Mahameghavahana dynasty: Difference between revisions

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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name   = Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty<br />Mahāmēghabāhana
| conventional_long_name = Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty<br />Mahāmēghabāhana
| common_name             = Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty<br />Mahāmēghabāhana
| common_name           = Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty<br />Mahāmēghabāhana
| era                     = Classical India
| era                   = Classical India
| year_start               = 2nd or 1st century BC
| year_start             = 1st century BC
| year_end                 = 4th century CE
| year_end               = 4th century CE
| p1                       = Maurya Empire
| p1                     = Maurya Empire
| s1                       = Murunda dynasty
| flag_p1                = Maurya_Empire,_c.250_BCE_2.png
| s2                      = Gupta Empire
| p2                    = Satavahanas
| religion                 = [[Jainism]]
| flag_p2                = Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png
| government_type         = Monarchy
| s1                     = Kushan Empire
| leader1                 = Vriddharaja
| flag_s1                = Map of the Kushan Empire.png
| leader2                  = Kharavela
| s2                    = Murunda dynasty
| leader3                  = Kudepasiri
| s3                    = Gupta Empire
| demonym                 =  
| flag_s3                = Map_of_the_Gupta_Empire.png
| area_km2                 =  
| religion               = [[Jainism]]
| area_rank               =  
| government_type       = Monarchy
| title_leader          = [[Maharajadhiraj]] (Emperor)
|leader1               = Mahameghvahan
|year_leader1 = 1st c. BC-unkown
|leader                =  
| year_leader2 =  
| demonym               =  
| area_km2               =  
| area_rank             =
| image_map              = Map of the Maha-Meghavahanas.png
| image_map_alt          = Map of the Maha-Megavahanas.
| image_map_caption      = Map of the Maha-Meghavahanas, circa 20 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref>
| map_width              = 290
}}
}}
The '''Mahameghavahana dynasty''' ([[IAST]]:Mahā-Mēgha-Vāhana;, 1st century BC to early 4th century CE<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian dynasty of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] after the decline of the [[Maurya Empire]].<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the 1st c. B.C., a king of [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]], Mahameghavahana conquered [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> They belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chedi/Chandel]] clan of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref>


{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The dynasty was established Kalinga in the 1st century by a ruler Mahameghavahana from the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chedi/Chandel]] clan. 3rd one was [[Chakravartin]] Kharavela or Bhikshurajvarman, he drove out the Indo-Greek ruler [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] from [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=C.S.Natarajan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=H91LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT234&dq=Kharavela+defeated+Greek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwy-uvhLSBAxWZb94KHUBcAVk4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=Kharavela%20defeated%20Greek&f=false |title=National Words: A Solution to the National Language Problem of India |date=2018-02-13 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-948147-14-9 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Sanjeev |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0SD5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56&dq=Kharavela+defeated+Greek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwij1LuChLSBAxV8dPUHHSmQCrEQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Kharavela%20defeated%20Greek&f=false |title=Incredible History of the Indian Ocean |date=2020-09-14 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-962-0 |language=en}}</ref> He humiliated [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]] and conquered [[Pushyamitra Shunga]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Manmatha Nath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32999 |title=Glimpses Of Kalinga History |date=1949}}</ref> [[Satavahanas]], Musikas, Bhojakas, Rastrikas and Pandyas. His empire had extensive trade with Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Manmatha Nath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32999 |title=Glimpses Of Kalinga History |date=1949}}</ref> He patronised [[Jainism]], but did not discriminate against other religions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JuAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of the Early Ganga Monarchy and Jainism|author=Hampa Nagarajaiah|publisher=Ankita Pustaka|year=1999|isbn=978-81-87321-16-3|page=10|author-link=Hampa Nagarajaiah}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hNPAQAAIAAJ|title=History of Jainism|author=Kailash Chand Jain|publisher=D. K. Print World (P) Limited|year=2010|isbn=978-81-246-0547-9|page=437}}</ref> South Kosala was later conquered by [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] of the [[Satavahana dynasty]] in the early part of the 2nd century CE and remained in their possession up to the second half of the 2nd century CE. It was during the second and third century CE, the Meghas or Meghavahanas reappeared in the political scene and regained their suzerainty over South Kosala. [[Samudragupta]] during his [[Dakshinapatha|Daksinapatha]] expedition, defeated [[Mahendra of Dakshina Kosala|Mahendra of Kosala]] who probably belonged to the Megha dynasty. As a result, the South Kosala during the fourth century A.D, became a part of the Gupta empire.<ref name="Sahu"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K|website=shodhganga}}</ref>
The '''Mahameghavahana dynasty''' ({{IAST|Mahā-Mēgha-Vāhana}}, 2nd or 1st century BC to early 4th century CE<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient ruling dynasty of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] after the decline of the [[Maurya Empire]].<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the first century B.C., Mahameghavahana, a king of Chedirastra (or Cetarattha, i.e., kingdom of the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]]s)<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> conquered [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]]. During the reign of [[Kharavela]], the third king of Mahameghavahana dynasty, South Kosala became an integral part of the kingdom. He patronised [[Jainism]], but did not discriminate against other religions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JuAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of the Early Ganga Monarchy and Jainism|author=Hampa Nagarajaiah|publisher=Ankita Pustaka|year=1999|isbn=978-81-87321-16-3|page=10|author-link=Hampa Nagarajaiah}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hNPAQAAIAAJ|title=History of Jainism|author=Kailash Chand Jain|publisher=D. K. Print World (P) Limited|year=2010|isbn=978-81-246-0547-9|page=437}}</ref> He is known by his [[Hathigumpha inscription]].
 
