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| {{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
| | #REDIRECT [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire]] |
| {{Distinguish|Mongol emperors}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
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| {{Infobox former monarchy
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| | border = imperial
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| | royal_title = [[Shahanshah]]
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| | realm = [[Hindustan]]
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| | coatofarms = {{box|type=transparent|[[File:Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire.svg|80px|Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire]]{{nbsp|3}}[[File:Captured flag of the Mughal Empire (1857).png|95px|Flag of the Mughal Empire in 1857]]}}
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| | coatofarmscaption = The Imperial Seal and the Mughal flag of 1857
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| | image = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|200px]]}}
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| | caption = Portrait of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]], the last Mughal emperor, who ruled from 28 September 1837 to 21 September 1857
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| | first_monarch = [[Babur]]
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| | last_monarch = [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]]
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| | style = [[Imperial Majesty (style)|His Imperial Majesty]]
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| | residence ={{plainlist|
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| *[[Agra Fort]] (1526–1639)
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| *[[Red Fort]] (1639–1857)}}
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| | appointer = [[Line of succession to the Mughal throne|Hereditary]]
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| | began = 20 April 1526
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| | ended = 21 September 1857
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| | pretender =
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| }}
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| The '''Mughal''' or '''Moghul emperor''' was the supreme [[head of state]] and ruler of the [[Mughal Empire]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly corresponding to the modern countries of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The Mughals began to rule parts of India from 1526, and by 1707 ruled most of the sub-continent. After that they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the 1850s. The Mughals were a branch of the [[Timurid dynasty]] of [[Turco-Mongol]] origin from [[Central Asia]]. Their founder [[Babur]], a Timurid prince from the [[Fergana Valley]] (modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]), was a direct descendant of [[Timur]] (generally known in western nations as Tamerlane) and also affiliated with [[Genghis Khan]] through Timur's marriage to a [[Genghisid]] princess.
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| Many of the later Mughal emperors had significant [[Rajput|Indian Rajput]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Rajput and Persian princesses.<ref>Jeroen Duindam (2015), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ''Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800'', page 105], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Malika|last=Mohammada|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|publisher=Akkar Books|date=January 1, 2007|pages=300|isbn=978-8-189-83318-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300}}</ref> [[Akbar]], for instance, was half-Persian (his mother was of Persian origin), [[Jahangir]] was half-Rajput and quarter-Persian, and [[Shah Jahan]] was three-quarters Rajput.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Mughals and their India|author=Dirk Collier|publisher=[[Hay House]]|year=2016|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|isbn=9789384544980}}</ref>
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| During the reign of [[Aurangzeb]], the empire, as the world's largest economy, worth over 25% of global GDP, controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from [[Chittagong]] in the east to [[Kabul]] and [[Baluchistan]] in the west, [[Kashmir]] in the north to the [[Kaveri River]] basin in the south.<ref>
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| {{cite book | | {{R from move}} |
| |last=Chandra | |
| |first=Satish
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| |title=Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals
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| | page=202
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| }} | | }} |
| </ref>
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| [[File:Mughal Genealogical Table.svg|thumb|right|Genealogy of the Mughal Dynasty. Only principal offspring of each emperor are provided in the chart.]]
