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{{short description|Leader | {{short description|Leader of the Indian Rebellion in 1857}} | ||
{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}} | {{more citations needed|date=October 2012}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} | ||
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{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name = Tatya Tope | | name = Tatya Tope | ||
| birth_name = Ramchandra Panduranga | | birth_name = Ramchandra Panduranga Yawalkar | ||
| birth_date = | | birth_date = 6 January 1814 | ||
| birth_place = [[Yeola]], [[Maratha | | birth_place = [[Yeola]], [[Maratha Confederacy]]<br/>(in-present [[Nashik district]], [[Maharashtra]], India) | ||
| death_date = 18 April 1859 (aged 45) | | death_date = 18 April 1859<br />(aged 45) | ||
| death_place = [[Shivpuri]], [[British | | death_place = [[Shivpuri]], [[Malwa]], [[British Raj]] {{small|(present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)}} | ||
| death_cause = Execution By Hanging | |||
| alma_mater = | | alma_mater = | ||
| image = | | image = Tantiatope.jpg | ||
| caption = | | caption = Tantya Tope after his capture in 1859 | ||
| other_names = Ramachandra Panduranga Yawalkar | | other_names = Ramachandra Panduranga Yawalkar | ||
| movement = [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] | | movement = [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] | ||
| monuments = Tatya Tope Memorial | | monuments = Tatya Tope Memorial | ||
| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tantia Tope''' also spelled | '''Tantia Tope''' (also spelled '''Tatya Tope''',{{efn|Some sources also spell the name as Tantia Tope or Tantia Topi<ref name=bri>{{Britannica|582772|Tantia Tope}}</ref>}} {{small|Marathi pronunciation}}: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[t̪aːt̪ʲa ʈoːpe]]]; 6 January 1814 – 18 April 1859) was a general in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and one of its notable leaders. Despite lacking formal military training, Tantia Tope is widely considered as one of the best and most effective courageous generals in the Indian struggle for independence.<ref name=bri/> | ||
Born as Ramachandra Panduranga Yawalkar to a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Deshastha Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8XPyBqxwX8C&q=deshastha+peshwa&pg=PP13|title=Pillars of modern India, 1757-1947|last=Mahmud|first=Syed Jafar|date=1994|publisher=Ashish Pub. House|isbn=9788170245865|location=New Delhi|pages=14–15}}</ref> family, in [[Yeola]], (near Nasik). Tantia took on the title ''Tope'', meaning commanding officer. His first name Tantia means General. A personal adherent of [[Nana Sahib|Nana Saheb]] of [[Bithur]], he progressed with the [[Gwalior]] contingent after the British reoccupied [[Kanpur]] (then known as Cawnpore) and forced [[Charles Ash Windham|General Windham]] to retreat from the city. Later on, Tantia Tope came to the relief of [[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi]] and with her seized the city of [[Gwalior]]. However, he was defeated by [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|General Napier]]'s British Indian troops at Ranod and after a further defeat at [[Sikar]], he abandoned the campaign.<ref>Edwardes, Michael (1975) ''Red Year''. London: Sphere Books; pp. 132-34</ref> | Born as Ramachandra Panduranga Yawalkar to a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Deshastha Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8XPyBqxwX8C&q=deshastha+peshwa&pg=PP13|title=Pillars of modern India, 1757-1947|last=Mahmud|first=Syed Jafar|date=1994|publisher=Ashish Pub. House|isbn=9788170245865|location=New Delhi|pages=14–15}}</ref> family, in [[Yeola]], (near Nasik). Tantia took on the title ''Tope'', meaning commanding officer. His first name Tantia means General. A personal adherent of [[Nana Sahib|Nana Saheb]] of [[Bithur]], he progressed with the [[Gwalior]] contingent after the British reoccupied [[Kanpur]] (then known as Cawnpore) and forced [[Charles Ash Windham|General Windham]] to retreat from the city. Later on, Tantia Tope came to the relief of [[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi]] and with her seized the city of [[Gwalior]]. However, he was defeated by [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|General Napier]]'s British Indian troops at Ranod and after a further defeat at [[Sikar]], he abandoned the campaign.<ref>Edwardes, Michael (1975) ''Red Year''. London: Sphere Books; pp. 132-34</ref> | ||
