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{{short description|Political party seeking to attract people with diverse viewpoints}}
{{short description|Broad political party}}
<!--{{for|the big top tent|Big top (disambiguation){{!}}Big Top}}-->
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{{For|items relating to or named for a big top tent|Big Top (disambiguation){{!}}Big Top}}
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{{party politics}}
{{party politics|types}}
'''Big tent''' or '''catch-all party''' is used in reference to a political party's policy of permitting or encouraging a broad spectrum of views among its members.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of "big tent" in English|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/big_tent|website=oxforddictionaries.com|publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> This is in contrast to other parties that defend a determined ideology and seek voters who adhere to that ideology and convince people towards it.
 
A '''big-tent party''', or '''catch-all party''', is a [[political party]] having members covering a broad spectrum of beliefs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of "big tent" in English|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/big_tent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213121332/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/big_tent|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 13, 2019|website=oxforddictionaries.com|publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> This is in contrast to other kinds of parties, which defend a determined ideology, seek voters who adhere to that ideology, and attempt to convince people towards it.


==Examples==
==Examples==
===Armenia===
===Armenia===
{{Main|Politics of Armenia}}
Following the [[2018 Armenian parliamentary election]], the [[My Step Alliance]] rose to power on an anti-corruption and pro-democracy platform. The alliance has been described as maintaining a big tent ideology, as the alliance did not support any one particular political position. Instead, it focused on strengthening [[Armenia]]'s civil society and economic development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europeelects.eu/2018/12/04/armenian-snap-elections-seen-as-the-final-chapter-of-the-velvet-revolution/|title=Armenian snap elections seen as the final chapter of the Velvet Revolution|website=Europe Elects|date=December 4, 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>
Following the [[2018 Armenian parliamentary election]], the [[My Step Alliance]] rose to power on an anti-corruption and pro-democracy platform. The alliance has been described as maintaining a big tent ideology, as the alliance does not support any one particular political position. Instead, it focuses on strengthening [[Armenia|Armenia's]] civil society and economic development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europeelects.eu/2018/12/04/armenian-snap-elections-seen-as-the-final-chapter-of-the-velvet-revolution/|title=Armenian snap elections seen as the final chapter of the Velvet Revolution|website=Europe Elects|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>


===Australia===
===Australia===
{{Main|Politics of Australia}}
The [[Liberal Party of Australia]] and its predecessors originated as an alliance of liberals and conservatives in opposition to the [[Australian Labor Party]], beginning with the [[Commonwealth Liberal Party]] in 1909. This ideological distinction has endured to the present day, with the modern Liberal Party frequently described as a "[[broad church]]", a term popularised by former leader and Prime Minister [[John Howard]]. In this context, "broad church" is largely synonymous with "big tent". In the 21st century, the party is often characterised as having a "small-l liberal" wing and a conservative wing, which frequently come into conflict with each other. The party has historically found strong support primarily from the middle-class, though it has in recent decades appealed to socially conservative working-class voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/divergent-views-vital-to-howards-broad-church-20050322-gdkz67.html|title=Divergent views vital to Howard's broad church|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=22 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/can-the-liberal-party-hold-its-broad-church-of-liberals-and-conservatives-together-93575|title=Can the Liberal Party hold its 'broad church' of liberals and conservatives together?|date=10 April 2018|publisher=The Conversation}}</ref>
The [[Liberal Party of Australia]] and its predecessors originated as an alliance of liberals and conservatives in opposition to the [[Australian Labor Party]], beginning with the [[Commonwealth Liberal Party]] in 1909. This ideological distinction has endured to the present day, with the modern Liberal Party frequently described as a "[[broad church]]", a term popularised by former leader and Prime Minister [[John Howard]]. In this context, "broad church" is largely synonymous with "big tent". In the 21st century, the party is often characterised as having a "small-l liberal" wing and a conservative wing, which frequently come into conflict with each other. The party has historically found strong support primarily from the middle-class, though it has in recent decades appealed to socially conservative working-class voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/divergent-views-vital-to-howards-broad-church-20050322-gdkz67.html|title=Divergent views vital to Howard's broad church|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=22 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/can-the-liberal-party-hold-its-broad-church-of-liberals-and-conservatives-together-93575|title=Can the Liberal Party hold its 'broad church' of liberals and conservatives together?|date=10 April 2018|publisher=The Conversation}}</ref>


===Argentina===
===Argentina===
From its foundation the [[Justicialist Party]] has been a [[Peronism|Peronist]] catch-all party, which focuses on the figure of [[Juan Perón]] and his wife [[Eva Perón|Eva]].
From its foundation the [[Justicialist Party]] has been a [[Peronism|Peronist]] catch-all party, which focuses on the figure of [[Juan Perón]] and his wife [[Eva Perón|Eva]]. Since [[Nestor Kirchner]] took the presidency in 2003, the party is considered as part of center-left coalition. It has divided into left-wing and right-wing factions, with [[left-wing populist]] [[Kirchnerism|Kirchnerists]] now dominating the party. Despite this, the [[Federal Peronism|right-wing]] faction still exists.
 
[[Juntos por el Cambio]] is an Argentine big tent political coalition. It was created in 2015 as Cambiemos. It is composed of [[Republican Proposal]] ([[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]), [[Civic Coalition ARI]] ([[Centrism|centre]]) and [[Radical Civic Union]] ([[Centrism|centre]]), with common goals to oppose Peronist parties. It is considered as part of center-right coalition.
 
=== Bangladesh ===
 
In Bangladesh [[Awami League|Awami League's]] [[Grand Alliance (Bangladesh)]] and [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP's]] [[20 Party Alliance]] forms coalition with a wide range of parties, thus being catch all parties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-08 |title=OP-ED: How the house of cards came crashing down |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2021/04/08/op-ed-how-the-house-of-cards-came-crashing-down}}</ref>


[[Juntos por el Cambio]] is an Argentine big tent political coalition. It was created in 2015 as Cambiemos. It is composed of [[Republican Proposal]] ([[center-right]]), [[Civic Coalition ARI]] ([[centrism|centre]]) and [[Radical Civic Union]] ([[centre-left]]).
=== Brazil ===
In Brazil, the [[Centrão]] ({{Literal translation|big centre}}) is a term for a large bloc of political parties that do not have a specific or consistent ideological orientation, and focus on negotiating support for the government in exchange for positions, resources, and political influence. These parties tend to form the parliamentary base of different administrations, shifting positions as needed, and play a decisive role in forming majorities in the [[Brazilian National Congress|National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-07-29 |title=Centrão vive quarta encarnação, agora restrito ao fisiologismo |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/centrao-vive-quarta-encarnacao-agora-restrito-ao-fisiologismo-22929632 |work=O Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> The [[Brazilian Democratic Movement]] (MDB) is one of the oldest and most notable "Centrão" and Big Tent parties in Brazil; despite being Brazil's largest party, both in number of members and number of officials elected, it has never elected a [[President of Brazil|President]], but has used its position as the largest party as a "bargaining chip" for privileges and advantages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benites |first=Talita Bedinelli, Afonso |date=2017-12-19 |title=PMDB volta a se chamar MDB: retorno ao passado para aplacar crise de imagem |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2017/12/19/politica/1513695154_142381.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=El País Brasil |language=pt-br}}</ref> MDB was founded in 1965 at the start of the [[Brazilian military dictatorship]] as part of an enforced [[two-party system]] by the dictatorship, in which the only allowed parties were [[National Renewal Alliance Party]] (ARENA), a catch-all party representing the interests of the dictatorship, and MDB, formed to represent a wide-range moderate and less radical opposition to the dictatorship, without a clear program except the democratization of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deak |first=Andre |date=2014-11-12 |title=Partidos políticos |url=https://memoriasdaditadura.org.br/partidos-politicos/ |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Memórias da ditadura |language=pt-BR}}</ref>


===Brazil===
Brazil also has a number of minor parties known as "{{ill|Rental Party|lt=Rental Parties|pt|Partido de aluguel}}" ({{langx|pt|Partido de Aluguel}}), or "dwarf parties" ({{langx|pt|Partidos Nanicos}}), that generally have a "catch-all" alignment, with no electoral base of their own, existing primarily to negotiate political support, access to resources, or advertising time.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-10-07 |language=pt-br |title=Fim da coligação e partido de aluguel {{!}} Gazeta Digital |url=https://www.gazetadigital.com.br/editorias/opiniao/fim-da-coligacao-e-partido-de-aluguel/496091 |website=Fim da coligação e partido de aluguel {{!}} Gazeta Digital}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
The [[Brazilian Democratic Movement]] is a centrist and big tent party.
 
Other Big Tent ''centrão'' parties include the [[Progressistas|Progressists]] (PP), [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|Brazilian Labour Party]] (PTB), [[Podemos (Brazil)|We Can]] (PODE), [[Brazil Union]] (UB), [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD), [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|Social Christian Party]] (PSC), [[Act (Brazil)|Act]] (AGIR), [[Patriota|Patriot]] (PATRI), [[Avante (political party)|Forward]] (AVANTE), [[Solidariedade|Solidarity]] (SD).<ref>{{Cite news |title=O que é o poderoso centrão, que pode definir o sucessor de Cunha |language=pt-BR |work=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-36771079 |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref>
 
===China===
The [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), the ruling party of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (1912–1949), operated as a catch-all party encompassing a wide ideological spectrum, from the "diehard Right" to the "pink Left." However, following its defeat in the [[Chinese Civil War]] and the [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|Great Retreat]] in 1949, the KMT in Taiwan gradually transitioned into a more consolidated conservative right-wing party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 1946 |title=GENERALS OUTBID CHINESE LIBERALS; Their Military Success Makes Compromise Less Likely |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/10/06/archives/generals-outbid-chinese-liberals-their-military-success-makes.html |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Although China has a one-party Government, the Kuomintang is actually a '''catch-all''' of coalition groups ranging from the diehard Right to the pink Left. On the Right are such men as Gen. Ho Ying-chin and Minister of Organization Chen Li-fu; on the Left are such men as Dr. Sun Fo and Shao Li-tze, Secretary General of the People's Political Council. }}</ref>


