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{{short description|River in southern India}} | |||
{{redirect|Palar}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} | ||
{{Infobox river | {{Infobox river | ||
| name | | name = Palar River | ||
| name_other | | name_other = | ||
| image | | image = Mouth of the Palar.jpg | ||
| image_size | | image_size = | ||
| image_caption | | image_caption = The mouth of the Palar river, seen from the air | ||
| | | mapframe-caption = Course of the Palar River | ||
| | | mapframe-zoom = 7 | ||
| | | mapframe = yes | ||
| source1_location | | source1_location = [[Kolar District]] in [[Karnataka]], India | ||
| mouth_location | | mouth_location = [[Bay of Bengal]] | ||
| etymology | | etymology = | ||
| length | | length = {{convert|216|mi|km|abbr=on}} | ||
| source1_elevation = | | source1_elevation = | ||
| mouth_elevation | | mouth_elevation = | ||
| discharge1_avg | | discharge1_avg = | ||
| basin_size | | basin_size = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Palar''' is a river of southern | The '''Palar''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''பாலாறு'' pālāṟu [ˈpaːlaːɾu], literally "milk river") is a river of southern India. It rises in the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]] in [[Chikkaballapura]] district of [[Karnataka]] state,<ref>[http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/river_systems.htm#8.0%20PALAR%20RIVER%20SYSTEM Palar river]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Shridhar |date=2026-02-08 |title=Why water woes dog Nandi Hills region though 5 rivers originate there |url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/karnataka/water-nandi-hills-5-rivers-kolar-bengaluru-chikkaballapur-229009 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref> and flows {{convert|93|km|mi}} in Karnataka, {{convert|33|km|mi}} in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and {{convert|222|km|mi}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] before reaching its confluence into the [[Bay of Bengal]] at Vayalur about {{convert|75|km|mi}} south of [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/01/11/stories/2006011104890600.htm |title=Dam across the Palar is not feasible: State officials |access-date=3 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329071620/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/01/11/stories/2006011104890600.htm |archive-date=29 March 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> It flows as an [[underground river]] for a long distance only to emerge near [[Bethamangala]] town, from where, gathering water and speed, it flows eastward down the [[Deccan Plateau]]. The Towns of [[Bethamangala]], Santhipuram, [[Kuppam]], [[Mottur]], [[Ramanaickenpet]], [[Vaniyambadi]], [[Ambur]], [[Melpatti]], [[Gudiyatham]], [[Pallikonda]], Anpoondi, [[Melmonavoor]], [[Vellore]], [[Katpadi]], [[Melvisharam]], [[Arcot]], [[Ranipet]], [[Walajapet]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Walajabad]], [[Chengalpattu]], [[Kalpakkam]], and [[Lattur]] are located on the banks of the Palar River. Of the seven tributaries, the chief tributary is the [[Cheyyar River]]. | ||
Palar river water from Palar anicut is diverted to the [[Poondi reservoir]] located in the [[Kosasthalaiyar River]] basin and to [[Chembarambakkam Lake]] located in the [[Adayar River]] basin.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Palar_Anicut_A00261| title=Palar Anicut | | Palar river water from Palar anicut is diverted to the [[Poondi reservoir]] located in the [[Kosasthalaiyar River]] basin and to [[Chembarambakkam Lake]] located in the [[Adayar River]] basin.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Palar_Anicut_A00261| title=Palar Anicut | access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> These two reservoirs are major water supply points to [[Chennai]] city. After commissioning of the [[Telugu Ganga]] project to supply nearly {{Convert|1,000,000,000|litre|USgal}} per day of [[Krishna River]] water to the Chennai city, the dependence on Palar river water has reduced drastically. | ||
[[File:Source of Palar.jpg|thumb|right|Source of the Palar in the Nandi Hills]] | [[File:Source of Palar.jpg|thumb|right|Source of the Palar in the Nandi Hills]] | ||
== Controversial dam == | ==Controversial dam== | ||
Andhra Pradesh Government is constructing an [[irrigation]] [[dam]] across Palar at Ganeshpuram, near [[Kuppam]], Andhra Pradesh which has caused agitation among the people of the five northern districts of Tamil Nadu, namely [[Vellore]], [[Kancheepuram]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Thiruvallur]] and [[Chennai]] | [[File:Tamil Nadu topo deutsch mit Gebirgen.png|alt=Map showing the river|thumb|Map showing the river]] | ||