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| Its population at the time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million (a quarter of the world's population), over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).<ref name="Richards1993">{{cite book|last=Richards|first=John F.|title=The Mughal Empire|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521251198|doi=10.2277/0521251192|editor1-first=Gordon|editor1-last=Johnson|editor1-link=Gordon Johnson (historian)|editor2-first=C. A.|editor2-last=Bayly|editor2-link=Christopher Alan Bayly|series=The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5|volume=I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries|location=Cambridge|pages=1, 190|date= January 1, 2016}}</ref> Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]], was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the [[British Raj]].<ref name=spear>{{Harvnb|Spear|1990|pp=147–148}}</ref>
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| ==Mughal Empire==
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| [[File: Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0874.3.jpg|thumb|left|Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from [[Babur]] to [[Aurangzeb]], with the Mughal ancestor [[Timur]] seated in the middle. On the left: [[Shah Jahan]], [[Akbar]] and Babur, with [[Abu Sa'id Mirza|Abu Sa'id of Samarkand]] and Timur's son, [[Miran Shah]]. On the right: [[Aurangzeb]], [[Jahangir]] and [[Humayun]], and two of Timur's other offspring [[Umar Shaikh Mirza I|Umar Shaykh]] and [[Muhammad Sultan Mirza|Muhammad Sultan]]. Created {{circa|1707–12}}]]
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| The Mughal empire was founded by [[Babur]], a Timurid prince and ruler from [[Central Asia]]. Babur was a direct descendant of the Timurid Emperor [[Tamerlane]] on his father's side, and the Mongol ruler [[Genghis Khan]] on his mother's side.<ref name="Berndl">{{Cite book
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| | last1 = Berndl
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| | first1 = Klaus
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| | year = 2005
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| | title = National Geographic Visual History of the World
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| | publisher = National Geographic Society
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| | pages = 318–320
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| | isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5
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| }}</ref> Ousted from his ancestral domains in Turkistan by Sheybani Khan, the 40-year-old Prince Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} He established himself in [[Kabul]] and then pushed steadily southward into India from [[Afghanistan]] through the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref name=" Berndl"/> Babur's forces occupied much of northern India after his victory at [[First Battle of Panipat|Panipat]] in 1526.<ref name="Berndl"/> The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India.<ref>Keay, 293–296</ref> The instability of the empire became evident under his son, [[Humayun]], who was driven into exile in Persia by rebels.<ref name=" Berndl"/> Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] and Mughal Courts and led to increasing West Asian cultural influence in the Mughal court.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The restoration of Mughal rule began after Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555, but he died from an accident shortly afterwards.<ref name="Berndl"/> Humayun's son, [[Akbar]], succeeded to the throne under a regent, [[Bairam Khan]], who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India.<ref>Keay, 309–311</ref>
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| Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the [[Godavari]] river.<ref>Keay, 311–319</ref> He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. He increased trade with European trading companies.<ref name=" Berndl"/> The Indian historian [[Abraham Eraly]] wrote that foreigners were often impressed by the fabulous wealth of the Mughal court, but the glittering court hid darker realities, namely that about a quarter of the empire's gross national product was owned by 655 families while the bulk of India's 120 million people lived in appalling poverty.<ref>Eraly, Abraham ''The Mughal Throne The Sage of India's Great Emperors'', London: Phonenix, 2004 p. 520.</ref> After suffering what appears to have been an epileptic seizure in 1578 while hunting tigers, which he regarded as a religious experience, Akbar grew disenchanted with Islam, and came to embrace a syncretistic mixture of Hinduism and Islam.<ref>Eraly, Abraham ''The Mughal Throne The Sage of India's Great Emperors'', London: Phonenix, 2004 p. 191.</ref> Akbar allowed freedom of religion at his court and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion, [[Din-i-Ilahi]], with strong characteristics of a ruler cult.<ref name=" Berndl"/> He left his son an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge.<ref name="Berndl"/>
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| Akbar's son, [[Jahangir]], "was addicted to [[opium]], neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court [[clique]]s.<ref name="Berndl" /> During the reign of Jahangir's son, [[Shah Jahan]], the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the [[Taj Mahal]]. The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in.<ref name=" Berndl" />
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| [[File: Emperor Shah Jahan, 1628.jpg|thumb|Shah Jahan, accompanied by his three sons: [[Dara Shikoh]], [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shuja]] and [[Aurangzeb]], and their maternal grandfather [[Abul-Hasan ibn Mirza Ghiyas Beg|Asaf Khan IV]]]]
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| Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal [[Dara Shikoh]], became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim religion and culture. With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, [[Aurangzeb]], seized the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed.<ref name=" Berndl"/> Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, there was a succession war for the throne between Dara and Aurangzeb. Finally, Aurangzeb succeeded the throne and kept Shah Jahan under house arrest.