===Canada===
===Canada===
{{Main|Politics in Canada|Political culture of Canada}}
At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two big tent parties practicing "brokerage politics."{{efn| name=politics|Brokerage politics: "A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a [[pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralistic]] catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter... adopting [[Centrism|centrist policies]] and [[Electoral alliance|electoral coalitions]] to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."<ref name="MarlandGiasson2012">{{cite book|first1=Alex |last1=Marland |first2=Thierry |last2=Giasson |first3=Jennifer |last3=Lees-Marshment |title=Political Marketing in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSeSaYPa2A4C&pg=PA257|year=2012|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-2231-2|page=257}}</ref><ref name="CourtneySmith2010">{{cite book|author1=John Courtney|author2=David Smith|title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA195|year=2010|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-533535-4|page=195}}</ref>}}<ref name="Brooks2004">{{cite book|first=Stephen |last=Brooks|title=Canadian Democracy: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0000broo_m5a9|url-access=registration |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-541806-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0000broo_m5a9/page/265 265]|quote= two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled "brokerage politics"}}</ref><ref name="Johnson2016c">{{cite book|first=David |last=Johnson|title=Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada, Fourth Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|year=2016|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0|pages=13–23|quote=...most Canadian governments, especially at the federal level, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...}}</ref><ref name="BaumerGold2015">{{cite book|first1=Donald C. |last1=Baumer|first2=Howard J. |last2=Gold|title=Parties, Polarization and Democracy in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBbvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT152|date= 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-25478-2|page=152}}</ref> Both the [[Liberal Party of Canada]] and the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] (and its [[Conservative Party of Canada#Predecessors|predecessors]]) have attracted support from a broad spectrum of voters.<ref name="Smith2014">{{cite book|first=Miriam |last=Smith|title=Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iG4rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|year=2014|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0695-1|page=17|quote=Canada's party system has long been described as a “brokerage system” in which the leading parties  (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major [[cleavage (politics)|social cleavages]] in an effort to defuse potential tensions.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plurality-Majority Electoral Systems: A Review |url=http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rec/fra/sys/courtney&document=courtney&lang=e |website=Elections Canada|quote= First Past the Post in Canada has favoured broadly-based, accommodative, centrist parties...|author=Elections Canada|year=2018}}</ref><ref name="Olive2015c">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bvw_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|title=The Canadian Environment in Political Context|author=Andrea Olive|date=2015|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0871-9|pages=55–60}}</ref> Although parties such as the Quebec nationalist [[Bloc Québécois]] have elected members to the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], [[far-right]] and [[far-left]] parties have never gained a prominent force in Canadian society and have never formed a government in the [[Canadian Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033|title = Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right| journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics| volume=21| issue=2| pages=213–236|year = 2015|last1 = Ambrose|first1 = Emma| last2=Mudde| first2=Cas|s2cid = 145773856}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html|title=Canada's Secret to Resisting the West's Populist Wave|newspaper=The New York Times|year=2017|last1=Taub|first1=Amanda}}</ref><ref name="MarlandGiasson2012"/>
At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two big tent parties practicing "brokerage politics".{{efn| name=politics|Brokerage politics: "A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralistic]] catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter ... adopting [[Centrism|centrist policies]] and [[Electoral alliance|electoral coalitions]] to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."<ref name="MarlandGiasson2012">{{cite book|first1=Alex |last1=Marland |first2=Thierry |last2=Giasson |first3=Jennifer |last3=Lees-Marshment |title=Political Marketing in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSeSaYPa2A4C&pg=PA257|year=2012|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-2231-2|page=257}}</ref><ref name="CourtneySmith2010">{{cite book|author1=John Courtney|author2=David Smith|title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA195|year=2010|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-533535-4|page=195}}</ref>}}<ref name="Brooks2004">{{cite book|first=Stephen |last=Brooks|title=Canadian Democracy: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0000broo_m5a9|url-access=registration |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-541806-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0000broo_m5a9/page/265 265]|quote= two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled "brokerage politics"}}</ref><ref name="Johnson2016c">{{cite book|first=David |last=Johnson|title=Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada, Fourth Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|year=2016|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0|pages=13–23|quote=...most Canadian governments, especially at the federal level, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...}}</ref><ref name="BaumerGold2015">{{cite book|first1=Donald C. |last1=Baumer|first2=Howard J. |last2=Gold|title=Parties, Polarization and Democracy in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBbvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT152|date= 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-25478-2|page=152}}</ref> Both the [[Liberal Party of Canada]] and the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] (or its [[Conservative Party of Canada#Predecessors|predecessors]]) have attracted support from a broad spectrum of voters.<ref name="Smith2014">{{cite book|first=Miriam |last=Smith|title=Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iG4rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|year=2014|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0695-1|page=17|quote=Canada's party system has long been described as a “brokerage system” in which the leading parties  (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major [[Cleavage (politics)|social cleavages]] in an effort to defuse potential tensions.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plurality-Majority Electoral Systems: A Review |url=http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rec/fra/sys/courtney&document=courtney&lang=e |website=Elections Canada|quote= First Past the Post in Canada has favoured broadly-based, accommodative, centrist parties...|author=Elections Canada|year=2018}}</ref><ref name="Olive2015c">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bvw_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|title=The Canadian Environment in Political Context|author=Andrea Olive|date=2015|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0871-9|pages=55–60}}</ref> Although parties such as the [[Communist Party of Canada]], the Quebec-Nationalist [[Bloc Québécois|Bloc Quebecois]], among others, have elected members to the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], [[far-right]], [[far-left]] have never gained a prominent force in Canadian society and have never formed a government in the Canadian Parliament.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033|title = Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right| journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics| volume=21| issue=2| pages=213–236|year = 2015|last1 = Ambrose|first1 = Emma| last2=Mudde| first2=Cas|s2cid = 145773856}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html|title=Canada's Secret to Resisting the West's Populist Wave|newspaper=The New York Times|year=2017|last1=Taub|first1=Amanda}}</ref><ref name="MarlandGiasson2012"/>
 
===Colombia===
In Colombia, the presumed [[League of Anti-Corruption Governors]], led by the former presidential candidate, sometimes referred to as "the Colombian Trump", has been described as a "catch-all party",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Elecciones presidenciales en Colombia: la hora de la esperanza |url=https://perio.unlp.edu.ar/2022/05/31/elecciones-presidenciales-en-colombia-la-hora-de-la-esperanza/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social - UNLP}}</ref> although analysts agree that it belongs to a more or less [[authoritarian]] [[right-wing]]. That is to say to a type of [[extreme right]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=La Justicia obliga a Rodolfo Hernández a debatir con Gustavo Petro ante el balotaje en Colombia |work=Tiempo Argentino |url=https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/mundo/la-justicia-obliga-a-rodolfo-hernandez-a-debatir-con-gustavo-petro-ante-el-balotaje-en-colombia/ |access-date=2023-06-29|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Aaron |title=Colombia's Hernandez is offering a passive revolution from above |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/6/8/colombia-right-wing-populism-anti-corruption-and-revolution-fro |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>


===Finland===
===Finland===
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===France===
===France===
The [[La République En Marche!]] party founded by President [[Emmanuel Macron]] has been described as a centrist party with a catch-all nature.<ref name="Francesco-Mayot">{{cite book|author=Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot|chapter=The French Parti Socialiste (2010–16): from office to crisis|editor1=Rob Manwaring|editor2=Paul Kennedy|title=Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFI8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|year=2017|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1-4473-3269-5|page=162}}</ref>
The [[La République En Marche!|Renaissance]] party (formerly La République En Marche!) founded by President [[Emmanuel Macron]] has been described as a centrist party with a catch-all nature.<ref name="Francesco-Mayot">{{cite book|author=Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot|chapter=The French Parti Socialiste (2010–16): from office to crisis|editor1=Rob Manwaring|editor2=Paul Kennedy|title=Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFI8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|year=2017|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1-4473-3269-5|page=162}}</ref>


===Germany===
===Germany===
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===India===
===India===
The [[Indian National Congress]] attracted support from Indians of all classes, castes and religions opposed to the [[British Empire]].<ref name="MeyerBrysac2012">{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Karl Ernest|last2=Brysac|first2=Shareen Blair|title=Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds|url=https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye|url-access=registration|access-date=7 April 2016|year=2012|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781610390484|pages=[https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye/page/64 64]–}}</ref>
The [[Indian National Congress]] attracted support from Indians of all classes, castes and religions supportive of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="MeyerBrysac2012">{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Karl Ernest|last2=Brysac|first2=Shareen Blair|title=Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds|url=https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye|url-access=registration|access-date=7 April 2016|year=2012|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781610390484|pages=[https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye/page/64 64]–}}</ref> The [[Janata Party]] which came into power in India in 1977, was a catch-all party that consisted of people with different ideologies opposed to [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]].<ref name="centrist3">{{cite web|title=Political Parties - NCERT|url=https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jess406.pdf|access-date=8 May 2021|publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]}}</ref>
 
The [[Janata Party]] which came into power in India in 1977, was a catch-all party which consisted of people with different ideologies opposed to [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]].


===Ireland===
===Ireland===
[[Fine Gael]] and [[Fianna Fáil]] are considered catch-all parties, both being supported by people from different social classes and political ideologies.<ref name="Weeks2018">{{cite book|last=Weeks |first=Liam |chapter= Parties and the party system |editor1= John Coakley |editor2= Michael Gallagher |title= Politics in the Republic of Ireland: Sixth Edition |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oW5ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT156|year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-31269-7|page=156}}</ref> Both parties are however usually described as being very similar, and are positioned on the [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] with a [[liberal conservative]] ideology. The reason they remain separate is due mainly to historical factors, with those who supported the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] in the 1920s eventually becoming Fine Gael, and those opposed would join Fianna Fáil and seek an independent Ireland.
[[Fine Gael]] and [[Fianna Fáil]] are considered catch-all parties and are supported by people from different social classes and political ideologies.<ref name="Weeks2018">{{cite book|last=Weeks |first=Liam |chapter= Parties and the party system |editor1= John Coakley |editor2= Michael Gallagher |title= Politics in the Republic of Ireland: Sixth Edition |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oW5ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT156|year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-31269-7|page=156}}</ref> The two parties are usually described as being very similar in their current and recent policies, both being positioned on the [[centre-right politics|centre-right]] with a [[liberal-conservative]] ideology. The reasons for their remaining separate are mainly historical, with those who supported the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] in the 1920s eventually becoming Fine Gael and those who opposed the treaty having joined Fianna Fáil to seek an independent Ireland.


===Italy===
===Italy===
In Italy, the [[Five Star Movement]] led by comedian and actor [[Beppe Grillo]] has been described as a catch-all, [[protest party]] and "post-ideological big tent" because its supporters do not share similar policy preferences, are split on major economic and social issues and are united largely based on "anti-establishment" sentiments.<ref name="FTFive">Valentina Romei, [https://www.ft.com/content/553bcf9a-d326-11e6-b06b-680c49b4b4c0 Five Star Movement: the protest party explained in charts: Direct democracy and rejection of binary politics brings success but stunts maturity], ''Financial Times'' (January 10, 2017).</ref> The Five Star Movement's "successful campaign formula combined anti-establishment sentiments with an economic and political protest which extends beyond the boundaries of traditional political orientations", yet its "'catch-all' formula" has limited its ability to become "a mature, functional, effective and coherent contender for government".<ref name="FTFive"/> The [[Northern League (Italy)|Northern League]] attracted voters in its early years from all the political spectrum. [[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]] on the centre-right and the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] on the centre-left are considered catch-all parties, both having been formed from mergers of political parties with numerous ideological backgrounds.
In Italy, the [[Five Star Movement]], founded and formerly led by the comedian and actor [[Beppe Grillo]], has been described as a catch-all [[protest party]] and "post-ideological big tent" because its supporters do not share similar policy preferences, are split on major economic and social issues and are united largely based on "anti-establishment" sentiments.<ref name="FTFive">Valentina Romei, [https://www.ft.com/content/553bcf9a-d326-11e6-b06b-680c49b4b4c0 Five Star Movement: the protest party explained in charts: Direct democracy and rejection of binary politics brings success but stunts maturity], ''Financial Times'' (January 10, 2017).</ref> The Five Star Movement's "successful campaign formula combined anti-establishment sentiments with an economic and political protest which extends beyond the boundaries of traditional political orientations", but its "'catch-all' formula" has limited its ability to become "a mature, functional, effective and coherent contender for government".<ref name="FTFive"/>
 
=== Japan ===
The [[New Frontier Party (Japan)|New Frontier Party]], which existed from 1994 to 1997, was considered a big political party because it was created to oppose the LDP by people of various ideologies, including social democrats, liberals, neoliberals, Buddhist democrats, and conservatives.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Ronald J. Hrebenar |editor2=Akira Nakamura |title=Party Politics in Japan: Political Chaos and Stalemate in the 21st Century |quote= The initial period of party system change found its first culmination in 1996 when a new catch-all party, the Shinshinto (New Frontier Party), got founded by Ozawa and others. |date=2014 |page=81 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317745976 }}</ref>
 
The former main [[centre-left]] opposition, the [[Democratic Party of Japan]] (DPJ), was Japan's version of third way politics and served since the mid-1990s as a ‘big tent party’ for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two [[socialist]] parties to [[Liberalism in Japan|liberal]] and [[conservative]] groups.<ref name="IPS">{{cite news |last=Spremberg |first=Felix |title=How Japan's Left is repeating its unfortunate history |url=https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy/how-japans-left-is-repeating-its-unfortunate-history-4819/ |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=International Politics & Society Journal |date=25 November 2020|quote=The former main centre-left opposition, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), was Japan’s version of third way politics and served since the mid-1990s as a ‘big tent party’ for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two socialist parties to liberal and conservative groups.}}</ref>