South Kosala was later conquered by [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] of the [[Satavahana dynasty]] in the early part of the 2nd century CE and remained in their possession up to the second half of the 2nd century CE. It was during the second and third century CE, the Meghas or Meghavahanas reappeared in the political scene and regained their suzerainty over South Kosala. [[Samudragupta]] during his [[Dakshinapatha|daksinapatha]] expedition, defeated [[Mahendra of Dakshina Kosala|Mahendr of Kosala]] who probably belonged to the Megha dynasty. As a result, the South Kosala during the fourth century A.D, became a part of the Gupta empire.<ref name="Sahu"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K|website=shodhganga}}</ref>
 
The Sada dynasty who ruled form [[Amaravati]] region in their inscription from [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|Guntapalli]] describe themselves as Maharaja of Kalinga Mahisaka countries belonging to Mahameghavahana family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shimada|first=Akira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YweEJsuLNCUC&q=the+sadas&pg=PA43|title=Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great St?pa at Amar?vat? (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE)|date=9 November 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-23283-9|language=en}}</ref>


==List of rulers==
==List of rulers==

Revision as of 23:43, 20 September 2023


Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
Mahāmēghabāhana

1st century BC–4th century CE
Map of the Maha-Megavahanas.
Map of the Maha-Meghavahanas, circa 20 BCE.[1]
Religion
Jainism
GovernmentMonarchy
Maharajadhiraj (Emperor) 
• 1st c. BC-unkown
Mahameghvahan
Historical eraClassical India
• Established
1st century BC
• Disestablished
4th century CE
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Maurya Empire
Satavahanas
Kushan Empire
Murunda dynasty
Gupta Empire

The Mahameghavahana dynasty (IAST:Mahā-Mēgha-Vāhana;, 1st century BC to early 4th century CE[2][3]) was an ancient Indian dynasty of Kalinga after the decline of the Maurya Empire.[4] In the 1st c. B.C., a king of Chedi, Mahameghavahana conquered Kalinga and Kosala.[5] They belonged to the Chedi/Chandel clan of the Chandravansh.[6][7][8] [9][10][11][12][13]

The dynasty was established Kalinga in the 1st century by a ruler Mahameghavahana from the Chedi/Chandel clan. 3rd one was Chakravartin Kharavela or Bhikshurajvarman, he drove out the Indo-Greek ruler Demetrius I from India.[14][15] He humiliated Mauryans and conquered Pushyamitra Shunga,[16] Satavahanas, Musikas, Bhojakas, Rastrikas and Pandyas. His empire had extensive trade with Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia.[17] He patronised Jainism, but did not discriminate against other religions.[18][19] South Kosala was later conquered by Gautamiputra Satakarni of the Satavahana dynasty in the early part of the 2nd century CE and remained in their possession up to the second half of the 2nd century CE. It was during the second and third century CE, the Meghas or Meghavahanas reappeared in the political scene and regained their suzerainty over South Kosala. Samudragupta during his Daksinapatha expedition, defeated Mahendra of Kosala who probably belonged to the Megha dynasty. As a result, the South Kosala during the fourth century A.D, became a part of the Gupta empire.[2][20]