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| During Aurangzeb's reign, the empire gained political strength once more, and it became the world's largest economy, over a quarter of the world GDP, but his establishment of [[Sharia]] caused huge controversies. Aurangzeb expanded the empire to include a huge part of South Asia. At its peak, the kingdom stretched to 3.2 million square kilometres, including parts of what are now India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The great Aurangzeb is everybody's least favourite Mughal – Audrey Truschke {{!}} Aeon Essays|url=https://aeon.co/essays/the-great-aurangzeb-is-everybodys-least-favourite-mughal|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Aeon|language=en}}</ref> After his death in 1707, "many parts of the empire were in open revolt".<ref name=" Berndl"/> Aurangzeb's attempts to reconquer his family's ancestral lands in Central Asia were not successful while his successful conquest of the Deccan region proved to be a Pyrrhic victory that cost the empire heavily in both blood and treasure.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30">D'souza, Rohan "Crisis before the Fall: Some Speculations on the Decline of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals" pp. 3–30 from ''Social Scientist'', Volume 30, Issue # 9/10, September–October 2002 p. 21.</ref> A further problem for Aurangzeb was the army had always been based upon the land-owning aristocracy of northern India who provided the cavalry for the campaigns, and the empire had nothing equivalent to the [[Janissaries|Janissary]] corps of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The long and costly conquest of the Deccan had badly diminished the "aura of success" that surrounded Aurangzeb, and from the late 17th century onwards, the aristocracy became increasingly unwilling to provide forces for the empire's wars as the prospect of being rewarded with land as a result of a successful war was seen as less and less likely.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/>
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| Furthermore, at the conclusion of the conquest of the Deccan, Aurangzeb had very selectively rewarded some of the noble families with confiscated land in the Deccan, leaving aristocrats unrewarded with confiscated land feeling strongly disgruntled and unwilling to participate in further campaigns.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> Aurangzeb's son, [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam]], repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. "However, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty sank into chaos and violent feuds. In the year 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne".<ref name=" Berndl"/>
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| [[File: Akbar Shah II and his four sons.jpg|thumb|left|Akbar Shah II and his four sons]]
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| During the reign of [[Muhammad Shah]], the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] hands. Mughal warfare had always been based upon heavy artillery for sieges, heavy cavalry for offensive operations and light cavalry for skirmishing and raids.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> To control a region, the Mughals had always sought to occupy a strategic fortress in some region, which would serve as a nodal point from which the Mughal army would emerge to take on any enemy that challenged the empire.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> This system was not only expensive but also made the army somewhat inflexible as the assumption was always the enemy would retreat into a fortress to be besieged or would engage in a set-piece decisive battle of annihilation on open ground.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The Hindu Marathas were expert horsemen who refused to engage in set-piece battles, but rather engaged in campaigns of guerrilla warfare upon the Mughal supply lines.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The Marathas were unable to take the Mughal fortresses via a storm or formal siege as they lacked the artillery, but by constantly intercepting supply columns, they were able to starve Mughal fortresses into submission.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/>
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| Successive Mughal commanders refused to adjust their tactics and develop an appropriate counter-insurgency strategy, which led to the Mughals losing more and more ground to the Maratha.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Indian campaign]] of [[Nader Shah]] of Persia culminated with the [[Sack of Delhi]] and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige, as well as capturing the imperial treasury, thus drastically accelerating its decline. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their own affairs and broke away to form independent kingdoms. The Mughal Emperor, however, continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Hindu, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.<ref>Keay, 361–363, 385–386</ref><ref name=" MSA2">{{Cite book
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| | last1 = Bose
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| | first1 = Sugata
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| | author-link1 = Sugata Bose
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| | last2 = Jalal
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| | first2 = Ayesha
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| | author-link2 = Ayesha Jalal
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| | year = 2004
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| | title = Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
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| | edition = 2nd
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| | publisher = Routledge
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| | page = 41
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| | isbn = 978-0-203-71253-5
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| }}</ref>
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| In the next decades, the [[Afghanistan|Afghans]], [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]], and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] battled against each other and the Mughals, revealing the fragmented state of the empire. The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline, but he ultimately had to seek the protection of outside powers. In 1784, the Marathas under [[Mahadji Scindia]] won acknowledgement as the protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until after the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. Thereafter, the [[British East India Company]] became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.<ref name="MSA2"/> After a crushed [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion]] which he nominally led in 1857–58, the last Mughal, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was deposed by the British, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire,<ref name=" Berndl"/> marking the start of the [[British Raj]].