===Mexico===
===Mexico===
The [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] (PRI) which held power in Mexico for 71 uninterrupted years from 1929 to 2000 was founded following the [[Mexican Revolution]]. Mexican president [[Plutarco Elías Calles]] founded the PRI, then known as the National Revolutionary Party, in 1929 with the intent of providing a political space in which all the surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution could participate, and to solve the grave political crisis caused by the assassination of president-elect [[Álvaro Obregón]] in 1928. Throughout its nine-decade existence, the PRI has adopted a very wide array of ideologies (often determined by the [[President of Mexico|President of the Republic]] in turn). It nationalized the petroleum industry in the 1940s and the banking industry in the 1970s. In the 1980s, the party went through reforms that shaped its current incarnation, with policies characterized as centre-right, such as the [[privatization]] of State-run companies, closer relations with the Catholic church, and embracing [[free-market capitalism]] and [[neoliberalism|neoliberal policies]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/meade-king-mexican-sandwich |title=Meade, the King of the Mexican Sandwich |newspaper=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |date=January 11, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Russell2009">{{cite book |last=Russell |first=James W. |title=Class and Race Formation in North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZgR6ubuUXcC&pg=PA155 |date=2009 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9678-4 |page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2jwAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Institutional+Revolutionary+Party%22+center-right&pg=PA334 |title=Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Kopstein |first2=Mark |last2=Lichbach |first3=Stephen E. |last3=Hanson |date=July 21, 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139991384 |access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref>
The [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] (PRI) held power in Mexico for 71 uninterrupted years, from 1929 to 2000. It was founded after the [[Mexican Revolution]] by Mexican president [[Plutarco Elías Calles]]. Then known as the National Revolutionary Party, it was founded with the intent of providing a political space to allow all surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution to participate and to resolve the grave political crisis that had been caused by the assassination of President-elect [[Álvaro Obregón]] in 1928. Throughout its nine-decade existence, the PRI has adopted a vast array of ideologies, which have often been determined by the [[President of Mexico|president of the republic]] in office at the time. The party nationalized the petroleum industry in 1938 and the banking industry in 1982. In the 1980s, the party went through reforms that shaped its current incarnation, with policies characterized as centre-right, such as the [[privatization]] of state-run companies, closer relations with the [[Catholic]] Church, and embracing [[free-market capitalism]] and neoliberal policies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/meade-king-mexican-sandwich |title=Meade, the King of the Mexican Sandwich |newspaper=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |date=January 11, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Russell2009">{{cite book |last=Russell |first=James W. |title=Class and Race Formation in North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZgR6ubuUXcC&pg=PA155 |date=2009 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9678-4 |page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2jwAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Institutional+Revolutionary+Party%22+center-right&pg=PA334 |title=Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Kopstein |first2=Mark |last2=Lichbach |first3=Stephen E. |last3=Hanson |date=July 21, 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139991384 |access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref>


The [[National Regeneration Movement]], founded by the current president of Mexico [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]], has often been described as a big tent party due to its various constituents that joined its ranks during the [[2018 Mexican general election|2018 general elections]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico 2018: How AMLO Took a Page from the PRI Playbook|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/mexico-2018-how-amlo-took-page-pri-playbook|work=Americas Quarterly|first=Macario|last=Schettino|quote=Morena’s star has risen so quickly because it offers refuge to such a wide range of beliefs and ideologies. The party has room for old guard supporters of Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro, young leftist academics, former PRI leaders, evangelical Christians, actors, athletes, and even the odd business tycoon or two. In this way the party resembles the big tent of the PRI, which more than a guiding philosophy was guided by the administration of political power.|date=6 June 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003117/https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/mexico-2018-how-amlo-took-page-pri-playbook|archive-date=June 7, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mexican leftist's 'big tent' pitch puts presidency in sight|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-election-analysis/mexican-leftists-big-tent-pitch-puts-presidency-in-sight-idUSKBN1GW2UZ|agency=Reuters|first=Dave|last=Graham|date=20 March 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|quote=In a few months, he has assembled a coalition stretching from socially conservative Christian evangelicals to admirers of socialist Venezuela and business tycoons, each with contrasting visions for Mexico. Dozens of lawmakers from across the political spectrum have switched sides to join Lopez Obrador’s National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), a party that is not yet four years old.}}</ref> The MORENA led [[Juntos Hacemos Historia]] is a big tent alliance that will contest the [[2021 Mexican legislative election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morena, PT y PVEM presentan alianza ‘Juntos hacemos historia’ para elecciones de 2021|url=https://elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/morena-pt-y-pvem-presentan-alianza-juntos-hacemos-historia-para-elecciones-de-2021|access-date=2021-02-22|website=El Financiero|language=es}}</ref>
The [[National Regeneration Movement]], founded by [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]], has often been described as a big-tent party because of the various constituents who joined its ranks during the 2018 Mexican general elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico 2018: How AMLO Took a Page from the PRI Playbook|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/mexico-2018-how-amlo-took-page-pri-playbook|work=Americas Quarterly|first=Macario|last=Schettino|quote=Morena's star has risen so quickly because it offers refuge to such a wide range of beliefs and ideologies. The party has room for old guard supporters of Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro, young leftist academics, former PRI leaders, evangelical Christians, actors, athletes, and even the odd business tycoon or two. In this way the party resembles the big tent of the PRI, which more than a guiding philosophy was guided by the administration of political power.|date=6 June 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003117/https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/mexico-2018-how-amlo-took-page-pri-playbook|archive-date=June 7, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mexican leftist's 'big tent' pitch puts presidency in sight|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-election-analysis/mexican-leftists-big-tent-pitch-puts-presidency-in-sight-idUSKBN1GW2UZ|work=Reuters|first=Dave|last=Graham|date=20 March 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|quote=In a few months, he has assembled a coalition stretching from socially conservative Christian evangelicals to admirers of socialist Venezuela and business tycoons, each with contrasting visions for Mexico. Dozens of lawmakers from across the political spectrum have switched sides to join Lopez Obrador’s National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), a party that is not yet four years old.}}</ref> [[Juntos Hacemos Historia]] is a big-tent alliance led by the National Regeneration Movement that contested the [[2021 Mexican legislative election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morena, PT y PVEM presentan alianza 'Juntos hacemos historia' para elecciones de 2021|url=https://elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/morena-pt-y-pvem-presentan-alianza-juntos-hacemos-historia-para-elecciones-de-2021|access-date=2021-02-22|website=El Financiero|date=December 24, 2020 |language=es}}</ref> The successor alliance, [[Sigamos Haciendo Historia]], has been described by some political scientists as catch-all.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almaraz |first=Karina |date=2024-05-28 |title=Ideología de Morena y coalición Sigamos Haciendo Historia: cuál es |url=https://www.telediario.mx/politica/elecciones/ideologia-morena-coalicion-sigamos-historia-cual-es |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Telediario México |language=es-MX |quote=“Yo designaría a Morena como un partido 'cacha todo', en donde la dirigencia ha buscado perfiles de candidatos con bases electorales que ayuden a generar más voto sin necesariamente ser de izquierda o tener una ideología determinada”, dijo Enrique Solis, consultor de políticas públicas y asuntos públicos consultado para esta nota. |trans-quote=I would designate Morena as a 'cacha all' party, where the leadership has sought profiles of candidates with electoral bases that help generate more votes without necessarily being left-wing nor having a determined ideology, said Enrique Solis, public policy and public affairs consultant consulted for this excerpt.}}</ref>


The [[Ecologist Green Party of Mexico]] has often been described in terms of catch all politics. AP News describes it as a "strange political group" that almost always joins the governing party's coalition to maintain influence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Mexico's small, oft-questioned Green Party to become the second-largest force in Congress |url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-green-party-second-force-congress-opportunism-4b6edb2251e39870a84af954456f0556 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> According to Muñoz Patraca, a professor of political science at [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|UNAM]], the PVEM is not a political party like other movements in favor of democratization, or economic or social struggles. Rather, the party serves, in name only, to concerns about the environment - escaping the traditional left-right ideological axis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Espejel Espinoza |first=Alberto |title=Tendencias Organizacionales y Democracia Interna en Los Partidos Políticos en México: Los Casos Del PAN, PRI, PRD, PT, PVEM, MC y MORENA |date=2022 |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educacion |others=Mariela Díaz Sandoval |isbn=978-607-30-5637-3 |location=Ciudad de México |publication-date=2022 |pages=189}}</ref> Miguel Angel Toro, the Director of the Bachelor's Degree in Government and Public Transformation at Tecnológico de Monterrey, describes the party as a "party that has no ideology... It’s been with parties who are on the right, center, and the left.” Critically, Toro says, “the big parties overestimate the votes the Partido Verde can bring in, so the party always ends up with more seats than they would have gotten. That gives the Green Party more life than it should have.” <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rios |first=Lorena |date=2021-06-30 |title=Green Like AstroTurf—or Dollars |url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/06/mexico-green-party-politics-amlo-environmental-policy.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref>
===Portugal===
===Portugal===
The centre-left [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]] (PS) and centre-right [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD) have been described as catch-all parties.<ref name="Lisi2014">{{cite book |last1= Lisi |first1= Marco |last2= Freire |first2= André |chapter=The selection of political party leaders in Portugal |editor1= Jean-Benoit Pilet |editor2= William Cross |title= The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_2mvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |year=2014 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-317-92945-1 |page=124}}</ref>
The centre-left [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]] (PS) and centre-right [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD) have been described as catch-all parties.<ref name="Lisi2014">{{cite book |last1= Lisi |first1= Marco |last2= Freire |first2= André |chapter=The selection of political party leaders in Portugal |editor1= Jean-Benoit Pilet |editor2= William Cross |title= The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_2mvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |year=2014 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-317-92945-1 |page=124}}</ref>


===Romania===
===Romania===
The centre-right [[Save Romania Union]] (USR) is considered big tent or catch-all parties.
Romania's [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] has been referred to as a catch-all party. Political analyst Radu Magdin described it in December 2016 as having conservative values, while being [[Economic liberalism|economically liberal]], and espousing left-leaning rhetoric on public policies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/pragmatism-is-a-winner-for-romanian-left-social-democrats-psd-corruption-scandal-liviu-dragnea-victor-ponta-elections/ |title=Pragmatism is a winner for Romanian Left |work=Politico |first=Carmen|last=Păun |date=13 December 2016|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>


===Spain===
===Spain===
[[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Citizens, or simply "Cs"]] (Ciudadanos, in Spanish) has been considered as an example of astroturfing in the Spanish media since 2015. Originally founded as a [[social democratic]] regional party opposed to [[Catalan nationalism]], it switched to a catch-all message in order to attract votes from the right to the moderate left in its appearance in the national political landscape. Its stance includes a mix of [[liberalism]] and [[pro-Europeanism]], but the party has also embraced [[populist]] views on the legitimacy of its political opponents, [[conservative]] views on topics such as the criminal system and personal property and [[Spanish nationalism|Spanish nationalist]] positions without many problems by its own leader, [[Inés Arrimadas]], becoming one of the most recognisable "catch-all" parties in the history of the country. In the mid 2010s, however, the party's main ideology is perceived to have drifted towards the right, with Albert Rivera admitting that they would not agree to form a coalition with the two main centre-left and left parties after the [[April 2019 Spanish general election|April 2019 general election]], regardless of the results.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.es/espana/20150516/abci-partidos-ciudadanos-ideologias-201505151650.html |title=¿Ciudadanos es de izquierdas o de derechas? |date=2015-05-15 |access-date=2019-04-25 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.elespanol.com/opinion/20190303/albert-rivera-no-pactar-psoe-sanchez-echaremos/380212377_0.html |title=Albert Rivera: "No vamos a pactar con el PSOE ni con Sánchez, les echaremos y punto" |date=2019-03-03 |access-date=2019-04-25 |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.eldiario.es/piedrasdepapel/va-Ciudadanos-derecha_6_833326686.html |title=¿Se va Ciudadanos a la derecha? Sí, pero quizás no tanto |last=Orriols |first=Lluís |access-date=2019-04-25 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425210241/https://www.eldiario.es/piedrasdepapel/va-Ciudadanos-derecha_6_833326686.html |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Further, some commentators argue that Ciudadanos was attempting to supplant the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]], which suffered massive losses, as the hegemonic party of the right, thus contributing to its shift in that direction. Similarly, Cs has allied with both the conservative People's Party and far-right [[Vox (political party)|Vox]] to achieve coalitions in regional parliaments. This has given rise to the expression "the three rights" to describe this grouping, while defining their opposition as "the left".
[[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Citizens]] (Spanish: ''Ciudadanos'') has been considered as an example of [[astroturfing]] in the [[Mass media in Spain|Spanish media]] since 2015. Originally founded as a [[social-democratic]] regional party opposed to [[Catalan nationalism]], the party switched to a catch-all message to attract votes from the right to the moderate left in the party's appearance in the national political landscape. Its stance includes a mix of [[liberalism]] and [[pro-Europeanism]], but the party has also embraced [[populist]] views on the legitimacy of its political opponents; [[conservative]] views on topics such as the criminal system and personal property and [[Spanish nationalism|Spanish nationalist]] positions. It has become one of the most recognisable catch-all parties in the history of the country. In the mid-2010s, however, the party's main ideology is perceived to have drifted towards the right, with [[Albert Rivera]] admitting that it would not agree to form a coalition with the two main centre-left and left parties after the [[April 2019 Spanish general election]], regardless of the results.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.es/espana/20150516/abci-partidos-ciudadanos-ideologias-201505151650.html |title=¿Ciudadanos es de izquierdas o de derechas? |date=2015-05-15 |access-date=2019-04-25 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.elespanol.com/opinion/20190303/albert-rivera-no-pactar-psoe-sanchez-echaremos/380212377_0.html |title=Albert Rivera: "No vamos a pactar con el PSOE ni con Sánchez, les echaremos y punto" |date=2019-03-03 |access-date=2019-04-25 |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.eldiario.es/piedrasdepapel/va-Ciudadanos-derecha_6_833326686.html |title=¿Se va Ciudadanos a la derecha? Sí, pero quizás no tanto |last=Orriols |first=Lluís |access-date=2019-04-25 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425210241/https://www.eldiario.es/piedrasdepapel/va-Ciudadanos-derecha_6_833326686.html |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Furthermore, some commentators argue that Ciudadanos was attempting to supplant the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]], which suffered massive losses as the hegemonic party of the right and thus contributed to the shift in Ciudadanos to the right. Similarly, Ciudadanos has allied with both the conservative People's Party and the far-right [[Vox (political party)|Vox]] to achieve coalitions in regional parliaments. That has given rise to the expression "the three rights" or colloquially "''El Trifachito"'' to describe the grouping, which defines its opposition as "the left".