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According to an official statement, Tantia Tope's father was Pandiaranga, an inhabitant of Jola Pargannah, Patoda Zilla Nagar, in present-day [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Paul|2011|p=53}} Tope was a Maraṭha Vashista Brahman by birth.{{sfn|Paul|2011|p=53}} In a government letter, he was said to be the minister of Baroda, while he was held identical to Nana Saheb in another communication.{{sfn|Paul|2011|p=53}} A witness at his trial described Tantia Tope as "a man of middling stature, with a wheat complexion and always wearing a white chukri-dar turban". | According to an official statement, Tantia Tope's father was Pandiaranga, an inhabitant of Jola Pargannah, Patoda Zilla Nagar, in present-day [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Paul|2011|p=53}} Tope was a Maraṭha Vashista Brahman by birth.{{sfn|Paul|2011|p=53}} In a government letter, he was said to be the minister of Baroda, while he was held identical to Nana Saheb in another communication.{{sfn|Paul|2011|p=53}} A witness at his trial described Tantia Tope as "a man of middling stature, with a wheat complexion and always wearing a white chukri-dar turban". | ||
Tope was executed by the British Government at [[Shivpuri]] on 18 April 1859. | |||
==Initial engagement at the Indian rebellion of 1857== | ==Initial engagement at the Indian rebellion of 1857== | ||
After the rebellion in [[Cawnpore]] ([[Kanpur]]) broke out on 5 June 1857, Nana Saheb became the leader of the rebels. | After the rebellion in [[Cawnpore]] ([[Kanpur]]) broke out on 5 June 1857, Nana Saheb became the leader of the rebels. | ||
When the British forces at Cawnpore surrendered on 25 June 1857, Nana was declared Peshwa in late June.{{sfn|Paul|2011|p=54}} | When the British forces at Cawnpore surrendered on 25 June 1857, Nana was declared Peshwa in late June.{{sfn|Paul|2011|p=54}} After a defeat, Nana's troops had to withdraw to Bithur, after which Havelock crossed the Ganges and retreated to Awadh.{{sfn|Paul|2011|p=54}} Tantia Tope began to act in Nana Saheb's name from Bithur. | ||
Tantia Tope was one of the leaders of the [[Bibighar massacre|massacre of Cawnpore]], which occurred on 27 June 1857. Afterwards, Tope held a good defensive position until he was driven out by the British force | Tantia Tope was one of the leaders of the [[Bibighar massacre|massacre of Cawnpore]], which occurred on 27 June 1857. Afterwards, Tope held a good defensive position until he was driven out by the British force on 16 July 1857. Afterward, he defeated General Cyrill in the [[Second Battle of Cawnpore]], which started on 19 November 1857 and continued for seventeen days. Tope and his army were defeated when the British counterattacked under [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Tantia Topi|volume=26|pages=401–402}}</ref> Tope and other rebels fled the scene and had to take shelter with the Rani of Jhansi, while aiding her as well. | ||
==Clash with Colonel Holmes== | ==Clash with Colonel Holmes== | ||
Later on Tantia and Rao Saheb, after assisting Jhansi during the British assault successfully helped [[Rani Lakshmibai]] escape the attack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tantia Tope and Rani Laxmi Bai |url=https://www.newstrend.news/339697/tatya-tope-ka-jeevan-parichay/ |website=newstrend.news |publisher=Newstrend |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> Together with [[Rani Lakshmibai]], they took control of Gwalior Fort declaring Hindavi Swaraj (Free Kingdom) under the name of Nana Saheb Peshwa from [[Gwalior]]. After losing [[Gwalior]] to the British, Tope and Rao Saheb, nephew of Nana Saheb, fled to the [[Rajputana]]. He was able to induce the army of [[Tonk district|Tonk]] to join him. | Later on Tantia and Rao Saheb, after assisting Jhansi during the British assault successfully helped [[Rani Lakshmibai]] escape the attack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tantia Tope and Rani Laxmi Bai |url=https://www.newstrend.news/339697/tatya-tope-ka-jeevan-parichay/ |website=newstrend.news |date=11 April 2020 |publisher=Newstrend |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> Together with [[Rani Lakshmibai]], they took control of Gwalior Fort declaring Hindavi Swaraj (Free Kingdom) under the name of Nana Saheb Peshwa from [[Gwalior]]. After losing [[Gwalior]] to the British, Tope and Rao Saheb, nephew of Nana Saheb, fled to the [[Rajputana]]. He was able to induce the army of [[Tonk district|Tonk]] to join him. | ||