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| ==List of Mughal Emperors==
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| {| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
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| ! style="width:8%;"| Portrait
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| ! style="width:12%;"| '''Titular Name'''
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| ! style="width:18%;"| Birth Name
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| ! style="width:9%;"| Birth
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| ! style="width:20%;"| Reign
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| ! style="width:13%;"| Death
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| ! style="width:20%;"| Notes
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Babur of India.jpg|80px]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Bābur''<br>{{Nastaliq|بابر}}'''
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur]]<br>{{Nastaliq|ظہیر الدین محمد}}
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| | style="text-align:center;"|14 February 1483 [[Andijan, Uzbekistan]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"| 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
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| | style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530 (aged 47) [[Agra, India]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|Founded the Empire
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Humayun of India.jpg|80px]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Humayun''<br>{{Nastaliq|ہمایوں}}'''
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Humayun|Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun]]<br>{{Nastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد ہمایوں}}
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| | style="text-align:center;"|6 March 1508 [[Kabul, Afghanistan]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540
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| 9 years 4 months 21 days
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| 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556
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| | style="text-align:center;"|27 January 1556 (aged 47) [[Delhi, India]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"| Humayun was overthrown in 1540 by [[Sher Shah Suri]] of the Afghan [[Suri dynasty]] but returned to the throne in 1555 after the death of [[Islam Shah Suri]] (Sher Shah Suri's son and successor).
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Emperor Akbar the Great.jpg|80px]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Akbar-i-Azam ''<br>{{Nastaliq|اکبر اعظم}}'''
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar]]<br>{{Nastaliq|جلال الدین محمد اکبر}}
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| | style="text-align:center;"|15 October 1542 [[Umerkot|Umerkot, Pakistan]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605
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| (49 years 9 months 0 days)
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| | style="text-align:center;"|27 October 1605 (aged 63) [[Agra, India]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar famously known as ''Akbar The Great. Under'' his reign, the Mughal Empire expanded substantially, gained much prestige, and stabilization. He is considered to be the most competent ruler of the Mughal Empire. He introduced various liberal policies and had conducted several inter-religion marriages for political advantage. His successor was born to his Rajput Queen consort [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]. Himself on his spiritual behest, he renounced Islam in later life and founded a religion named Din-I-Illahi. His mother [[Hamida Banu Begum]] was [[Persian people|Persian]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Begum, Gulbadan|title=The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama)|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|year=1902|pages=237–239|author-link=Gulbadan Begum}}</ref>
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Jahangir Chitrashala Press.jpg|80px]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Jahangir''<br>{{Nastaliq|جہانگیر}}'''
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim]]<br>{{Nastaliq| نور الدین محمد سلیم}}
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| | style="text-align:center;"|31 August 1569 [[Agra, India]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627
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| (21 years 11 months 23 days)
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| | style="text-align:center;"|28 October 1627 (aged 58) [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|He was the eldest surviving son of Akbar and his chief consort [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], a Rajput princess. He is regarded as an incapable ruler who was under the heavy influence of alcohol and opium. Despite being incompetent he is considered to be the justest ruler of the Mughal empire genuinely interested in the welfare of his subjects. Under his reign, the growing control of the Deccan regions led by Akbar began to recede.
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Shah Jahan I of India.jpg|80px]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah-Jahan''<br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ جہان}}'''
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram]]<br>{{Nastaliq|شہاب الدین محمد خرم}}
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| | style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1592 [[Lahore, Pakistan]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658
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| (30 years 8 months 25 days)
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| | style="text-align:center;"|22 January 1666 (aged 74) [[Agra, India]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|Under his reign, the [[Mughal Empire]] reached the peak of its cultural glory.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|date=1986|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-8120710153|page=59|language=en}}</ref> Shah Jahan is best remembered for his architectural achievements. His reign ushered in the golden age of [[Mughal architecture]]. Shah Jahan commissioned many monuments, the best known of which is the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], in which is entombed his favorite wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]].