=== South Africa ===
=== South Africa ===
The [[African National Congress]] (ANC) has been the governing party of South Africa since the country's [[1994 South African general election|first democratic election in 1994]] and has been described by the media as a "big tent" party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-05-curiouser-and-curiouser-the-strange-case-of-the-2019-elections/|title=2019 Elections - ANALYSIS: Curiouser and Curiouser – the strange case of the 2019 elections|last=Grootes|first=Stephen|website=Daily Maverick|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/political-opening-south-africa|title=A Political Opening in South Africa|last=Campbell|first=John|date=July 18, 2017|work=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=2019-11-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2019/03/south-africas-third-way-revival|title=South Africa's Third Way revival|last=Shoki|first=William|date=April 2019|website=africasacountry.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-09-15-anc-stability-shakes-sas-economic-future/|title=ANC stability shakes SA's economic future|last=Herskovitz|first=Jon|website=The M&G Online|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>  An important aspect of its electoral success has been its ability to include a diverse range of political groups most notably in the form of the [[Tripartite Alliance]] between the ANC, the [[South African Communist Party]], and the country's largest trade union [[Congress of South African Trade Unions|COSATU]].<ref name=":0" /> Additional interest groups included in the party include members of the business community and traditional leaders.
The [[African National Congress]] (ANC) has been the governing party of [[South Africa]] since the country's [[1994 South African general election|first democratic election, in 1994]], and it has been described by the media as a "big tent" party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-05-curiouser-and-curiouser-the-strange-case-of-the-2019-elections/|title=2019 Elections - ANALYSIS: Curiouser and Curiouser – the strange case of the 2019 elections|last=Grootes|first=Stephen|website=Daily Maverick|date=May 5, 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/political-opening-south-africa|title=A Political Opening in South Africa|last=Campbell|first=John|date=July 18, 2017|work=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=2019-11-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2019/03/south-africas-third-way-revival|title=South Africa's Third Way revival|last=Shoki|first=William|date=April 2019|website=africasacountry.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-09-15-anc-stability-shakes-sas-economic-future/|title=ANC stability shakes SA's economic future|last=Herskovitz|first=Jon|website=The M&G Online|date=September 15, 2010|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>  An important aspect of its electoral success has been its ability to include a diverse range of political groups most notably in the form of the [[Tripartite Alliance]] between the ANC; the [[South African Communist Party]]; and the country's largest trade union, [[Congress of South African Trade Unions|COSATU]].<ref name=":0" /> Additional interest groups in the party are members of the business community and traditional leaders.


===United Kingdom===
===United Kingdom===
When [[Gordon Brown]] became [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] in 2007, he invited several members from outside the [[Labour party (UK)|Labour Party]] into his [[Brown ministry|government]]. These included former CBI Director-General [[Digby Jones]] who became a Minister of State and former [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] leader [[Paddy Ashdown]] who was offered the position of [[Northern Ireland Secretary]] (Ashdown turned down the offer).<ref>{{cite news|title=In full: Brown's government|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6255914.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=June 29, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The fallout from Brown's job offer|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6225674.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=June 21, 2007}}</ref> The media often referred to Brown's ministry as "a [[Premiership of Gordon Brown#"Government of All the Talents"|government of all the talents]]" or simply "Brown's big tent".<ref>{{cite news|title=First 100 days: Gordon Brown|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7027581.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=October 5, 2007}}</ref>
When [[Gordon Brown]] became the [[prime minister of the United Kingdom]] in 2007, he invited several members from outside the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] into [[Brown ministry|his government]]. They included former CBI Director-General [[Digby Jones]] who became a Minister of State and former [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] leader [[Paddy Ashdown]] who was offered the position of [[Northern Ireland Secretary]] (Ashdown turned down the offer).<ref>{{cite news|title=In full: Brown's government|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6255914.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=June 29, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The fallout from Brown's job offer|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6225674.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=June 21, 2007}}</ref> The media often referred to Brown's ministry as "a [[Premiership of Gordon Brown#"Government of All the Talents"|government of all the talents]]" or simply "Brown's big tent".<ref>{{cite news|title=First 100 days: Gordon Brown|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7027581.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=October 5, 2007}}</ref>
 
The [[Brexit Party]], founded by [[Nigel Farage]], may be considered a single-issue big tent party as it ran [[Star candidate|star candidates]] in the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2019 European Parliament election]] from across the political spectrum, including former [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] [[Ann Widdecombe]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-48034732|title=Ann Widdecombe to stand for Brexit Party|date=24 April 2019|access-date=24 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> and former [[Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1978)|Revolutionary Communist]] [[Claire Fox]].<ref>Peter Walker, [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/apr/23/former-communist-claire-fox-standing-as-mep-for-farages-brexit-party "Former communist standing as MEP for Farage's Brexit party", ''The Guardian'', 23 April 2019]</ref> Both Widdecombe and Fox were elected.


In Scotland, the [[Scottish National Party]] is possibly the longest established big tent party in the UK, with the goal of seeking [[Scottish independence]] by those that support various other political ideologies and from various political positions. Since 2007, the SNP have been the largest single party in the [[Scottish Parliament]] and has formed the [[Scottish Government]] three times.
[[All for Unity]] was a big tent anti-SNP electoral alliance that contested the [[2021 Scottish Parliament election]] but failed to win any seats.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Kieran|last1=Andrews|last2=Wade|first2=Mike|title=Galloway's bid to form united front to save Union shunned|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/galloways-bid-to-form-united-front-to-save-union-shunned-lwc3shxjb|access-date=2021-03-28|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>


===United States===
===United States===
The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] during the [[New Deal coalition]], formed in support of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] policies from 1930s until 1960s, was a "big-tent" party.<ref name="King">David C. King, "The Polarization of American Parties and Mistrust of Government" in ''Why People Don't Trust Government'' (eds. [[Joseph S. Nye]], [[Philip Zelikow]], [[David C. King]]: Harvard University Press, 1997).</ref> This coalition brought together [[Trade union|labor unions]], working-class voters, farm organizations, liberals, [[Southern Democrats]], [[African American]]s, urban voters and immigrants.<ref>Lisa Young, ''Feminists and Party Politics'' (University of Michigan Press, 2000), p. 84.</ref><ref>Holly M. Allen, "New Deal Coalition" in ''Class in America: An Encyclopedia'' (Vol. 2: H-P), ed. Robert E. Weir (ABC-CLIO, 2007), p. 571: "During the 1930s liberals, labor unions, white ethnics, African Americans, farm groups, and Southern whites united to form the New Deal coalition. Though never formally organized, the coalition was sufficiently cohesive to make the Democratic Party the majority party from 1931 into the 1980s. Democrats won seven out of nine presidential contests and maintained majorities in both houses of Congress from 1932 to 1964. The divisiveness of the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War, the increasing segmentation of the labor force, and waning influence of unions, and the relative weakness of Democratic Party leadership are among the factors that led to the coalition's erosion in the late 1960s."</ref>
The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] was a "big-tent" party during the [[New Deal coalition]], which was formed to support President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] policies from the 1930s to the 1960s.<ref name="King">{{cite book |first=David C. |last=King |author-link=David C. King |chapter=The Polarization of American Parties and Mistrust of Government |title=Why People Don't Trust Government |editor1-first=Joseph S. |editor1-last=Nye |editor1-link=Joseph S. Nye |editor2-first=Philip |editor2-last=Zelikow |editor2-link=Philip Zelikow |editor3-first=David C. |editor3-last=King |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1997}}</ref> The coalition brought together [[Trade union|labor unions]], working-class voters, lower-middle class voters, farm organizations, secular liberals, [[Southern Democrats]], [[African Americans]], urban voters, and immigrants.<ref>{{cite book |first=Lisa |last=Young |title=Feminists and Party Politics |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2000 |page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Holly M. |last=Allen |title=New Deal Coalition |encyclopedia=Class in America: An Encyclopedia |volume=2: H–P |editor-first=Robert E. |editor-last=Weir<!--not Wier--> |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |page=571 |quote=During the 1930s liberals, labor unions, white ethnics, African Americans, farm groups, and Southern whites united to form the New Deal coalition. Though never formally organized, the coalition was sufficiently cohesive to make the Democratic Party the majority party from 1931 into the 1980s. Democrats won seven out of nine presidential contests and maintained majorities in both houses of Congress from 1932 to 1964. The divisiveness of the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War, the increasing segmentation of the labor force, and waning influence of unions, and the relative weakness of Democratic Party leadership are among the factors that led to the coalition's erosion in the late 1960s.}}</ref>
 
The [[Blue Dog Coalition]] is a big-tent caucus of centrist and [[conservative Democrat]]s in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], some being socially conservative and fiscally and economically progressive or vice versa.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}  For a brief period following the [[2006 United States House of Representatives elections|2006]] and [[2008 United States House of Representatives elections|2008 elections]], when Democrats held a majority in the House, this caucus wielded increased influence over the party, but its power declined again after a large majority of its members were defeated or retired in the [[2010 United States House of Representatives elections|2010 election]].  Its Republican counterpart is the [[Republican Main Street Partnership]].


In counter to the New Deal coalition, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] was for much of its history a "big tent" party that encompassed a wide range of right-wing and center-right causes, including a wide range of politicians who were fiscally conservative and socially moderate or liberal and vice versa.  During the 1970s and 1980s, the Republican party attracted support from wealthy suburban voters in the [[Southern United States|South]] and [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], [[Northeastern United States|Northeastern]] moderates, [[Western United States|Western]] libertarians, and rural conservatives across the country. From [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]] to [[1988 United States presidential election|1988]], Republicans won five out of six presidential elections, with the only exception being a narrow loss to Democrat [[Jimmy Carter]] in [[1976 United States presidential election|1976]].  The [[culture war]]s of the 1990s and the growing influence of the [[Christian right]] within the party prompted the socially moderate and liberal sections of the Republican base, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest, to begin slowly leaving the party in favor of moderate Democrats or [[Independent politician|independents]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} As a result, Republicans have lost the national popular vote in seven out of the last eight presidential elections since [[1992 United States presidential election|1992]] (The exception being [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]] which reelected [[George W. Bush]]), while winning narrow Electoral College victories three times.  However, moderate Republicans continued to thrive at the state level until the dawn of the 21st century.
After the 1974 [[Dallas Accord]], the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] embraced the big-tent idea to the extent it ensured that the [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalist]] views would not be excluded from the majority [[minarchism|minarchist]] party.<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Gottfried |title=The conservative movement: Social movements past and present |publisher=Twayne |year=1993 |page=46}}</ref>


Following the 1974 [[Dallas Accord]], the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] embraced the big tent idea to the extent it ensured that the [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalist]] views would not be excluded from the majority [[minarchism|minarchist]] party.<ref>Paul Gottfried, ''The conservative movement: Social movements past and present '', Twayne Publishers, 1993, p. 46.</ref>
The Libertarian Socialist Caucus of the [[Democratic Socialists of America]] identifies DSA as a "big tent" organization amongst the [[American left]], as individual members are aligned with a wide range of socialist ideologies, including [[social democracy]], [[democratic socialism]], the [[democratic road to socialism]], [[Trotskyism]], [[Marxism–Leninism]], and [[anarchism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=A Guide to DSA Politics |url=https://dsa-lsc.org/2025/01/31/a-guide-to-dsa-politics/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Democratic Socialists of America's Libertarian Socialist Caucus |quote=Under this umbrella fall ideologies such as Trotskyism, anarchism, reformism, orthodox Marxism, libertarian Marxism, the democratic road to socialism, Marxism–Leninism, and more. In other words, there is no such thing as being 'more left-wing than DSA'—the organization is meant to be a big tent that includes all socialists from the center-left to the far-left.}}</ref>