The Andhra Pradesh Government is constructing an [[irrigation]] [[dam]] across the Palar river at Ganeshpuram, near [[Kuppam]], Andhra Pradesh which has caused agitation among the people of the five northern districts of Tamil Nadu, namely [[Vellore]], [[Kancheepuram]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Chengalpattu]], [[Thiruvallur]] and [[Chennai]] benefitted by the river. Tamil Nadu's former Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] voiced her opposition to this proposal and said "Palar is an inter-state river and was also one of the rivers mentioned in Schedule A annexed to the 1892 agreement<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legal_instruments_3.pdf |title=1892 Agreement - pages 279 to 293 |access-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110160934/http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legal_instruments_3.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is in force as per [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]] 1956. As per a clause of the agreement, the upstream state should not build any new dam or any structure to obstruct, divert, or store waters of the rivers without the consent of the downstream state".<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jan/06dam.htm TN against AP making dam on Palar river]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/26/stories/2010092660370500.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001014333/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/26/stories/2010092660370500.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=1 October 2010| title=Ponnala defends dam across Palar | date=26 September 2010| work=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> | |||
The average rainfall in entire Palar river basin is low. This river basin | The average rainfall in the entire Palar river basin is low. This river basin suffers from frequent droughts and there has been no full scale flow for the past 10 years. However, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have mitigated the frequent recurrence of droughts by building numerous minor and medium irrigation tanks. This has improved the availability of water for surface as well as ground water irrigation. As per the wet land atlas of India.,<ref>[http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/18315 Wet lands of India 2011]</ref> the manmade wet lands are covering extensive area (3% to 5%) in the districts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu covering Palar river basin. Whereas the Palar basin in Andhra Pradesh is not well covered by wet lands which implies that the river water usage in Andhra Pradesh is not up to the mark compared to Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In the year 1892 when the Palar waters agreement was made, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh were part of then Madras Presidency.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://hyderabad-india-online.com/2011/03/madras-presidence/|title= Map of Madras Presidency in 1909|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> The 1892 agreement on Palar river water sharing is applicable between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh since the boundary line in Palar river basin between [[Madras Presidency]] and [[Mysore kingdom]] is now part of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh states.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} | ||
== Documentary == | ==Documentary== | ||
A [[Documentary film|documentary]] called ''En Peyar Palar'' produced by Social Action Movement and Water Rights Protection Group, [[Chengalpattu]] and released on 30 June 2008 chronicles the plight of the river from its origin in [[Karnataka]] till it joins [[Bay of Bengal]]. The 85-minute documentary delves into how activities such as sand [[quarrying]] and discharge of industrial effluents are sucking the life out of one of Tamil Nadu's prime sources of drinking water. It was directed by R.R. Srinivasan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080705231530/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/03/stories/2008070353060500.htm A documentary charts the plight of Palar]</ref> | A [[Documentary film|documentary]] called ''En Peyar Palar'' produced by Social Action Movement and Water Rights Protection Group, [[Chengalpattu]] and released on 30 June 2008 chronicles the plight of the river from its origin in [[Karnataka]] till it joins [[Bay of Bengal]]. The 85-minute documentary delves into how activities such as sand [[quarrying]] and discharge of industrial effluents are sucking the life out of one of Tamil Nadu's prime sources of drinking water. It was directed by R.R. Srinivasan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080705231530/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/03/stories/2008070353060500.htm A documentary charts the plight of Palar]</ref> | ||
This river is so important for irrigation in the north and south Arcot districts of Tamil Nadu, but it flows a meager distance of {{convert|50|km|mi}} in Andhra Pradesh, where the Palar river had been seen dry for almost 20 years. Palar has been home for mud robbery and other illegal activities.{{ | This river is so important for irrigation in the north and south Arcot districts of Tamil Nadu, but it flows a meager distance of {{convert|50|km|mi}} in Andhra Pradesh, where the Palar river had been seen dry for almost 20 years. Palar has been home for mud robbery and other illegal activities.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} | ||
