Rao Farman Ali: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Pakistani general}}
{{short description|Pakistani general}}
{{weasel|date=October 2022}}
{{weasel|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Rao Farman Ali
| name                = Rao Farman Ali
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[[Major General]] '''Rao Farman Ali''' {{small|{{small|[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|SQA]]&ensp;[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|SK]]}}}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|راؤ فرمان علی}}}} ; January 1, 1922 – 20 January 2004) was a [[Major general|Major General]] in [[Pakistan Army]],  and [[Pakistani politicians|political figure]] who is widely considered  a key architect of the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]] the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="The Daily Star">{{cite news|last1=Mahfuz|first1=Asif|title=Rao Farman Ali's master plan|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/rao-farman-alis-master-plan-55161|newspaper=The Daily Star (newspaper)|access-date=22 May 2021|date=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Somoy Prokashan">{{cite book|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Muntassir Mamoon ; translated from Bengali by Kushal|title=The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh|date=2000|publisher=Somoy Prokashan|location=Dhaka|isbn=9789844582101|pages=70–71}}</ref><ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book|last1=Tripathi|first1=Salil|title=The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy|date=January 2016 |publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300218183|pages=186–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&q=Rao+Farman+Ali+intellectuals&pg=PA186|language=en}}</ref>
[[Major General]] '''Rao Farman Ali''' {{small|{{small|[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|SQA]]&ensp;[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|SK]]}}}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|راؤ فرمان علی}}}} ; January 1, 1922 – 20 January 2004) was a [[Major general|Major General]] in [[Pakistan Army]],  and [[Pakistani politicians|political figure]] who is widely considered  a key architect of the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]] the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="The Daily Star">{{cite news|last1=Mahfuz|first1=Asif|title=Rao Farman Ali's master plan|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/rao-farman-alis-master-plan-55161|newspaper=The Daily Star (newspaper)|access-date=22 May 2021|date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Somoy Prokashan">{{cite book|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Muntassir Mamoon ; translated from Bengali by Kushal|title=The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh|date=2000|publisher=Somoy Prokashan|location=Dhaka|isbn=9789844582101|pages=70–71}}</ref><ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book|last1=Tripathi|first1=Salil|title=The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy|date=January 2016 |publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300218183|pages=186–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&q=Rao+Farman+Ali+intellectuals&pg=PA186|language=en}}</ref>