==Other examples==
==Other examples==
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
* [[ANO 2011]], Czech Republic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlamentnilisty.cz/politika/poslanecka-snemovna/Zname-tajemstvi-velkeho-uspechu-Andreje-Babise-292173|title=Známe tajemství velkého úspěchu Andreje Babiše|last1=Hroník|first1=Jiří|website=Parlamentní listy|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revuepolitika.cz/clanky/2123/marketing-jako-kingmaker-aneb-kam-smeruji-ceske-politicke-strany|title=Marketing jako kingmaker aneb Kam směřují české politické strany?|last1=Mlejnek|first1=Josef|website=Revue Politika|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813141834/http://www.revuepolitika.cz/clanky/2123/marketing-jako-kingmaker-aneb-kam-smeruji-ceske-politicke-strany|archive-date=August 13, 2019|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[ANO 2011]], Czech Republic
* [[Austrian People's Party]]<ref name="Wiliarty20102">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xYAlBYDvrkC&pg=PA221|title=The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party|author=Sarah Elise Wiliarty|date=16 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49116-7|pages=218–221}}</ref>
* [[Austrian People's Party]]<ref name="Wiliarty20102">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xYAlBYDvrkC&pg=PA221|title=The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party|author=Sarah Elise Wiliarty|date=16 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49116-7|pages=218–221}}</ref>
* [[Brazilian Democratic Movement]], Brazil<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35922425|title=Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month|last1=Gallas|first1=Daniel|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
*[[Awami League]], Bangladesh
* [[Brazilian Democratic Movement]], Brazil<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35922425|title=Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month|last1=Gallas|first1=Daniel|work=BBC News|date=March 29, 2016|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
* [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]],<ref name="NewellNewell20102">{{cite book|title=The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country|first=James L.|last=Newell|date=28 January 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84070-5|page=27}}<!--|access-date=24 July 2013--></ref> Italy (1943–1994)
* [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]],<ref name="NewellNewell20102">{{cite book|title=The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country|first=James L.|last=Newell|date=28 January 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84070-5|page=27}}<!--|access-date=24 July 2013--></ref> Italy (1943–1994)
* [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]<ref name="HertnerSloam20142">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8T9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|title=Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems|last1=Hertner|first1=Isabelle|last2=Sloam|first2=James|publisher=ECPR Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-907301-84-1|editor=Erol Külahci|page=35|chapter=The Europeanisation of the German Party System}}</ref><ref name="Wiliarty20102" />
* [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]<ref name="HertnerSloam20142">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8T9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|title=Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems|last1=Hertner|first1=Isabelle|last2=Sloam|first2=James|publisher=ECPR Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-907301-84-1|editor=Erol Külahci|page=35|chapter=The Europeanisation of the German Party System}}</ref><ref name="Wiliarty20102" />
* [[Civic Platform]],<ref name="Curry20112">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjVNJ1REkoEC&pg=PA171|title=Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy|author=Jane L. Curry|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7425-6734-4|editor1=Sharon L. Wolchik|page=171|chapter=Poland: The Politics of "God's Playground"|editor2=Jane L. Curry}}</ref> Poland
* [[Civic Platform]],<ref name="Curry20112">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjVNJ1REkoEC&pg=PA171 |title=Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy|author=Jane L. Curry |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7425-6734-4 |editor1=Sharon L. Wolchik |page=171 |chapter=Poland: The Politics of "God's Playground" |editor2=Jane L. Curry}}</ref> Poland
* [[Fianna Fáil]],<ref name="Maguire19862">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C&pg=PA333|title=Growth to Limits: Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy|last=Maguire|first=Maria|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1986|isbn=978-3-11-011131-6|editor=Peter Flora|page=333|chapter=Ireland}}</ref><ref name="O'Malley20112">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noMdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|title=Contemporary Ireland|last=O'Malley|first=Eoin|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2011|isbn=978-0-230-34382-5|page=13}}</ref> Republic of Ireland
* [[Democratic Party (United States)]] United States
* [[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro]]
* [[Fianna Fáil]],<ref name="Maguire19862">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C&pg=PA333|title=Growth to Limits: Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy|last=Maguire|first=Maria|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1986|isbn=978-3-11-011131-6|editor=Peter Flora|page=333|chapter=Ireland}}</ref><ref name="O'Malley20112">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noMdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Contemporary Ireland |last=O'Malley |first=Eoin |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-34382-5 |page=13 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Republic of Ireland
* [[Five Star Movement]], Italy
* [[Five Star Movement]], Italy
* [[Georgian Dream]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_26.pdf|title=The Georgian succession|last1=Ditrych|first1=Ondrej|date=July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222193553/http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_26.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2016|publisher=[[European Union Institute for Security Studies]]|page=4|quote=...GD as a catch-all movement...|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Georgian Dream]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_26.pdf|title=The Georgian succession|last1=Ditrych|first1=Ondrej|date=July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222193553/http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_26.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2016|publisher=[[European Union Institute for Security Studies]]|page=4|quote=...GD as a catch-all movement...|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Line 95: Line 109:
* [[Islamic Iran Participation Front]]<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Mohammadighalehtaki|first=Ariabarzan|date=2012|title=Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat)|type=Ph.D. thesis|publisher=[[Durham University]]|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3507/|page=176}}</ref>
* [[Islamic Iran Participation Front]]<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Mohammadighalehtaki|first=Ariabarzan|date=2012|title=Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat)|type=Ph.D. thesis|publisher=[[Durham University]]|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3507/|page=176}}</ref>
* [[Joint List]], Israel
* [[Joint List]], Israel
* [[La République En Marche!]],<ref name="Francesco-Mayot2">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFI8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|title=Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective|author=Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot|publisher=Policy Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4473-3269-5|editor1=Rob Manwaring|page=162|chapter=The French Parti Socialiste (2010–16): from office to crisis|editor2=Paul Kennedy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/2017/06/09/actualite/actualite/legislatives-le-parti-demmanuel-macron-un-caractere-attrape-tout/|title=Législatives : "Le parti d'Emmanuel Macron a un caractère attrape-tout"|website=Les Inrocks}}</ref> France
* [[Labour Party (United Kingdom)]] United Kingdom
* [[Labour Party (Lithuania)|Labour Party]], Lithuania
* [[La République En Marche!]],<ref name="Francesco-Mayot2">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFI8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|title=Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective|author=Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot|publisher=Policy Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4473-3269-5|editor1=Rob Manwaring|page=162|chapter=The French Parti Socialiste (2010–16): from office to crisis|editor2=Paul Kennedy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/2017/06/09/actualite/actualite/legislatives-le-parti-demmanuel-macron-un-caractere-attrape-tout/|title=Législatives : "Le parti d'Emmanuel Macron a un caractère attrape-tout"|website=Les Inrocks|date=June 9, 2017 }}</ref> France
* [[Liberal party of Canada]] Canada
* [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]],<ref name="HookGilson20012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHhE6AlgkIoC&pg=PA58|title=Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security|author1=Glenn D. Hook|last2=Gilson|first2=Julie|author3=Christopher W. Hughes|last4=Dobson|first4=Hugo|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-1-134-32806-2|page=58}}</ref> Japan
* [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]],<ref name="HookGilson20012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHhE6AlgkIoC&pg=PA58|title=Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security|author1=Glenn D. Hook|last2=Gilson|first2=Julie|author3=Christopher W. Hughes|last4=Dobson|first4=Hugo|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-1-134-32806-2|page=58}}</ref> Japan
* [[National Coalition Party]],<ref name="Karvonen20142">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation|last=Karvonen|first=Lauri|publisher=ECPR Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-910259-33-7|page=20}}</ref> Finland
* [[National Coalition Party]],<ref name="Karvonen20142">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation|last=Karvonen|first=Lauri|publisher=ECPR Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-910259-33-7|page=20}}</ref> Finland
* [[National Regeneration Movement]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/edomex/registran-coalicion-morena-pes-y-pt|title=MORENA (National Regeneration Movement)|date=2018-01-21}}</ref> Mexico
* [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]], Algeria
* [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]],<ref>{{Citation|last1=O'Kane|first1=David|title=Biopolitics, Militarism, and Development: Eritrea in the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1pxdhO1RD0C&pg=PR20|page=xx|year=2011|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0-85745-399-0|access-date=15 January 2011|last2=Hepner|first2=Tricia}}</ref> Eritrea
* [[National Regeneration Movement]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://intoleranciadiario.com/articles/educacion/2023/02/16/1007664-morena-no-esta-institucionalizado-cacha-de-todos-lados-politologo-ibero.html|title=Morena no está institucionalizado; "cacha" de todos lados: politólogo Ibero|trans-title=Morena is not institutionalized; it "gets it" from all sides: Ibero political scientist|language=es|date=2018-01-21}}</ref> Mexico
* [[Nuevas Ideas]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/news/interviews/5298-el-salvador-the-president-s-aim-is-to-concentrate-power|title=El Salvador: "The President's Aim is to Concentrate Power"|language=en|date=22 September 2021|access-date=1 October 2023|work=[[Civicus]]}}</ref> El Salvador
* [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]],<ref>{{Citation |last1=O'Kane |first1=David |title=Biopolitics, Militarism, and Development: Eritrea in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1pxdhO1RD0C&pg=PR20 |page=xx |year=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-85745-399-0 |access-date=15 January 2011 |last2=Hepner |first2=Tricia}}</ref> Eritrea
* [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]]<ref name="Cross20152">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGChCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|title=Party Members and Activists|last=Cross|first=William|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-52432-8|editor1=Emilie van Haute|page=50|chapter=Party Membership in Quebec|editor2=Anika Gauja}}</ref>
* [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]]<ref name="Cross20152">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGChCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|title=Party Members and Activists|last=Cross|first=William|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-52432-8|editor1=Emilie van Haute|page=50|chapter=Party Membership in Quebec|editor2=Anika Gauja}}</ref>
* [[Scottish National Party]], Scotland<ref>David Torrance, "Scotland's Progressive Dilemma," The Political Quarterly, 88 (2017): 52–59. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12319</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2011/apr/25/alex-salmond-tommy-sheridan-election|title=Alex Salmond's big tent bulges as Tommy Sheridan lends voteless support|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=25 April 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=26 April 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* [[Republican Party of Armenia]], Armenia<ref name="Iskandaryan">{{cite journal|last1=Iskandaryan|first1=Alexander|date=23 May 2012|title=Armenian Elections: Technology vs. Ideology|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-39-2-4.pdf|journal=Caucasus Analytical Digest|publisher=[[ETH Zurich]]|page=3|quote=Both major parties in the Armenian parliament [Republican Party and Prosperous Armenia] represent elite groups. With almost no ideology to speak of, they are catch-all parties, a phenomenon becoming typical in the modern world.}}</ref>
* [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]],<ref name="Lisi20142">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2mvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|title=The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study|last1=Lisi|first1=Marco|last2=Freire|first2=André|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-92945-1|editor1=Jean-Benoit Pilet|page=124|chapter=The selection of political party leaders in Portugal|editor2=William Cross}}</ref><ref name="GallagherWilliams19892">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCG8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA271|title=Southern European Socialism: Parties, Elections, and the Challenge of Government|last1=Gallagher|first1=Tom|author2=Allan M. Williams|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-7190-2500-6|editor1=Tom Gallagher|pages=271–|chapter=Southern European socialism in the 1990s|editor2=Allan M. Williams}}. Page 271.</ref> Portugal
* [[Scottish National Party]], Scotland<ref>David Torrance, "Scotland's Progressive Dilemma," The Political Quarterly, 88 (2017): 52–59. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12319.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2011/apr/25/alex-salmond-tommy-sheridan-election |title=Alex Salmond's big tent bulges as Tommy Sheridan lends voteless support |last=Carrell |first=Severin |date=25 April 2011 |work=The Guardian |access-date=26 April 2020 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* [[Serbian Progressive Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/115510/1/Serbian%20Compliance%20Patterns%20towards%20EU%20Integration.pdf|title=Serbian Compliance Patterns towards EU Integration under the Progressive Party: An Exercise in Statecraft|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Party Responses to the EU in the Western Balkans: Transformation, Opposition or Defiance?|last=Stojić|first=Marko|publisher=Springer|year=2017|page=135}}</ref>
* [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]],<ref name="Lisi20142">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2mvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|title=The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study|last1=Lisi|first1=Marco|last2=Freire|first2=André|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-92945-1|editor1=Jean-Benoit Pilet|page=124|chapter=The selection of political party leaders in Portugal|editor2=William Cross}}</ref><ref name="GallagherWilliams19892">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCG8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA271|title=Southern European Socialism: Parties, Elections, and the Challenge of Government|last1=Gallagher|first1=Tom|author2=Allan M. Williams|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-7190-2500-6|editor1=Tom Gallagher|page=271|chapter=Southern European socialism in the 1990s|editor2=Allan M. Williams}}</ref> Portugal
* [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]<ref name="HertnerSloam20142" />
* [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]<ref name="HertnerSloam20142" />
* [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]],<ref name="Lisi20142" /> Portugal
* [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]],<ref name="Lisi20142" /> Portugal
* [[South Tyrolean People's Party]]<ref name="Pallaver20082">{{cite book|title=Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights In South Tyrol|last=Pallaver|first=Günther|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-16302-7|editor1=Jens Woelk|pages=305, 309|chapter=South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality|editor2=Francesco Palermo|editor3=Joseph Marko}}</ref><ref name="Lublin20142">{{cite book|title=Minority Rules: Electoral Systems, Decentralization, and Ethnoregional Party Success|last=Lublin|first=David|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-994884-0|page=229}}</ref>
* [[South Tyrolean People's Party]]<ref name="Pallaver20082">{{cite book|title=Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights In South Tyrol|last=Pallaver|first=Günther|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-16302-7|editor1=Jens Woelk|pages=305, 309|chapter=South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality|editor2=Francesco Palermo|editor3=Joseph Marko}}</ref><ref name="Lublin20142">{{cite book|title=Minority Rules: Electoral Systems, Decentralization, and Ethnoregional Party Success|last=Lublin|first=David|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-994884-0|page=229}}</ref>
* [[United Russia]],<ref name="MakarychevMommen20132">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWIdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|title=Russia's Changing Economic and Political Regimes: The Putin Years and Afterwards|author1=Sventlana S. Bodrunova|author2=Anna A. Litvinenko|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-135-00695-2|editor1=Andrey Makarychev|page=35|chapter=New media and political protest: the formation of a public counter-sphere in Russia, 2008–2012|editor2=Andre Mommen}}</ref> Russia
* [[Together for Yes]],<ref name="ara.cat2">{{cite news|url=http://www.ara.cat/en/Junts-Together-Yes-We-the_0_1397860276.html|title=Junts pel Sí (Together for Yes): "We are all in, we've reached the end of the line"|date=2015-07-21|work=Ara}}</ref> Ireland
* [[Together for Yes]],<ref name="ara.cat2">{{cite news|url=http://www.ara.cat/en/Junts-Together-Yes-We-the_0_1397860276.html|title=Junts pel Sí (Together for Yes): "We are all in, we've reached the end of the line"|date=2015-07-21|work=Ara}}</ref> Ireland
* [[Junts pel Sí|Together for Yes]],<ref name="ara.cat2" /> Spain
* [[Junts pel Sí|Together for Yes]],<ref name="ara.cat2" /> Spain
* [[Republican Party of Armenia]], Armenia<ref name="Iskandaryan">{{cite journal|last1=Iskandaryan|first1=Alexander|date=23 May 2012|title=Armenian Elections: Technology vs. Ideology|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-39-2-4.pdf|journal=Caucasus Analytical Digest|publisher=[[ETH Zurich]]|page=3|quote=Both major parties in the Armenian parliament [Republican Party and Prosperous Armenia] represent elite groups. With almost no ideology to speak of, they are catch-all parties, a phenomenon becoming typical in the modern world.}}</ref>
* [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]], Tanzania
* [[Serbian Progressive Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/115510/1/Serbian%20Compliance%20Patterns%20towards%20EU%20Integration.pdf|title=Serbian Compliance Patterns towards EU Integration under the Progressive Party: An Exercise in Statecraft|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Party Responses to the EU in the Western Balkans: Transformation, Opposition or Defiance?|last=Stojić|first=Marko|publisher=Springer|year=2017|page=135}}</ref>
* [[United Russia]],<ref name="MakarychevMommen20132">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWIdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|title=Russia's Changing Economic and Political Regimes: The Putin Years and Afterwards|author1=Sventlana S. Bodrunova|author2=Anna A. Litvinenko|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-135-00695-2|editor1=Andrey Makarychev|page=35|chapter=New media and political protest: the formation of a public counter-sphere in Russia, 2008–2012|editor2=Andre Mommen}}</ref> Russia
* [[Barisan Nasional]],<ref name="LiowLeifer2014">{{Cite book|author1=Joseph Liow|author2=Michael Leifer|title=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|date=20 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-62233-8|pages=102–}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[Pakatan Harapan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.astroawani.com/politics-news/new-pakatan-harapan-coalition-formed-74160|title=New Pakatan Harapan coalition formed|author=Harits Asyraf Hasnan|publisher=Astro Awani|date=22 September 2015|access-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026205305/http://english.astroawani.com/politics-news/new-pakatan-harapan-coalition-formed-74160|archive-date=26 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-opposition-forms-pakatan-harapan-alliance|title=Malaysia's opposition forms Pakatan Harapan alliance|author=Shannon Teoh|publisher=The Straits Times|date=23 September 2015|access-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213015558/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-opposition-forms-pakatan-harapan-alliance|archive-date=13 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[Perikatan Nasional]],<ref name="PN Official">{{Cite web|last=PN Official|first=Leadership|date=2020-03-23|title=Persatuan Perikatan Parti Malaysia (PPPM) telah menjadi Gabungan rasmi politik yang dikenali sebagai Parti Perikatan Nasional (PN)|url=https://perikatan-nasional.org.my/|access-date=2020-03-23|website=Gabungan Perikatan Nasional|language=ms}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[Pakatan Rakyat]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malaysiakini.com/news/114553|title=ROS: Pakatan can register as a single party|publisher=[[Malaysiakini]]|date=8 October 2009|access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[United Borneo Alliance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2010/12/16/jeffrey-kitingan-forms-united-borneo-front-to-get-more-for-sabah-sarawak|title=Jeffrey Kitingan forms United Borneo Front to get more for Sabah, Sarawak|author=|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=16 December 2010|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref> State of [[Sabah]] and State of [[Sarawak]], Malaysia
* [[United Sabah Alliance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=97773|title=Opposition parties form United Sabah Alliance|publisher=Daily Express|date=10 March 2015|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> State of Sabah, Malaysia
* [[United Alliance of Sabah|The United Alliance of State]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/368753/sabah-bn-coalition-be-disbanded-pave-way-gabungan-bersatu|title=Sabah BN coalition to be disbanded to pave way for Gabungan Bersatu|author=Kristy Inus|publisher=New Straits Times|date=12 May 2018|access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[Gabungan Rakyat Sabah]],<ref name="Bernama">{{Cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/03/13/ros-approves-registration-of-gabungan-rakyat-sabah-says-hajiji/2047212|title=RoS approves registration of Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, says Hajiji|last=Bernama|date=11 March 2022|newspaper=malaymail|access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Express">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/204596/grs-stronger-now-as-a-fully-local-party-/|title='GRS stronger now as a fully local party'|last=Express|first=Daily|date=18 December 2022|newspaper=Daily Express|access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> State of Sabah, Malaysia
* [[Gabungan Parti Sarawak]],<ref name="pull out">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/12/sarawak-bn-parties-pull-out-of-coalition/|title=Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact|author1=Sharon Ling|author2=Geryl Ogilvy|work=The Star|date=12 June 2018|access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> State of Sarawak, Malaysia
* [[Gerakan Tanah Air]] (GTA),<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr M announces new coalition of four parties, Gerakan Tanah Air |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2022/08/819394/dr-m-announces-new-coalition-four-parties-gerakan-tanah-air |website=New Straits Times |date=August 4, 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[Parti Impian Sabah]],<ref>[https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/695922/berita/politik/video-prn-sabah-parti-impian-sabah-boleh-jadi-parti-dominan Sabah Dream Party can be recognized as dominant party in Sabah]</ref> State of Sabah, Malaysia
* [[White Movement]],<ref name="un2">{{Cite book| url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10472/chapter-abstract/158344535 | doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250219.003.0001 | chapter=Civil War | title=The White Russian Army in Exile 1920-1941 | date=2002 | last1=Robinson | first1=Paul | pages=1–15 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-925021-9 }}</ref><ref name="un">{{cite web | url=https://www.hoover.org/research/wake-empire | title=In the Wake of Empire }}</ref> Russian State (1917–1923)
{{end div col}}
{{end div col}}