==Karnataka== | ==Karnataka== | ||
In the State of Karnataka Palar River Originates from s Agrahara lake(kolar district of Karnataka). | In the State of Karnataka Palar River Originates from s Agrahara lake(kolar district of Karnataka). There are various reservoirs and check dams across the river to store the Water, While two of the most significant of them are the two Consecutive dams that are back to back with in seven Kilometers. The reservoir of Bethamangala and The Reservoir of the Ramasagara also called as Bukkasagara. The reservoir of Bethamangala had been the main source of Drinking water to the Kolar Gold Fields. And it is also a Boating area. | ||
While the second one and the largest of all reservoirs is the reservoir of the Ramasagara, which holds numerous temples at this spot. It is known famous for its fisheries till the year 2005. after which the Reservoir never got filled more than 40 percent of its capacity. The period from 2006 to the year of 2017 September the fate of the Palar river in this part was almost dry. | While the second one and the largest of all reservoirs is the reservoir of the Ramasagara, which holds numerous temples at this spot. It is known famous for its fisheries till the year 2005. after which the Reservoir never got filled more than 40 percent of its capacity. The period from 2006 to the year of 2017 September the fate of the Palar river in this part was almost dry. | ||
The heavy rains in the hinterland and the basin of the palar river has brought the Bethamangala Reservoir back to its past glory, as of 6 October 2017 the Reservoir of Bethamangala is one feet deficit to its full capacity, while later Ramasagara Reservoir is just 15 percent filled and mostly dry, holds double the capacity of the former. | The heavy rains in the hinterland and the basin of the palar river has brought the Bethamangala Reservoir back to its past glory, as of 6 October 2017 the Reservoir of Bethamangala is one feet deficit to its full capacity, while later Ramasagara Reservoir is just 15 percent filled and mostly dry, holds double the capacity of the former. | ||
== | A few famous places like the Avani, Bangaru tirupati, Vijeyendra Swamy Temple, Someshwara Swamy temple, lies in these region, with in twenty kilometers of the epicentre Bethamangala.<ref>{{Citation|last=Archives|first=K. G. F.|title=English: Reservoir|date=2021-11-23|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bethamangala_Palar_Dam.jpg|access-date=2021-11-22}}</ref> | ||
[[Venugopalaswami Temple, Kaliappettai| | |||
==Towns around the river== | |||
[[Venugopalaswami Temple, Kaliappettai|Kaliappettai]] is located on the banks of the river.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|page=88|first=T.|last=Padmaja|year=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170173984}}</ref> | |||
The town of Bethamangala, village of Ramasagara, Bangaru Tirupati (Guttahalli) is also located on its banks. This region also consists of two reservoirs, one at Bethamangala and the largest in Karnataka at the Ramasagara.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 69: | Line 73: | ||
[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]] | [[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]] | ||
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]] | [[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:19, 29 March 2026
| Palar River | |
|---|---|
 The mouth of the Palar river, seen from the air | |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Kolar District in Karnataka, India |
| Mouth | |
• location | Bay of Bengal |
| Length | 216 mi (348 km) |
The Palar (Tamil: பாலாறு pālāṟu [ˈpaːlaːɾu], literally "milk river") is a river of southern India. It rises in the Nandi Hills in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka state,[1][2] and flows 93 kilometres (58 mi) in Karnataka, 33 kilometres (21 mi) in Andhra Pradesh and 222 kilometres (138 mi) in Tamil Nadu before reaching its confluence into the Bay of Bengal at Vayalur about 75 kilometres (47 mi) south of Chennai.[3] It flows as an underground river for a long distance only to emerge near Bethamangala town, from where, gathering water and speed, it flows eastward down the Deccan Plateau. The Towns of Bethamangala, Santhipuram, Kuppam, Mottur, Ramanaickenpet, Vaniyambadi, Ambur, Melpatti, Gudiyatham, Pallikonda, Anpoondi, Melmonavoor, Vellore, Katpadi, Melvisharam, Arcot, Ranipet, Walajapet, Kanchipuram, Walajabad, Chengalpattu, Kalpakkam, and Lattur are located on the banks of the Palar River. Of the seven tributaries, the chief tributary is the Cheyyar River.
Palar river water from Palar anicut is diverted to the Poondi reservoir located in the Kosasthalaiyar River basin and to Chembarambakkam Lake located in the Adayar River basin.[4] These two reservoirs are major water supply points to Chennai city. After commissioning of the Telugu Ganga project to supply nearly 1,000,000,000 litres (260,000,000 US gal) per day of Krishna River water to the Chennai city, the dependence on Palar river water has reduced drastically.