Commissioned in September, 1943 as a [[forward observer]] in [[Pakistan Army Regiment of Artillery|Regiment of Artillery]], he served as [[military adviser]] to the [[Pakistan army]], and oversaw the deployment of [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|military police]] aided with [[Razakars (Pakistan)|local militias (razarkars)]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="Columbia University Press">{{cite book|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|title=Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947|date=April 2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231507400|pages=59–60|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn_QVYLy6ocC&q=Rao+Farman+Ali+brigade&pg=PA60|language=en}}</ref> He testified his [[Moral responsibility|responsibilities]] in the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] in 1972 but denied allegations of [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|genocide]] committed in Bangladesh in spite of the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] which proved the involvement of misconducts and genocide of Pakistani military personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pppusa.org/Acrobat/Hamoodur%20Rahman%20Commission%20Report.pdf |title=Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304011310/http://www.pppusa.org/Acrobat/Hamoodur%20Rahman%20Commission%20Report.pdf |date=7 January 2009|archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>
Commissioned in September, 1943 as a [[forward observer]] in [[Pakistan Army Regiment of Artillery|Regiment of Artillery]], he served as [[military adviser]] to the [[Pakistan army]], and oversaw the deployment of [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|military police]] aided with [[Razakars (Pakistan)|local militias (razarkars)]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="Columbia University Press">{{cite book|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|title=Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947|date=April 2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231507400|pages=59–60|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn_QVYLy6ocC&q=Rao+Farman+Ali+brigade&pg=PA60|language=en}}</ref> He testified his [[Moral responsibility|responsibilities]] in the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] in 1972 but denied allegations of [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|genocide]] committed in Bangladesh in spite of the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] which proved the involvement of misconducts and genocide of Pakistani military personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pppusa.org/Acrobat/Hamoodur%20Rahman%20Commission%20Report.pdf |title=Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304011310/http://www.pppusa.org/Acrobat/Hamoodur%20Rahman%20Commission%20Report.pdf |date=7 January 2009|archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>
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Rao Farman Ali was born into a [[Haryanvi people|Haryanvi]] family in [[Rohtak]], [[East Punjab]], then under the [[British Raj|British Colonial rule]] in 1923.<ref name="sites.google.com">{{cite web|title=Rao Farman Ali - Pakistan Who's Who|url=https://sites.google.com/site/pakistanwhoswho/search-by-name/r/rao-farman-ali|website=sites.google.com|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> His [[date of birth]] is read as 1 January 1923, according to the official [[headstone]] written in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] in his grave which is located in the [[Westridge, Rawalpindi|Westridge cemetery]] in [[Rawalpindi]]. Very little is known about his early life in the literature based on [[Pakistani military]], and not much is published about his educational background.
Rao Farman Ali was born into a [[Haryanvi people|Haryanvi]] family in [[Rohtak]], [[East Punjab]], then under the [[British Raj|British Colonial rule]] in 1923.<ref name="sites.google.com">{{cite web|title=Rao Farman Ali - Pakistan Who's Who|url=https://sites.google.com/site/pakistanwhoswho/search-by-name/r/rao-farman-ali|website=sites.google.com|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> His [[date of birth]] is read as 1 January 1923, according to the official [[headstone]] written in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] in his grave which is located in the [[Westridge, Rawalpindi|Westridge cemetery]] in [[Rawalpindi]]. Very little is known about his early life in the literature based on [[Pakistani military]], and not much is published about his educational background.


He gained his [[Commissioned officer|commission]] as a [[Second lieutenant (United Kingdom)|second lieutenant]] in the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[British Indian Army]] and participated in [[World War II]] in 1943.<ref name="Partridge Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|date=December 2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482816266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLxnAgAAQBAJ&q=Rao+Farman+Ali+1942&pg=PA759|language=en}}</ref> At the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] in 1947, he opted for the [[Pakistan Army]] and joined the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|Military Police]].<ref name="sites.google.com" /> His military career saw his repeated deployment in [[East Pakistan]] as a political adviser and later ascended as [[military adviser]] to [[East Pakistan Rifles|East Pakistan Army]].<ref name="sites.google.com" /> In the 1960s, Farman was posted at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]]. He served there in the Directorate of [[Military operations|Military Operations]] and as the Director, Military Training.{{clarify|date=August 2022}}<ref name="Dawn Newspapers">{{cite news |title=Rao Farman Ali passes away|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/348686/rao-farman-ali-passes-away|access-date=22 May 2021 |newspaper=Dawn Newspapers|date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
He gained his [[Commissioned officer|commission]] as a [[Second lieutenant (United Kingdom)|second lieutenant]] in the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[British Indian Army]] and participated in [[World War II]] in 1943.<ref name="Partridge Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|date=December 2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482816266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLxnAgAAQBAJ&q=Rao+Farman+Ali+1942&pg=PA759|language=en}}</ref> At the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] in 1947, he opted for the [[Pakistan Army]] and joined the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|Military Police]].<ref name="sites.google.com" /> His military career saw his repeated deployment in [[East Pakistan]] as a political adviser and later ascended as [[military adviser]] to [[East Pakistan Rifles|East Pakistan Army]].<ref name="sites.google.com" /> In the 1960s, Farman was posted at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]]. He served there in the Directorate of [[Military operations|Military Operations]] and as the Director, Military Training.{{clarify|date=August 2020}}<ref name="Dawn Newspapers">{{cite news |title=Rao Farman Ali passes away|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/348686/rao-farman-ali-passes-away|access-date=22 May 2021 |newspaper=Dawn Newspapers|date=21 January 2004}}</ref>