Line 117: Line 149:
* [[Broad church]]
* [[Broad church]]
* [[Elite party]]
* [[Elite party]]
* [[Purity test (politics)]], a rigid standard on a specific issue by which a politician is judged
* [[Party of power]]
* [[Party of power]]
* [[Popular front|Popular Front]]
* [[Popular front]]
* [[United front|United Front]]
* [[Syncretic politics]]
* [[United front]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 125: Line 159:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Wiktionary}}


[[Category:Political parties]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Pluralism (philosophy)]]
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Political party systems]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Political spectrum]]
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Political party systems]]

Latest revision as of 08:11, 10 March 2026


For items relating to or named for a big top tent, see Big Top.
Part of the Politics series
Party politics
Ballot box
Political spectrum
Left-wing
Centre
Right-wing
Party platform
Party organization
Party Leadership
Party system
Coalition
Lists

A big-tent party, or catch-all party, is a political party having members covering a broad spectrum of beliefs.[1] This is in contrast to other kinds of parties, which defend a determined ideology, seek voters who adhere to that ideology, and attempt to convince people towards it.

Examples[edit | edit source]

Armenia[edit | edit source]

Following the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election, the My Step Alliance rose to power on an anti-corruption and pro-democracy platform. The alliance has been described as maintaining a big tent ideology, as the alliance did not support any one particular political position. Instead, it focused on strengthening Armenia's civil society and economic development.[2]

Australia[edit | edit source]

The Liberal Party of Australia and its predecessors originated as an alliance of liberals and conservatives in opposition to the Australian Labor Party, beginning with the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909. This ideological distinction has endured to the present day, with the modern Liberal Party frequently described as a "broad church", a term popularised by former leader and Prime Minister John Howard. In this context, "broad church" is largely synonymous with "big tent". In the 21st century, the party is often characterised as having a "small-l liberal" wing and a conservative wing, which frequently come into conflict with each other. The party has historically found strong support primarily from the middle-class, though it has in recent decades appealed to socially conservative working-class voters.[3][4]

Argentina[edit | edit source]

From its foundation the Justicialist Party has been a Peronist catch-all party, which focuses on the figure of Juan Perón and his wife Eva. Since Nestor Kirchner took the presidency in 2003, the party is considered as part of center-left coalition. It has divided into left-wing and right-wing factions, with left-wing populist Kirchnerists now dominating the party. Despite this, the right-wing faction still exists.

Juntos por el Cambio is an Argentine big tent political coalition. It was created in 2015 as Cambiemos. It is composed of Republican Proposal (centre-right), Civic Coalition ARI (centre) and Radical Civic Union (centre), with common goals to oppose Peronist parties. It is considered as part of center-right coalition.