Controversial dam[edit | edit source]
The Andhra Pradesh Government is constructing an irrigation dam across the Palar river at Ganeshpuram, near Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh which has caused agitation among the people of the five northern districts of Tamil Nadu, namely Vellore, Kancheepuram, Tiruvannamalai, Chengalpattu, Thiruvallur and Chennai benefitted by the river. Tamil Nadu's former Chief Minister Jayalalitha voiced her opposition to this proposal and said "Palar is an inter-state river and was also one of the rivers mentioned in Schedule A annexed to the 1892 agreement[5] which is in force as per Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956. As per a clause of the agreement, the upstream state should not build any new dam or any structure to obstruct, divert, or store waters of the rivers without the consent of the downstream state".[6][7]
The average rainfall in the entire Palar river basin is low. This river basin suffers from frequent droughts and there has been no full scale flow for the past 10 years. However, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have mitigated the frequent recurrence of droughts by building numerous minor and medium irrigation tanks. This has improved the availability of water for surface as well as ground water irrigation. As per the wet land atlas of India.,[8] the manmade wet lands are covering extensive area (3% to 5%) in the districts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu covering Palar river basin. Whereas the Palar basin in Andhra Pradesh is not well covered by wet lands which implies that the river water usage in Andhra Pradesh is not up to the mark compared to Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In the year 1892 when the Palar waters agreement was made, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh were part of then Madras Presidency.[9] The 1892 agreement on Palar river water sharing is applicable between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh since the boundary line in Palar river basin between Madras Presidency and Mysore kingdom is now part of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh states.[citation needed]
Documentary[edit | edit source]
A documentary called En Peyar Palar produced by Social Action Movement and Water Rights Protection Group, Chengalpattu and released on 30 June 2008 chronicles the plight of the river from its origin in Karnataka till it joins Bay of Bengal. The 85-minute documentary delves into how activities such as sand quarrying and discharge of industrial effluents are sucking the life out of one of Tamil Nadu's prime sources of drinking water. It was directed by R.R. Srinivasan.[10]
This river is so important for irrigation in the north and south Arcot districts of Tamil Nadu, but it flows a meager distance of 50 kilometres (31 mi) in Andhra Pradesh, where the Palar river had been seen dry for almost 20 years. Palar has been home for mud robbery and other illegal activities.[citation needed]
Karnataka[edit | edit source]
In the State of Karnataka Palar River Originates from s Agrahara lake(kolar district of Karnataka). There are various reservoirs and check dams across the river to store the Water, While two of the most significant of them are the two Consecutive dams that are back to back with in seven Kilometers. The reservoir of Bethamangala and The Reservoir of the Ramasagara also called as Bukkasagara. The reservoir of Bethamangala had been the main source of Drinking water to the Kolar Gold Fields. And it is also a Boating area. While the second one and the largest of all reservoirs is the reservoir of the Ramasagara, which holds numerous temples at this spot. It is known famous for its fisheries till the year 2005. after which the Reservoir never got filled more than 40 percent of its capacity. The period from 2006 to the year of 2017 September the fate of the Palar river in this part was almost dry. The heavy rains in the hinterland and the basin of the palar river has brought the Bethamangala Reservoir back to its past glory, as of 6 October 2017 the Reservoir of Bethamangala is one feet deficit to its full capacity, while later Ramasagara Reservoir is just 15 percent filled and mostly dry, holds double the capacity of the former.
A few famous places like the Avani, Bangaru tirupati, Vijeyendra Swamy Temple, Someshwara Swamy temple, lies in these region, with in twenty kilometers of the epicentre Bethamangala.[11]
Towns around the river[edit | edit source]
Kaliappettai is located on the banks of the river.[12] The town of Bethamangala, village of Ramasagara, Bangaru Tirupati (Guttahalli) is also located on its banks. This region also consists of two reservoirs, one at Bethamangala and the largest in Karnataka at the Ramasagara.[citation needed]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Palar river
- ↑ S, Shridhar (8 February 2026). "Why water woes dog Nandi Hills region though 5 rivers originate there". thefederal.com. Retrieved 29 March 2026.
- ↑ "Dam across the Palar is not feasible: State officials". Archived from the original on 29 March 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
- ↑ "Palar Anicut". Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- ↑ "1892 Agreement - pages 279 to 293" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ↑ TN against AP making dam on Palar river
- ↑ "Ponnala defends dam across Palar". The Hindu. 26 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ↑ Wet lands of India 2011
- ↑ "Map of Madras Presidency in 1909". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ↑ A documentary charts the plight of Palar
- ↑ Archives, K. G. F. (23 November 2021), English: Reservoir, retrieved 22 November 2021
- ↑ Padmaja, T. (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Abhinav Publications. p. 88. ISBN 9788170173984.
External links[edit | edit source]
- The Palar research program by French CNRS. This website describe geographic questions about Palar country.