
1950s[edit | edit source]
In 1950, it is estimated that a further one million refugees crossed into West Bengal, particularly in the aftermath of 1950 Barisal riots and Noakhali riots.[7] The 1951 Census of India recorded that 27% of Kolkata's population was East Bengali refugees mainly Hindu Bengalis and they contributed the economic growth of Kolkata in various fields. Millions of Hindus particularly Bengali speaking from East Pakistan took refuge in India's various states, mainly West Bengal. A number estimated that around 0.32 million Hindus from East Pakistan migrated mainly to Kolkata and various rural areas and towns of West Bengal during 1947.[8]
1960s[edit | edit source]
Migration continued, primarily from East Pakistan to India, right up to the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, both on an ongoing basis and with spikes during periods of particular communal unrest such as the 1964 East Pakistan riots and the 1965 India-Pakistan War, when it is estimated that 600,000 refugees left for India.[7] Estimates of the number of refugees up to 1970 are over five million to West Bengal alone.[9] This includes around 4.1 million coming between 1946 and 1958 and 1.2 million coming between 1959 and 1971.[8]
1970s[edit | edit source]
Another major influx into India came in 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War, when Hindu refugees escaped systematic mass killings, rapes, lootings and arson. It is estimated that around ten million East Bengali refugees entered India during the early months of the war, of whom 1.5 million may have stayed back after Bangladesh became independent.[9]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ US State Department, "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976", Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971", Page 165
- ↑ "Dandakaranya Project". education.nic.in. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ↑ Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (September 1988). Bangladesh: A Country Study (PDF). Library of Congress. p. 57.
- ↑ Elahi, K M (2003). "Population, Spatial Distribution". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (First ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008.
- ↑ "Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation". Government. Egiye Bangla. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ↑ Dasgupta, Abhijit. "The Puzzling Numbers: The Politics of Counting Refugees in West Bengal" (PDF). Table 1.2, Page 66. South Asian Refgees Watch, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2000. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Chakravartty, Gargi. "Coming Out of Partition: Refugee Women of Bengal". www.weeklyholiday.net. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "The East Bengal Refugees". www.catchcal.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "The Hindu : A home ... far from home?". www.hinduonnet.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2006). "Divided Landscapes, Fragmented Identities: East Bengal Refugees and Their Rehabilitation in India, 1947–79". Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 17 (1): 24–39. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.1996.tb00082.x. ISSN 0129-7619.
- Nakatani, Tetsuya (2000), "Away from Home : The Movement and Settlement of Refugees from East Pakistan in West Bengal, India", Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies, 12: 73–, doi:10.11384/jjasas1989.2000.73
- Roy, Haimanti (2013), Partitioned Lives: Migrants, Refugees, Citizens in India and Pakistan, 1947-65, OUP India, ISBN 978-0-19-808177-7
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