Bangladesh[edit | edit source]

In Bangladesh Awami League's Grand Alliance (Bangladesh) and BNP's 20 Party Alliance forms coalition with a wide range of parties, thus being catch all parties.[5]

Brazil[edit | edit source]

In Brazil, the Centrão (lit. 'big centre') is a term for a large bloc of political parties that do not have a specific or consistent ideological orientation, and focus on negotiating support for the government in exchange for positions, resources, and political influence. These parties tend to form the parliamentary base of different administrations, shifting positions as needed, and play a decisive role in forming majorities in the National Congress.[6] The Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) is one of the oldest and most notable "Centrão" and Big Tent parties in Brazil; despite being Brazil's largest party, both in number of members and number of officials elected, it has never elected a President, but has used its position as the largest party as a "bargaining chip" for privileges and advantages.[7] MDB was founded in 1965 at the start of the Brazilian military dictatorship as part of an enforced two-party system by the dictatorship, in which the only allowed parties were National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA), a catch-all party representing the interests of the dictatorship, and MDB, formed to represent a wide-range moderate and less radical opposition to the dictatorship, without a clear program except the democratization of the country.[8]

Brazil also has a number of minor parties known as "Rental Parties [pt]" (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.), or "dwarf parties" (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.), that generally have a "catch-all" alignment, with no electoral base of their own, existing primarily to negotiate political support, access to resources, or advertising time.[9]

Other Big Tent centrão parties include the Progressists (PP), Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), We Can (PODE), Brazil Union (UB), Social Democratic Party (PSD), Social Christian Party (PSC), Act (AGIR), Patriot (PATRI), Forward (AVANTE), Solidarity (SD).[10]

China[edit | edit source]

The Kuomintang (KMT), the ruling party of the Republic of China (1912–1949), operated as a catch-all party encompassing a wide ideological spectrum, from the "diehard Right" to the "pink Left." However, following its defeat in the Chinese Civil War and the Great Retreat in 1949, the KMT in Taiwan gradually transitioned into a more consolidated conservative right-wing party.[11]

Canada[edit | edit source]

At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two big tent parties practicing "brokerage politics."[lower-alpha 1][14][15][16] Both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Conservative Party of Canada (and its predecessors) have attracted support from a broad spectrum of voters.[17][18][19] Although parties such as the Quebec nationalist Bloc Québécois have elected members to the House of Commons, far-right and far-left parties have never gained a prominent force in Canadian society and have never formed a government in the Canadian Parliament.[20][21][12]

Colombia[edit | edit source]

In Colombia, the presumed League of Anti-Corruption Governors, led by the former presidential candidate, sometimes referred to as "the Colombian Trump", has been described as a "catch-all party",[22] although analysts agree that it belongs to a more or less authoritarian right-wing. That is to say to a type of extreme right.[23][24]

Finland[edit | edit source]

The centre-right National Coalition Party has been described as catch-all party supporting the interests of the urban middle classes.[25]

France[edit | edit source]

The Renaissance party (formerly La République En Marche!) founded by President Emmanuel Macron has been described as a centrist party with a catch-all nature.[26]

Germany[edit | edit source]

Both the Christian Democratic Union of Germany/Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CDU/CSU) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) are considered big tent or catch-all parties, known in German as Volksparteien ("people's parties").[27]

India[edit | edit source]

The Indian National Congress attracted support from Indians of all classes, castes and religions supportive of the Indian independence movement.[28] The Janata Party which came into power in India in 1977, was a catch-all party that consisted of people with different ideologies opposed to The Emergency.[29]

Ireland[edit | edit source]

Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil are considered catch-all parties and are supported by people from different social classes and political ideologies.[30] The two parties are usually described as being very similar in their current and recent policies, both being positioned on the centre-right with a liberal-conservative ideology. The reasons for their remaining separate are mainly historical, with those who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty in the 1920s eventually becoming Fine Gael and those who opposed the treaty having joined Fianna Fáil to seek an independent Ireland.

Italy[edit | edit source]

In Italy, the Five Star Movement, founded and formerly led by the comedian and actor Beppe Grillo, has been described as a catch-all protest party and "post-ideological big tent" because its supporters do not share similar policy preferences, are split on major economic and social issues and are united largely based on "anti-establishment" sentiments.[31] The Five Star Movement's "successful campaign formula combined anti-establishment sentiments with an economic and political protest which extends beyond the boundaries of traditional political orientations", but its "'catch-all' formula" has limited its ability to become "a mature, functional, effective and coherent contender for government".[31]

Japan[edit | edit source]

The New Frontier Party, which existed from 1994 to 1997, was considered a big political party because it was created to oppose the LDP by people of various ideologies, including social democrats, liberals, neoliberals, Buddhist democrats, and conservatives.[32]

The former main centre-left opposition, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), was Japan's version of third way politics and served since the mid-1990s as a ‘big tent party’ for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two socialist parties to liberal and conservative groups.[33]

Mexico[edit | edit source]

The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) held power in Mexico for 71 uninterrupted years, from 1929 to 2000. It was founded after the Mexican Revolution by Mexican president Plutarco Elías Calles. Then known as the National Revolutionary Party, it was founded with the intent of providing a political space to allow all surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution to participate and to resolve the grave political crisis that had been caused by the assassination of President-elect Álvaro Obregón in 1928. Throughout its nine-decade existence, the PRI has adopted a vast array of ideologies, which have often been determined by the president of the republic in office at the time. The party nationalized the petroleum industry in 1938 and the banking industry in 1982. In the 1980s, the party went through reforms that shaped its current incarnation, with policies characterized as centre-right, such as the privatization of state-run companies, closer relations with the Catholic Church, and embracing free-market capitalism and neoliberal policies.[34][35][36]

The National Regeneration Movement, founded by Andrés Manuel López Obrador, has often been described as a big-tent party because of the various constituents who joined its ranks during the 2018 Mexican general elections.[37][38] Juntos Hacemos Historia is a big-tent alliance led by the National Regeneration Movement that contested the 2021 Mexican legislative election.[39] The successor alliance, Sigamos Haciendo Historia, has been described by some political scientists as catch-all.[40]

The Ecologist Green Party of Mexico has often been described in terms of catch all politics. AP News describes it as a "strange political group" that almost always joins the governing party's coalition to maintain influence.[41] According to Muñoz Patraca, a professor of political science at UNAM, the PVEM is not a political party like other movements in favor of democratization, or economic or social struggles. Rather, the party serves, in name only, to concerns about the environment - escaping the traditional left-right ideological axis.[42] Miguel Angel Toro, the Director of the Bachelor's Degree in Government and Public Transformation at Tecnológico de Monterrey, describes the party as a "party that has no ideology... It’s been with parties who are on the right, center, and the left.” Critically, Toro says, “the big parties overestimate the votes the Partido Verde can bring in, so the party always ends up with more seats than they would have gotten. That gives the Green Party more life than it should have.” [43]

Portugal[edit | edit source]

The centre-left Socialist Party (PS) and centre-right Social Democratic Party (PSD) have been described as catch-all parties.[44]

Romania[edit | edit source]

Romania's Social Democratic Party has been referred to as a catch-all party. Political analyst Radu Magdin described it in December 2016 as having conservative values, while being economically liberal, and espousing left-leaning rhetoric on public policies.[45]

Spain[edit | edit source]

Citizens (Spanish: Ciudadanos) has been considered as an example of astroturfing in the Spanish media since 2015. Originally founded as a social-democratic regional party opposed to Catalan nationalism, the party switched to a catch-all message to attract votes from the right to the moderate left in the party's appearance in the national political landscape. Its stance includes a mix of liberalism and pro-Europeanism, but the party has also embraced populist views on the legitimacy of its political opponents; conservative views on topics such as the criminal system and personal property and Spanish nationalist positions. It has become one of the most recognisable catch-all parties in the history of the country. In the mid-2010s, however, the party's main ideology is perceived to have drifted towards the right, with Albert Rivera admitting that it would not agree to form a coalition with the two main centre-left and left parties after the April 2019 Spanish general election, regardless of the results.[46][47][48] Furthermore, some commentators argue that Ciudadanos was attempting to supplant the People's Party, which suffered massive losses as the hegemonic party of the right and thus contributed to the shift in Ciudadanos to the right. Similarly, Ciudadanos has allied with both the conservative People's Party and the far-right Vox to achieve coalitions in regional parliaments. That has given rise to the expression "the three rights" or colloquially "El Trifachito" to describe the grouping, which defines its opposition as "the left".

South Africa[edit | edit source]

The African National Congress (ANC) has been the governing party of South Africa since the country's first democratic election, in 1994, and it has been described by the media as a "big tent" party.[49][50][51][52] An important aspect of its electoral success has been its ability to include a diverse range of political groups most notably in the form of the Tripartite Alliance between the ANC; the South African Communist Party; and the country's largest trade union, COSATU.[50] Additional interest groups in the party are members of the business community and traditional leaders.

United Kingdom[edit | edit source]

When Gordon Brown became the prime minister of the United Kingdom in 2007, he invited several members from outside the Labour Party into his government. They included former CBI Director-General Digby Jones who became a Minister of State and former Liberal Democrats leader Paddy Ashdown who was offered the position of Northern Ireland Secretary (Ashdown turned down the offer).[53][54] The media often referred to Brown's ministry as "a government of all the talents" or simply "Brown's big tent".[55]

All for Unity was a big tent anti-SNP electoral alliance that contested the 2021 Scottish Parliament election but failed to win any seats.[56]

United States[edit | edit source]

The Democratic Party was a "big-tent" party during the New Deal coalition, which was formed to support President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies from the 1930s to the 1960s.[57] The coalition brought together labor unions, working-class voters, lower-middle class voters, farm organizations, secular liberals, Southern Democrats, African Americans, urban voters, and immigrants.[58][59]

After the 1974 Dallas Accord, the Libertarian Party embraced the big-tent idea to the extent it ensured that the anarcho-capitalist views would not be excluded from the majority minarchist party.[60]

The Libertarian Socialist Caucus of the Democratic Socialists of America identifies DSA as a "big tent" organization amongst the American left, as individual members are aligned with a wide range of socialist ideologies, including social democracy, democratic socialism, the democratic road to socialism, Trotskyism, Marxism–Leninism, and anarchism.[61]