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:The Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir.jpg|80px]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Aurangzeb''<br>{{Nastaliq|عالمگیر}}'''
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Aurangzeb|Muhy-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb]] <br>{{Nastaliq|محی الدین محمداورنگزیب }}
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| | style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1618 [[Gujarat, India]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
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| (48 years 7 months 0 days)
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| | style="text-align:center;"|3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
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| | style="text-align:center;"|His mother was Persian [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. He was married to [[Safavid Dynasty]] Princess [[Dilras Banu Begum]]. He established Islamic law throughout India. After his death, His younger Son [[Azam Shah]] became the King (for 3 months) .<ref>{{cite book|first=Malika|last=Mohammada|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|publisher=Aakar Books|date= 2007|page=300|isbn=978-8-189-83318-3}}</ref>
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:The Mughal prince Azam Shah (1653-1707).jpg|80px]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Muhammad Azam Shah''<br>{{Nastaliq|محمد اعظم شاہ}}'''
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhammad Azam Shah|Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam]]<br>{{Nastaliq|قطب الدين محمد اعظم}}
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| | style="text-align:center;"|28 June 1653 [[Burhanpur]], [[India]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707
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| | style="text-align:center;"|20 June 1707 (aged 53) [[Agra]], [[India]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|He was briefly [[Mughal emperor]], who reigned for 3 months. He was the eldest son of [[Aurangzeb]] and his chief consort [[Dilras Banu Begum]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=Emperors of the peacock throne: the saga of the great Mughals|year=2000|publisher=Penguin books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0141001432|edition=Rev.|pages=510–513}}</ref>
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg|80px]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Bahadur Shah ''<br>{{Nastaliq|بہادر شاہ}}'''
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah I|Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Mu'azzam Shah Alam]] <br>{{Nastaliq|قطب الدین محمد معزام }}
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| | style="text-align:center;"|14 October 1643 [[Burhanpur, India]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
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| (4 years, 253 days)
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| | style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712 (aged 68) [[Lahore, Pakistan]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"| He made settlements with the Marathas, tranquilized the Rajputs, and became friendly with the Sikhs in Punjab.
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Jahandar Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
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| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Jahandar Shah''<br>{{Nastaliq|جہاندار شاہ}}'''
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| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahandar Shah|Mu'izz-ud-Din Jahandar Shah Bahadur]] <br>{{Nastaliq|معز الدین جہاندار شاہ بہادر }}
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| | style="text-align:center;"|9 May 1661 Deccan, India
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| | style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713
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| (0 years, 350 days)
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| | style="text-align:center;"|12 February 1713 (aged 51) [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Highly influenced by his [[Grand Vizier]] Zulfikar Khan.
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Farrukhsiyar''<br>{{Nastaliq|فرخ سیر}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Farrukhsiyar]] <br>{{Nastaliq|فرخ سیر}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|20 August 1685 [[Aurangabad, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719
| |
| (6 years, 48 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|19 April 1719 (aged 33) [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Granted a [[firman (decree)|firman]] to the [[East India Company]] in 1717 granting them duty-free trading rights for [[Bengal]], strengthening their posts on the east coast. The firman or decree helped British East India Company to import goods into Bengal without paying customs duty to the government.
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Rafi ud-Darajat''<br>{{Nastaliq|رفیع الدرجات}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Rafi ud-Darajat]] <br>{{Nastaliq|رفیع الدرجات}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|1 December 1699
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|28 February – 6 June 1719
| |
| (0 years, 98 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719 (aged 19) [[Agra, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Rise of [[Syed Brothers]] as power brokers.
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Shah Jahan II of India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah Jahan II''<br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ جہان دوم}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan II|Rafi ud-Daulah]] <br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ جہاں دوم}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1696
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719
| |
| (0 years, 105 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|18 September 1719 (aged 23) [[Agra, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Succeeded [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] after being chosen by the [[Sayyid brothers]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Muhammad Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Muhammad Shah''<br>{{Nastaliq|محمد شاہ}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhammad Shah|Roshan Akhtar Bahadur]] <br>{{Nastaliq|روشن اختر بہادر}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|7 August 1702 [[Ghazni|Ghazni, Afghanistan]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
| |
| (28 years, 212 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|26 April 1748 (aged 45) [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Got rid of the [[Syed Brothers|Sayyid Brothers]]. Fought a long war with the Marathas, losing [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and [[Malwa]] in the process. Suffered the invasion of [[Nader Shah]] of Persia in 1739. He was the last emperor to possess effective control over the empire.