It is not known if Rao took participation in [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war]] with [[India]] in 1965, since he was stationed in [[Eastern Pakistan|East]].<ref name="অরূপকথা">{{cite web|last1=(arup)|first1=অরূপ|title=অরূপকথা: Interview of Major General Rao Farman Ali AKA "The Butcher of Bengal"|url=http://etongbtong.blogspot.com/2010/03/interview-of-major-general-rao-farman.html|website=অরূপকথা|publisher=অরূপকথা|date=13 March 2022}}</ref> In 1967, he was again stationed in East as an [[officer commanding]] of the [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|14th Battalion]]; he was posted again and sent back to [[West Pakistan|West]].<ref name="অরূপকথা"/> In 1969, [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] handed over the [[Pakistani presidency|presidency]] to his [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]] General [[Yahya Khan]] who posted Ali upon the request of Major-General Muzaffaruddin– the [[martial law administrator]] of [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="অরূপকথা"/>
It is not known if Rao took participation in [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war]] with [[India]] in 1965, since he was stationed in [[Eastern Pakistan|East]].<ref name="অরূপকথা">{{cite web|last1=(arup)|first1=অরূপ|title=অরূপকথা: Interview of Major General Rao Farman Ali AKA "The Butcher of Bengal"|url=http://etongbtong.blogspot.com/2010/03/interview-of-major-general-rao-farman.html|website=অরূপকথা|publisher=অরূপকথা|date=13 March 2010}}</ref> In 1967, he was again stationed in East as an [[officer commanding]] of the [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|14th Battalion]]; he was posted again and sent back to [[West Pakistan|West]].<ref name="অরূপকথা"/> In 1969, [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] handed over the [[Pakistani presidency|presidency]] to his [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]] General [[Yahya Khan]] who posted Ali upon the request of Major-General Muzaffaruddin– the [[martial law administrator]] of [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="অরূপকথা"/>


The posting came at the behest of the [[East Pakistani]] government requesting him due to his experiences in East.<ref name="অরূপকথা"/> He was the [[military adviser]] to the [[East Pakistan Rifles|East Pakistan Army]] and elevated as the [[Defence Secretary]] of the East Pakistani government, serving from 1969–71.<ref name="Xlibris Corporation">{{cite book|last1=Foundation|first1=Bhashani|title=Searching for Bhasani Citizen of the World: The Life and Times of (Earnest) Mozlum Leader Maulana Bhasani|date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=9781453573136|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMctBgAAQBAJ&q=rao+farman+ali++east+pakistan&pg=PA197|access-date=30 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2022}} He enjoyed full support of [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Yahya Khan]] serving under several governors and oversaw various civil affairs in the government.757-759<ref name="Partridge Publishing"/> He helped raise the paramilitary units such as the [[Razakars (Pakistan)|''Volunteers'']] ([[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakar]]s), [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Peace Committee]], [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al Badr]], and [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al Shams]] to aid the genocide of the [[Pakistan army]].{{rp|758–759}}<ref name="Partridge Publishing"/>
The posting came at the behest of the [[East Pakistani]] government requesting him due to his experiences in East.<ref name="অরূপকথা"/> He was the [[military adviser]] to the [[East Pakistan Rifles|East Pakistan Army]] and elevated as the [[Defence Secretary]] of the East Pakistani government, serving from 1969–71.<ref name="Xlibris Corporation">{{cite book|last1=Foundation|first1=Bhashani|title=Searching for Bhasani Citizen of the World: The Life and Times of (Earnest) Mozlum Leader Maulana Bhasani|date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=9781453573136|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMctBgAAQBAJ&q=rao+farman+ali++east+pakistan&pg=PA197|access-date=30 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} He enjoyed full support of [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Yahya Khan]] serving under several governors and oversaw various civil affairs in the government.757-759<ref name="Partridge Publishing"/> He helped raise the paramilitary units such as the [[Razakars (Pakistan)|''Volunteers'']] ([[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakar]]s), [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Peace Committee]], [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al Badr]], and [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al Shams]] to aid the genocide of the [[Pakistan army]].{{rp|758–759}}<ref name="Partridge Publishing"/>