Tope was unable to enter the town of [[Bundi]] though, and while announcing he would go south, he headed west in reality and towards Nimach. A British flying column commanded by Colonel Holmes was in pursuit of him, while the British commander in Rajputana, General Abraham Robert was able to attack the rebel force when they had reached a position between [[Sanganer]] and [[Bhilwara]]. Tope again fled from the field towards [[Udaipur]] and, after visiting a Hindu shrine on 13 August, he drew up his forces on the [[Banas River]]. They were defeated again by Roberts's forces and Tope fled again. He crossed the [[Chambal River]] and reached the town of [[Jhalrapatan]] in the state of [[Jhalawar]]. | Tope was unable to enter the town of [[Bundi]] though, and while announcing he would go south, he headed west in reality and towards Nimach. A British flying column commanded by Colonel Holmes was in pursuit of him, while the British commander in Rajputana, General Abraham Robert was able to attack the rebel force when they had reached a position between [[Sanganer]] and [[Bhilwara]]. Tope again fled from the field towards [[Udaipur]] and, after visiting a Hindu shrine on 13 August, he drew up his forces on the [[Banas River]]. They were defeated again by Roberts's forces and Tope fled again. He crossed the [[Chambal River]] and reached the town of [[Jhalrapatan]] in the state of [[Jhalawar]]. | ||
==Continued resistance== | ==Continued resistance== | ||
[[File:Tantia-Topi-April-1859.jpg|thumb|Pencil sketch of Tatya Tope made at Sipri in April 1859, just before his execution]] | |||
Even after the Revolt of 1857 was put down by the British, Tantia Tope continued resistance as a guerrilla fighter in the jungles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/vmh_kol-R3208-15251|title=Jacket and a Lock of Tata Tope's Hair|website=Museums of India}}</ref> He induced the state forces to rebel against the Raja and was able to replace the artillery he had lost at the Banas River. Tope then took his forces towards [[Indore]], but was pursued by the British, now commanded by General [[John Michel]] as he fled towards [[Sironj]]. | Even after the Revolt of 1857 was put down by the British, Tantia Tope continued resistance as a guerrilla fighter in the jungles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/vmh_kol-R3208-15251|title=Jacket and a Lock of Tata Tope's Hair|website=Museums of India}}</ref> He induced the state forces to rebel against the Raja and was able to replace the artillery he had lost at the Banas River. Tope then took his forces towards [[Indore]], but was pursued by the British, now commanded by General [[John Michel]] as he fled towards [[Sironj]]. | ||
Tope, accompanied by Rao Saheb, decided to divide their combined forces so that he could make his way to [[Chanderi]] with a bigger force, and Rao Saheb, on the other hand, with a smaller force to [[Jhansi]]. However, they combined again in October and suffered yet another defeat at [[Chota Udaipur|Chhota Udaipur]]. | Tope, accompanied by Rao Saheb, decided to divide their combined forces so that he could make his way to [[Chanderi]] with a bigger force, and Rao Saheb, on the other hand, with a smaller force to [[Jhansi]]. However, they combined again in October and suffered yet another defeat at [[Chota Udaipur|Chhota Udaipur]]. | ||
By January 1859, they arrived to the state of [[Jaipur]] and experienced two more defeats | By January 1859, they arrived to the state of [[Jaipur]] and experienced two more defeats. At this point, he met Man Singh, [[Raja]] of [[Narwar]], and his household and decided to stay with at his court. Man Singh was in dispute with the Maharaja of Gwalior while the British were successful in negotiating with him to hand Tope to them in return for his life and protection of his family from any reprisals by the Maharaja. After this event, Tope was handed to the British and left to face his fate.<ref>Edwardes, Michael (1975) ''Red Year''. London: Sphere Books; pp. 129-35</ref> | ||
==Execution== | ==Execution== | ||
Tantia Tope admitted the charges brought before him, but noted that he might be held accountable only before his master, the [[Peshwa]]. He was executed | Tantia Tope admitted the charges brought before him, but noted that he might be held accountable only before his master, the [[Peshwa]]. He was executed on 18 April 1859 in Shivpuri.<ref name=bri/> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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[[Category:1814 births]] | [[Category:1814 births]] | ||
[[Category:1859 deaths]] | [[Category:1859 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Executed Indian people]] | [[Category:Executed Indian people]] | ||
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]] | [[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]] | ||