List of rulers

The Hathigumpha inscription describes the following Rulers.[21] It does not directly mention the relationship between Mahameghavahana and Kharavela, or the number of kings between them.[22] Indraji interpreted the inscription to create the following hypothetical family tree:[21]

Architecture

Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves is the most prominent example of Mahameghavahana dynasty work. These caves were built in 2nd century BCE during the rule of King Kharavela. Udayagiri means "Sunrise Hill" and has 18 caves while Khandagiri (means "Broken Hill") has 15 caves. The Hathigumpha cave ("Elephant Cave") has the Hathigumpha inscription, written by Raja Kharavela, the king of Kalinga in India, during the 2nd century BCE. The Hathigumpha inscription consists of seventeen lines incised in deep cut Brahmi letters starting with Jain Namokar Mantra. In Udayagiri, Hathigumpha (cave 14) and Ganeshagumpha (cave 10) are especially well known due to art treasures of their sculptures and reliefs as well as due to their historical importance. Rani ka Naur (Queen's Palace cave, cave 1) is also an extensively carved cave and elaborately embellished with sculptural friezes. Khandagiri offers a fine view back over Bhubaneswar from its summit. The Ananta cave (cave 3) depicts carved figures of women, elephants, athletes, and geese carrying flowers.

  • Udayagiri

    Udayagiri

  • Ganesha Gumpha (cave no-10), Udayagiri

    Ganesha Gumpha (cave no-10), Udayagiri

  • Hathi Gumpha (cave no-14), Udayagiri

    Hathi Gumpha (cave no-14), Udayagiri

  • Carving of Tirthankaras & Goddesses inside Navamuni Gumpha

    Carving of Tirthankaras & Goddesses inside Navamuni Gumpha

  • Udaygiri Stone Caves

    Udaygiri Stone Caves

  • Carving of Jain Tirthanakars

    Carving of Jain Tirthanakars

  • Sarpa Gumpha (cave no-13), Udayagiri

    Sarpa Gumpha (cave no-13), Udayagiri

References

  1. ↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (f). ISBN 0226742210.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sahu, J. K. (1977). "The Meghas of Kosala". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 38: 49–54. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44139050.
  3. ↑ Sahu, J.K. (1977). "The Meghas of Kosala" (PDF). shodhganga.
  4. ↑ For a map of their territory see: Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (f). ISBN 0226742210.
  5. ↑ L Bhagawandas Gandhi (1927). Tribes in Ancient India.
  6. ↑ Taṇḍana, Premanārāyaṇa (1962). ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta (in हिन्दी). Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya.
  7. ↑ Dikshit, R. K. (1976). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-046-4.
  8. ↑ Verma, Dr Shyam Bahadur (1 January 2010). Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) (in हिन्दी). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7315-769-1.
  9. ↑ Kapoor, Badrinath (1 September 2006). Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh (in हिन्दी). Lokbharti Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-8031-057-7.
  10. ↑ Thakur ‘Bipin’, Dr Bindeshwari Prasad. BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK (in हिन्दी). Sarv Bhasha Trust. ISBN 978-93-93605-21-4.
  11. ↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1951). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  12. ↑ Society, Bihar and Orissa Research (1917). Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society. The Society.
  13. ↑ Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society. Andhra Historical Research Society. 1946.
  14. ↑ C.S.Natarajan (13 February 2018). National Words: A Solution to the National Language Problem of India (in हिन्दी). Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-948147-14-9.
  15. ↑ Sanyal, Sanjeev (14 September 2020). Incredible History of the Indian Ocean. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5305-962-0.
  16. ↑ Das, Manmatha Nath (1949). Glimpses Of Kalinga History.
  17. ↑ Das, Manmatha Nath (1949). Glimpses Of Kalinga History.
  18. ↑ Hampa Nagarajaiah (1999). A History of the Early Ganga Monarchy and Jainism. Ankita Pustaka. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-87321-16-3.
  19. ↑ Kailash Chand Jain (2010). History of Jainism. D. K. Print World (P) Limited. p. 437. ISBN 978-81-246-0547-9.
  20. ↑ Sahu, J.K. "The Meghas of Kosala" (PDF). shodhganga.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Bhagwanlal Indraji (1885). "The Hâtigumphâ and three other inscriptions in the Udayagiri caves near Cuttack". Proceedings of the Leyden International Oriental Congress for 1883. pp. 144–180.
  22. ↑ Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.

External links

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