In 1971, when the talks with [[Awami League]] failed, Ali along with [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Tikka Khan]] launched the [[Operation Searchlight|military crackdown]] on the people of erstwhile East Pakistan under direction of President Yahya Khan.<ref name="Columbia University Press"/> Ali is held responsible for [[1971 East Pakistan genocide|widespread genocide]] and [[1971 East Pakistan Intellectuals massacre|massacre]] took place in [[Dhaka University]].<ref name="Bangla Desh source">{{cite web|title=Major General Rao Farman Ali Khan|url=http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/major-general-rao-farman-ali-khan/|website=www.genocidebangladesh.org/major-general-rao-farman-ali-khan/|publisher=Bangla Desh source|access-date=23 May 2021|date=18 September 2022}}</ref> Hamoodur Rahman Commission though heavily criticized other senior military staff of Pakistan Army in East Pakistan at the time including confirmation of mass atrocities, cleared Ali citing the fact that he was not involved in any direct Military Operation due to the nature of his post which was mostly Administrative.<ref>[https://img.dunyanews.tv/images/docss/hamoodur_rahman_commission_report.pdf Hamood ur Rehman Commission Report on Dunya TV News website] Retrieved 22 May 2021</ref>
In 1971, when the talks with [[Awami League]] failed, Ali along with [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Tikka Khan]] launched the [[Operation Searchlight|military crackdown]] on the people of erstwhile East Pakistan under direction of President Yahya Khan.<ref name="Columbia University Press"/> Ali is held responsible for [[1971 East Pakistan genocide|widespread genocide]] and [[1971 East Pakistan Intellectuals massacre|massacre]] took place in [[Dhaka University]].<ref name="Bangla Desh source">{{cite web|title=Major General Rao Farman Ali Khan|url=http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/major-general-rao-farman-ali-khan/|website=www.genocidebangladesh.org/major-general-rao-farman-ali-khan/|publisher=Bangla Desh source|access-date=23 May 2021|date=18 September 2008}}</ref> Hamoodur Rahman Commission though heavily criticized other senior military staff of Pakistan Army in East Pakistan at the time including confirmation of mass atrocities, cleared Ali citing the fact that he was not involved in any direct Military Operation due to the nature of his post which was mostly Administrative.<ref>[https://img.dunyanews.tv/images/docss/hamoodur_rahman_commission_report.pdf Hamood ur Rehman Commission Report on Dunya TV News website] Retrieved 22 May 2021</ref>