Other examples[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Brokerage politics: "A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a pluralistic catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter... adopting centrist policies and electoral coalitions to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."[12][13]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Definition of "big tent" in English". oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  2. ↑ "Armenian snap elections seen as the final chapter of the Velvet Revolution". Europe Elects. December 4, 2018. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  3. ↑ "Divergent views vital to Howard's broad church". Sydney Morning Herald. March 22, 2005.
  4. ↑ "Can the Liberal Party hold its 'broad church' of liberals and conservatives together?". The Conversation. April 10, 2018.
  5. ↑ "OP-ED: How the house of cards came crashing down". April 8, 2021.
  6. ↑ "Centrão vive quarta encarnação, agora restrito ao fisiologismo". O Globo (in português do Brasil). July 29, 2018.
  7. ↑ Benites, Talita Bedinelli, Afonso (December 19, 2017). "PMDB volta a se chamar MDB: retorno ao passado para aplacar crise de imagem". El País Brasil (in português do Brasil). Retrieved September 24, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Deak, Andre (November 12, 2014). "Partidos políticos". Memórias da ditadura (in português do Brasil). Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  9. ↑ "Fim da coligação e partido de aluguel | Gazeta Digital". Fim da coligação e partido de aluguel | Gazeta Digital (in português do Brasil). Retrieved October 7, 2025.
  10. ↑ "O que é o poderoso centrão, que pode definir o sucessor de Cunha". BBC News Brasil (in português do Brasil). Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  11. ↑ "GENERALS OUTBID CHINESE LIBERALS; Their Military Success Makes Compromise Less Likely". The New York Times. October 6, 1946. Retrieved February 3, 2026. Although China has a one-party Government, the Kuomintang is actually a catch-all of coalition groups ranging from the diehard Right to the pink Left. On the Right are such men as Gen. Ho Ying-chin and Minister of Organization Chen Li-fu; on the Left are such men as Dr. Sun Fo and Shao Li-tze, Secretary General of the People's Political Council.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Marland, Alex; Giasson, Thierry; Lees-Marshment, Jennifer (2012). Political Marketing in Canada. UBC Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-7748-2231-2.
  13. ↑ John Courtney; David Smith (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics. OUP USA. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-533535-4.
  14. ↑ Brooks, Stephen (2004). Canadian Democracy: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-19-541806-4. two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled "brokerage politics"
  15. ↑ Johnson, David (2016). Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada, Fourth Edition. University of Toronto Press. pp. 13–23. ISBN 978-1-4426-3521-0. ...most Canadian governments, especially at the federal level, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...
  16. ↑ Baumer, Donald C.; Gold, Howard J. (2015). Parties, Polarization and Democracy in the United States. Taylor & Francis. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-317-25478-2.
  17. ↑ Smith, Miriam (2014). Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition. University of Toronto Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4426-0695-1. Canada's party system has long been described as a "brokerage system" in which the leading parties (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major social cleavages in an effort to defuse potential tensions.
  18. ↑ Elections Canada (2018). "Plurality-Majority Electoral Systems: A Review". Elections Canada. First Past the Post in Canada has favoured broadly-based, accommodative, centrist parties...
  19. ↑ Andrea Olive (2015). The Canadian Environment in Political Context. University of Toronto Press. pp. 55–60. ISBN 978-1-4426-0871-9.
  20. ↑ Ambrose, Emma; Mudde, Cas (2015). "Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 21 (2): 213–236. doi:10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033. S2CID 145773856.
  21. ↑ Taub, Amanda (2017). "Canada's Secret to Resisting the West's Populist Wave". The New York Times.
  22. ↑ "Elecciones presidenciales en Colombia: la hora de la esperanza". Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social - UNLP. May 31, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
  23. ↑ "La Justicia obliga a Rodolfo Hernández a debatir con Gustavo Petro ante el balotaje en Colombia". Tiempo Argentino (in español). June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  24. ↑ Schneider, Aaron. "Colombia's Hernandez is offering a passive revolution from above". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
  25. ↑ Karvonen, Lauri (2014). Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation. ECPR Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-910259-33-7.
  26. ↑ Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot (2017). "The French Parti Socialiste (2010–16): from office to crisis". In Rob Manwaring; Paul Kennedy (eds.). Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective. Policy Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-4473-3269-5.
  27. ↑ Hertner, Isabelle; Sloam, James (2014). "The Europeanisation of the German Party System". In Erol Külahci (ed.). Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems. ECPR Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-907301-84-1.
  28. ↑ Meyer, Karl Ernest; Brysac, Shareen Blair (2012). Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds. PublicAffairs. pp. 64–. ISBN 9781610390484. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  29. ↑ "Political Parties - NCERT" (PDF). National Council of Educational Research and Training. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  30. ↑ Weeks, Liam (2018). "Parties and the party system". In John Coakley; Michael Gallagher (eds.). Politics in the Republic of Ireland: Sixth Edition. Taylor & Francis. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-317-31269-7.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Valentina Romei, Five Star Movement: the protest party explained in charts: Direct democracy and rejection of binary politics brings success but stunts maturity, Financial Times (January 10, 2017).
  32. ↑ Ronald J. Hrebenar; Akira Nakamura, eds. (2014). Party Politics in Japan: Political Chaos and Stalemate in the 21st Century. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781317745976. The initial period of party system change found its first culmination in 1996 when a new catch-all party, the Shinshinto (New Frontier Party), got founded by Ozawa and others.
  33. ↑ Spremberg, Felix (November 25, 2020). "How Japan's Left is repeating its unfortunate history". International Politics & Society Journal. Retrieved November 19, 2021. The former main centre-left opposition, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), was Japan's version of third way politics and served since the mid-1990s as a 'big tent party' for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two socialist parties to liberal and conservative groups.
  34. ↑ "Meade, the King of the Mexican Sandwich". El Universal. January 11, 2018.
  35. ↑ Russell, James W. (2009). Class and Race Formation in North America. University of Toronto Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-8020-9678-4.
  36. ↑ Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E. (July 21, 2014). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139991384. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  37. ↑ Schettino, Macario (June 6, 2018). "Mexico 2018: How AMLO Took a Page from the PRI Playbook". Americas Quarterly. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2018. Morena's star has risen so quickly because it offers refuge to such a wide range of beliefs and ideologies. The party has room for old guard supporters of Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro, young leftist academics, former PRI leaders, evangelical Christians, actors, athletes, and even the odd business tycoon or two. In this way the party resembles the big tent of the PRI, which more than a guiding philosophy was guided by the administration of political power.
  38. ↑ Graham, Dave (March 20, 2018). "Mexican leftist's 'big tent' pitch puts presidency in sight". Reuters. Retrieved September 18, 2018. In a few months, he has assembled a coalition stretching from socially conservative Christian evangelicals to admirers of socialist Venezuela and business tycoons, each with contrasting visions for Mexico. Dozens of lawmakers from across the political spectrum have switched sides to join Lopez Obrador's National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), a party that is not yet four years old.
  39. ↑ "Morena, PT y PVEM presentan alianza 'Juntos hacemos historia' para elecciones de 2021". El Financiero (in español). December 24, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  40. ↑ Almaraz, Karina (May 28, 2024). "Ideología de Morena y coalición Sigamos Haciendo Historia: cuál es". Telediario México (in español). Retrieved February 13, 2025. "Yo designaría a Morena como un partido 'cacha todo', en donde la dirigencia ha buscado perfiles de candidatos con bases electorales que ayuden a generar más voto sin necesariamente ser de izquierda o tener una ideología determinada", dijo Enrique Solis, consultor de políticas públicas y asuntos públicos consultado para esta nota. [I would designate Morena as a 'cacha all' party, where the leadership has sought profiles of candidates with electoral bases that help generate more votes without necessarily being left-wing nor having a determined ideology, said Enrique Solis, public policy and public affairs consultant consulted for this excerpt.]
  41. ↑ "Mexico's small, oft-questioned Green Party to become the second-largest force in Congress". AP News. June 14, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2025.
  42. ↑ Espejel Espinoza, Alberto (2022). Tendencias Organizacionales y Democracia Interna en Los Partidos Políticos en México: Los Casos Del PAN, PRI, PRD, PT, PVEM, MC y MORENA. Mariela Díaz Sandoval. Ciudad de México: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educacion. p. 189. ISBN 978-607-30-5637-3.
  43. ↑ Rios, Lorena (June 30, 2021). "Green Like AstroTurf—or Dollars". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved February 13, 2025.
  44. ↑ Lisi, Marco; Freire, André (2014). "The selection of political party leaders in Portugal". In Jean-Benoit Pilet; William Cross (eds.). The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-317-92945-1.
  45. ↑ Păun, Carmen (December 13, 2016). "Pragmatism is a winner for Romanian Left". Politico. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  46. ↑ "¿Ciudadanos es de izquierdas o de derechas?" (in español). May 15, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  47. ↑ "Albert Rivera: "No vamos a pactar con el PSOE ni con Sánchez, les echaremos y punto"" (in español). March 3, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  48. ↑ Orriols, Lluís. "¿Se va Ciudadanos a la derecha? Sí, pero quizás no tanto" (in español). Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  49. ↑ Grootes, Stephen (May 5, 2019). "2019 Elections - ANALYSIS: Curiouser and Curiouser – the strange case of the 2019 elections". Daily Maverick. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Campbell, John (July 18, 2017). "A Political Opening in South Africa". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  51. ↑ Shoki, William (April 2019). "South Africa's Third Way revival". africasacountry.com. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  52. ↑ Herskovitz, Jon (September 15, 2010). "ANC stability shakes SA's economic future". The M&G Online. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  53. ↑ "In full: Brown's government". BBC News. June 29, 2007.
  54. ↑ "The fallout from Brown's job offer". BBC News. June 21, 2007.
  55. ↑ "First 100 days: Gordon Brown". BBC News. October 5, 2007.
  56. ↑ Andrews, Kieran; Wade, Mike. "Galloway's bid to form united front to save Union shunned". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  57. ↑ King, David C. (1997). "The Polarization of American Parties and Mistrust of Government". In Nye, Joseph S.; Zelikow, Philip; King, David C. (eds.). Why People Don't Trust Government. Harvard University Press.
  58. ↑ Young, Lisa (2000). Feminists and Party Politics. University of Michigan Press. p. 84.
  59. ↑ Allen, Holly M. (2007). "New Deal Coalition". In Weir, Robert E. (ed.). Class in America: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2: H–P. ABC-CLIO. p. 571. During the 1930s liberals, labor unions, white ethnics, African Americans, farm groups, and Southern whites united to form the New Deal coalition. Though never formally organized, the coalition was sufficiently cohesive to make the Democratic Party the majority party from 1931 into the 1980s. Democrats won seven out of nine presidential contests and maintained majorities in both houses of Congress from 1932 to 1964. The divisiveness of the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War, the increasing segmentation of the labor force, and waning influence of unions, and the relative weakness of Democratic Party leadership are among the factors that led to the coalition's erosion in the late 1960s.
  60. ↑ Gottfried, Paul (1993). The conservative movement: Social movements past and present. Twayne. p. 46.
  61. ↑ "A Guide to DSA Politics". Democratic Socialists of America's Libertarian Socialist Caucus. January 31, 2025. Retrieved October 24, 2025. Under this umbrella fall ideologies such as Trotskyism, anarchism, reformism, orthodox Marxism, libertarian Marxism, the democratic road to socialism, Marxism–Leninism, and more. In other words, there is no such thing as being 'more left-wing than DSA'—the organization is meant to be a big tent that includes all socialists from the center-left to the far-left.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Sarah Elise Wiliarty (August 16, 2010). The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Cambridge University Press. pp. 218–221. ISBN 978-1-139-49116-7.
  63. ↑ Gallas, Daniel (March 29, 2016). "Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month". BBC News. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  64. ↑ Newell, James L. (January 28, 2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-84070-5.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Hertner, Isabelle; Sloam, James (2014). "The Europeanisation of the German Party System". In Erol Külahci (ed.). Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems. ECPR Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-907301-84-1.
  66. ↑ Jane L. Curry (2011). "Poland: The Politics of "God's Playground"". In Sharon L. Wolchik; Jane L. Curry (eds.). Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-7425-6734-4.
  67. ↑ Maguire, Maria (1986). "Ireland". In Peter Flora (ed.). Growth to Limits: Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy. Walter de Gruyter. p. 333. ISBN 978-3-11-011131-6.
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  69. ↑ Ditrych, Ondrej (July 2013). "The Georgian succession" (PDF). European Union Institute for Security Studies. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2016. ...GD as a catch-all movement...
  70. ↑ Barrington, Lowell (2009). Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices. Cengage Learning. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-618-49319-7.
  71. ↑ Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan (2012). Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat) (Ph.D. thesis). Durham University. p. 176.
  72. ↑ Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot (2017). "The French Parti Socialiste (2010–16): from office to crisis". In Rob Manwaring; Paul Kennedy (eds.). Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective. Policy Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-4473-3269-5.
  73. ↑ "Législatives : "Le parti d'Emmanuel Macron a un caractère attrape-tout"". Les Inrocks. June 9, 2017.
  74. ↑ Glenn D. Hook; Gilson, Julie; Christopher W. Hughes; Dobson, Hugo (2001). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-134-32806-2.
  75. ↑ Karvonen, Lauri (2014). Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation. ECPR Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-910259-33-7.
  76. ↑ "Morena no está institucionalizado; "cacha" de todos lados: politólogo Ibero" [Morena is not institutionalized; it "gets it" from all sides: Ibero political scientist] (in español). January 21, 2018.
  77. ↑ "El Salvador: "The President's Aim is to Concentrate Power"". Civicus. September 22, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  78. ↑ O'Kane, David; Hepner, Tricia (2011), Biopolitics, Militarism, and Development: Eritrea in the Twenty-First Century, Berghahn Books, p. xx, ISBN 978-0-85745-399-0, retrieved January 15, 2011
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  80. ↑ Iskandaryan, Alexander (May 23, 2012). "Armenian Elections: Technology vs. Ideology" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest. ETH Zurich: 3. Both major parties in the Armenian parliament [Republican Party and Prosperous Armenia] represent elite groups. With almost no ideology to speak of, they are catch-all parties, a phenomenon becoming typical in the modern world.
  81. ↑ David Torrance, "Scotland's Progressive Dilemma," The Political Quarterly, 88 (2017): 52–59. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12319.
  82. ↑ Carrell, Severin (April 25, 2011). "Alex Salmond's big tent bulges as Tommy Sheridan lends voteless support". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  83. ↑ "Serbian Compliance Patterns towards EU Integration under the Progressive Party: An Exercise in Statecraft" (PDF). Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  84. ↑ Stojić, Marko (2017). Party Responses to the EU in the Western Balkans: Transformation, Opposition or Defiance?. Springer. p. 135.
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  86. ↑ Gallagher, Tom; Allan M. Williams (1989). "Southern European socialism in the 1990s". In Tom Gallagher; Allan M. Williams (eds.). Southern European Socialism: Parties, Elections, and the Challenge of Government. Manchester University Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7190-2500-6.
  87. ↑ Pallaver, Günther (2008). "South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality". In Jens Woelk; Francesco Palermo; Joseph Marko (eds.). Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights In South Tyrol. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 305, 309. ISBN 978-90-04-16302-7.
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  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 "Junts pel Sí (Together for Yes): "We are all in, we've reached the end of the line"". Ara. July 21, 2015.
  90. ↑ Sventlana S. Bodrunova; Anna A. Litvinenko (2013). "New media and political protest: the formation of a public counter-sphere in Russia, 2008–2012". In Andrey Makarychev; Andre Mommen (eds.). Russia's Changing Economic and Political Regimes: The Putin Years and Afterwards. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-135-00695-2.
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  94. ↑ PN Official, Leadership (March 23, 2020). "Persatuan Perikatan Parti Malaysia (PPPM) telah menjadi Gabungan rasmi politik yang dikenali sebagai Parti Perikatan Nasional (PN)". Gabungan Perikatan Nasional (in Bahasa Melayu). Retrieved March 23, 2020.
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  101. ↑ Sharon Ling; Geryl Ogilvy (June 12, 2018). "Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact". The Star. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
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  103. ↑ Sabah Dream Party can be recognized as dominant party in Sabah
  104. ↑ Robinson, Paul (2002). "Civil War". The White Russian Army in Exile 1920-1941. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250219.003.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-925021-9.
  105. ↑ "In the Wake of Empire".
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