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Ahmad Shah Bahadur''<br>{{Nastaliq|احمد شاہ بہادر}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] <br>{{Nastaliq|احمد شاہ بہادر}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|23 December 1725 [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754
| |
| (6 years, 37 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center"|1 January 1775 (aged 49) [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Mughal forces defeated by the Marathas at the Battle of Sikandarabad.
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Alamgir II of India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Alamgir II''<br>{{Nastaliq|عالمگیر دوم}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Alamgir II|Aziz-ud-din]] <br>{{Nastaliq|عزیز اُلدین}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1699 [[Burhanpur, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759
| |
| (5 years, 180 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Domination of [[Vizier]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah Jahan III''<br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ جہان سوم}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan III|Muhi-ul-millat]] <br>{{Nastaliq|محی اُلملت}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|1711
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760
| |
| (282 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|1772 (aged 60–61)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Consolidation of power by the Nawab of Bengal-Bihar-Odisha.
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah Alam II''<br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Ali Gauhar]] <br>{{Nastaliq|علی گوہر}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788
| |
| (46 years, 330 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Defeat in the [[Battle of Buxar]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah Jahan IV''<br>{{Nastaliq|جہان شاه چہارم}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah]]<br>{{Nastaliq| بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جہان شاہ }}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|1749 [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788
| |
| (63 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|1790 (aged 40–41) [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Enthroned as a puppet Emperor by the [[Rohilla]] [[Ghulam Qadir|Ghulam Kadir]], following the temporary overthrow of [[Shah Alam II]].<ref>The Honorary Secretaries, ''Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 1871'', (1871) p. 97</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah Alam II''<br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Ali Gauhar]] <br>{{Nastaliq|علی گوہر}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806
| |
| (46 years, 330 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Second reign.
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Akbar Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Akbar Shah II''<br>{{Nastaliq|اکبر شاہ دوم}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar II|Mirza Akbar]] <br>{{Nastaliq|میرزا اکبر}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|22 April 1760 [[Mukundpur|Mukundpur, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
| |
| (30 years, 321 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 (aged 77) [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Titular figurehead under British protection.
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|'''''Bahadur Shah II''<br>{{Nastaliq|بہادر شاہ دوم}}'''
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah II|Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar]] <br>{{Nastaliq|ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد بہادر شاہ ظفر}}
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|24 October 1775 [[Delhi, India]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857
| |
| (19 years, 360 days)
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|7 November 1862 (aged 87) [[Rangoon, Myanmar]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|Last Mughal Emperor. Deposed by the British and was exiled to [[Myanmar|Burma]] after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion of 1857]].
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| <small>Note: The Mughal Emperors practiced [[polygamy]]. Besides their wives, they also had several concubines in their [[harem]], who produced children. This makes it difficult to identify all the offspring of each emperor.<ref>{{cite book | last = Dalrymple | first = William | title = The Last Mughal | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing Plc | location = London | year = 2006 | page = 44 | isbn = 978-1-4088-0092-8 }}</ref></small>{{quotation needed|date=September 2021}}
| |
|
| |
| ==Family tree of Mughal Emperors ==
| |
| {{Mughal family tree}}
| |
|
| |
| ==See also==
| |
| * [[Mughal (disambiguation)]]
| |
| * [[Timurid family tree]]
| |
| * [[Mughal Empire]]
| |
| * [[Mughal-Mongol genealogy]]
| |
|
| |
| == References ==
| |
| === Citations ===
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
|
| |
| === Sources ===
| |
| {{refbegin}}
| |
| * [[John Keay|Keay, John]], ''India, a History'', 2000, HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0002557177}}
| |
| * {{loc}} – [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India] [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Pakistan]
| |
| {{refend}}
| |
|
| |
| ==Further reading==
| |
| * {{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |date=1973 |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VII: The Mughal Empire |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|title-link=The History and Culture of the Indian People }}
| |
|
| |
| ==External links==
| |
| * [http://www.aurangzeb.info Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records]
| |
| * [http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/BrIndia.html British India]
| |
| * [https://www.examabs.com/2022/04/medieval-india-central-structure-of.html Mughal Period full details]
| |
|
| |
| {{Mughal Empire}}
| |
|
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal Emperors}}
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| [[Category:Mughal emperors| ]]
| |
| [[Category:Medieval India]]
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|
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| [[sv:Stormogul#Lista över indiska stormoguler]]
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