[[Altaf Gauhar|Altaf Gohar]], an East Pakistani civil servant, recounted an incident from his memory that a hit list had been drawn up for elimination of certain Bangalis.{{rp|27–30}}<ref name="Somoy Prokashan" /> A friend of [[Altaf Gauhar|Altaf Gohar]] was also in the list and his friends and relatives requested Gohar if he could do something to save his friend.{{rp|28}}<ref name="Somoy Prokashan" />  Gohar held a meeting with Farman and requested him to drop the name from his hit list. ''" Farman took'', said Gohar, ''a diary out of his drawer and crossed the name out. The name was of Mr. [[Sanaul Huq]] and he was spared."''{{rp|29}}<ref name="Somoy Prokashan" />
[[Altaf Gauhar|Altaf Gohar]], an East Pakistani civil servant, recounted an incident from his memory that a hit list had been drawn up for elimination of certain Bangalis.{{rp|27–30}}<ref name="Somoy Prokashan" /> A friend of [[Altaf Gauhar|Altaf Gohar]] was also in the list and his friends and relatives requested Gohar if he could do something to save his friend.{{rp|28}}<ref name="Somoy Prokashan" />  Gohar held a meeting with Farman and requested him to drop the name from his hit list. ''" Farman took'', said Gohar, ''a diary out of his drawer and crossed the name out. The name was of Mr. [[Sanaul Huq]] and he was spared."''{{rp|29}}<ref name="Somoy Prokashan" />
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After the [[East Pakistan-West Pakistan War 1971|civil war]] in 1971 ended, Farman's diary was recovered from the ruins of the [[Bangabhaban|Governor's house]]. The copy of a page from the diary shows the list of intellectuals from [[Dhaka]] University. Out of which, 14 of them were killed on 14 December 1971.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mamoon, Muntassir |author2=translation by Kushal Ibrahim  |title= The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh |publisher= Somoy Prokashon |date=June 2000 | edition = First  |isbn= 984-458-210-5| pages = 29}}</ref> In 1971, he, along with Lieutenant-General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], sent a telegram to the [[Embassy of the United States, Dhaka|U.S. Embassy]] in [[Dhaka|Dacca]]  to transmit the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrender proposal]] to [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|date=26 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge, Abbas|isbn=9781317463283|pages=56–66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&q=rao+farman+ali++east+pakistan&pg=PA66|language=en}}</ref> Farman Ali also sent a request for a cease-fire to the United Nations, but it was quickly countermanded by a message from President Yahya Khan which described Farman Ali's request as "unauthorized".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=V. K.|title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|date=23 March 2005 |publisher=SAGE|isbn=9780761933229|pages=207–208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fitUUKyeG6IC&q=rao+farman+ali++east+pakistan&pg=PA208|language=en}}</ref>
After the [[East Pakistan-West Pakistan War 1971|civil war]] in 1971 ended, Farman's diary was recovered from the ruins of the [[Bangabhaban|Governor's house]]. The copy of a page from the diary shows the list of intellectuals from [[Dhaka]] University. Out of which, 14 of them were killed on 14 December 1971.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mamoon, Muntassir |author2=translation by Kushal Ibrahim  |title= The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh |publisher= Somoy Prokashon |date=June 2000 | edition = First  |isbn= 984-458-210-5| pages = 29}}</ref> In 1971, he, along with Lieutenant-General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], sent a telegram to the [[Embassy of the United States, Dhaka|U.S. Embassy]] in [[Dhaka|Dacca]]  to transmit the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrender proposal]] to [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|date=26 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge, Abbas|isbn=9781317463283|pages=56–66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&q=rao+farman+ali++east+pakistan&pg=PA66|language=en}}</ref> Farman Ali also sent a request for a cease-fire to the United Nations, but it was quickly countermanded by a message from President Yahya Khan which described Farman Ali's request as "unauthorized".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=V. K.|title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|date=23 March 2005 |publisher=SAGE|isbn=9780761933229|pages=207–208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fitUUKyeG6IC&q=rao+farman+ali++east+pakistan&pg=PA208|language=en}}</ref>


About the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]] maintained that Farman requested the [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|latter]] on multiple occasions to stationed him back to [[Pakistan]] after the Farman's gained notoriety over his involvement in the [[1971 East Pakistan Intellectuals massacre|killing of the intellectuals]].<ref name="Bangla Desh source"/> [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]] wrote in his book, "''The Betrayal of East Pakistan'' that Farman had quoted: "Mukti Bahini would kill him of his alleged massacre of the Bangalees and intellectuals on the night of 15–16 December. It was a pathetic sight to see him pale and almost on the verge of break down."<ref name="Bangla Desh source"/> He is also alleged to have written in his Diary as: "Green Land of East Pakistan will be painted Red."<ref name="Lancer Publishers LLC">{{cite book|last1=Dogra|first1=Wg Cdr C. Deepak|title=Pakistan: Caught in the Whirlwind|date=9 December 2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=9781940988221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zooCwAAQBAJ&q=rao+farman+ali+dhaka+students&pg=PT32|language=en}}</ref> However, Farman Ali had denied all the accusations leveled against him, and branded these accusations as "''lies''."<ref name="অরূপকথা" />{{better source needed|date=August 2022}}
About the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]] maintained that Farman requested the [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|latter]] on multiple occasions to stationed him back to [[Pakistan]] after the Farman's gained notoriety over his involvement in the [[1971 East Pakistan Intellectuals massacre|killing of the intellectuals]].<ref name="Bangla Desh source"/> [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]] wrote in his book, "''The Betrayal of East Pakistan'' that Farman had quoted: "Mukti Bahini would kill him of his alleged massacre of the Bangalees and intellectuals on the night of 15–16 December. It was a pathetic sight to see him pale and almost on the verge of break down."<ref name="Bangla Desh source"/> He is also alleged to have written in his Diary as: "Green Land of East Pakistan will be painted Red."<ref name="Lancer Publishers LLC">{{cite book|last1=Dogra|first1=Wg Cdr C. Deepak|title=Pakistan: Caught in the Whirlwind|date=9 December 2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=9781940988221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zooCwAAQBAJ&q=rao+farman+ali+dhaka+students&pg=PT32|language=en}}</ref> However, Farman Ali had denied all the accusations leveled against him, and branded these accusations as "''lies''."<ref name="অরূপকথা" />{{better source needed|date=August 2020}}


In 1972, Ali testified against [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]] in the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] and noted that Niazi's morale collapsed as early as 7 December and cried fanatically over the progress report presented to the [[Abdul Motaleb Malik]].<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press, Jones|isbn=0300101473|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn/page/183 183]|language=en}}</ref> Controversy regarding his own involvement in the political events of [[Eastern Pakistan|East]] had arisen since he had denied all accusations leveled against him despite testifying his [[Moral responsibility|responsibilities]] as [[military adviser]] to [[Pakistan Eastern Command|East Pakistani military command]].<ref name="অরূপকথা" />
In 1972, Ali testified against [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]] in the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] and noted that Niazi's morale collapsed as early as 7 December and cried fanatically over the progress report presented to the [[Abdul Motaleb Malik]].<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press, Jones|isbn=0300101473|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn/page/183 183]|language=en}}</ref> Controversy regarding his own involvement in the political events of [[Eastern Pakistan|East]] had arisen since he had denied all accusations leveled against him despite testifying his [[Moral responsibility|responsibilities]] as [[military adviser]] to [[Pakistan Eastern Command|East Pakistani military command]].<ref name="অরূপকথা" />

Latest revision as of 12:37, 25 November 2022


Major General
Rao Farman Ali
SQA SK
راؤ فرمان علی
File:Rao Farman Ali.jpg
Rao Farman in 1970
Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources
In office
23 March 1985 – 29 May 1988
PresidentZia-ul-Haq
Prime MinisterMuhammad Khan Junejo
3rd National Security Advisor
In office
29 March 1985 – 17 August 1988
Preceded byTikka Khan
Succeeded byTariq Aziz
Managing Director of Fauji Foundation
In office
1974–1985
Personal details
Born
Rao Farman Ali Khan

1923
Rohtak, Punjab, British Raj
Present-day Haryana, India
Died20 January 2004(2004-01-20) (aged 80–81)
Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
Resting placeWestridge Cemetery
CitizenshipBritish Raj British India (1915–1947)
 Pakistan (1947–2004)
Nationality Pakistan
ProfessionBureaucrat
Military service
Branch/service British Indian Army (1935–1947)
 Pakistan Army (1947–1972)
Years of service1943–1972
RankOF-7 Pakistan Army.svg US-O8 insignia.svg Major-General
Unit1st Artillery Regiment, Regiment of Artillery
CommandsMil.Adv Govt. of EP
DG Military Operations (DGMO)
DG Military Training (DGMT)
Battles/warsWorld War II
Bangladesh Liberation War
AwardsSitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).pngSitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam
Sitara-e-Khidmat (SK) (1957-86).png Sitara-e-Kidmat
Service numberPA – 1364

Major General Rao Farman Ali SQA SK (Urdu: راؤ فرمان علی‎ ; January 1, 1922 – 20 January 2004) was a Major General in Pakistan Army, and political figure who is widely considered a key architect of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide the Bangladesh Liberation War.[1][2][3]

Commissioned in September, 1943 as a forward observer in Regiment of Artillery, he served as military adviser to the Pakistan army, and oversaw the deployment of military police aided with local militias (razarkars) during the Bangladesh Liberation War.[4] He testified his responsibilities in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission in 1972 but denied allegations of genocide committed in Bangladesh in spite of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission which proved the involvement of misconducts and genocide of Pakistani military personnel.[5]

Upon being forced to retire, he joined the Fauji Foundation as an agronomist, and founded the Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited in 1978.[6] From 1985–88, he served as petroleum minister and National Security Advisor in President Zia-ul-Haq's administration, and went into hiding after Zia's death.[6]

Biography[edit]

Rao Farman Ali was born into a Haryanvi family in Rohtak, East Punjab, then under the British Colonial rule in 1923.[7] His date of birth is read as 1 January 1923, according to the official headstone written in Urdu in his grave which is located in the Westridge cemetery in Rawalpindi. Very little is known about his early life in the literature based on Pakistani military, and not much is published about his educational background.

He gained his commission as a second lieutenant in the Regiment of Artillery of the British Indian Army and participated in World War II in 1943.[8] At the partition of British India in 1947, he opted for the Pakistan Army and joined the Military Police.[7] His military career saw his repeated deployment in East Pakistan as a political adviser and later ascended as military adviser to East Pakistan Army.[7] In the 1960s, Farman was posted at the Army GHQ. He served there in the Directorate of Military Operations and as the Director, Military Training.[clarification needed][6]

It is not known if Rao took participation in war with India in 1965, since he was stationed in East.[9] In 1967, he was again stationed in East as an officer commanding of the 14th Battalion; he was posted again and sent back to West.[9] In 1969, President Ayub Khan handed over the presidency to his Commander-in-Chief General Yahya Khan who posted Ali upon the request of Major-General Muzaffaruddin– the martial law administrator of East Pakistan.[9]

The posting came at the behest of the East Pakistani government requesting him due to his experiences in East.[9] He was the military adviser to the East Pakistan Army and elevated as the Defence Secretary of the East Pakistani government, serving from 1969–71.[10][self-published source] He enjoyed full support of President Yahya Khan serving under several governors and oversaw various civil affairs in the government.757-759[8] He helped raise the paramilitary units such as the Volunteers (Razakars), Peace Committee, Al Badr, and Al Shams to aid the genocide of the Pakistan army.:758–759[8]

In 1971, when the talks with Awami League failed, Ali along with Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan launched the military crackdown on the people of erstwhile East Pakistan under direction of President Yahya Khan.[4] Ali is held responsible for widespread genocide and massacre took place in Dhaka University.[11] Hamoodur Rahman Commission though heavily criticized other senior military staff of Pakistan Army in East Pakistan at the time including confirmation of mass atrocities, cleared Ali citing the fact that he was not involved in any direct Military Operation due to the nature of his post which was mostly Administrative.[12]

Altaf Gohar, an East Pakistani civil servant, recounted an incident from his memory that a hit list had been drawn up for elimination of certain Bangalis.:27–30[2] A friend of Altaf Gohar was also in the list and his friends and relatives requested Gohar if he could do something to save his friend.:28[2] Gohar held a meeting with Farman and requested him to drop the name from his hit list. " Farman took, said Gohar, a diary out of his drawer and crossed the name out. The name was of Mr. Sanaul Huq and he was spared.":29[2]

Pages of this very diary with lists of intellectuals were recovered from the debris of Rao Farman's office, the then Governor's House, which was bombed by Indian Air Force on 14 December.A note book was found in Rao farman Ali's office in Dhaka, One page contained a list of university teachers with addresses, with tick marks besides some of the names like "M. Haider Chy. Bangali" or "Saduddin-Sociology, 16-D, UQ" (university quarter). It is up to the readers to find out the reality of this page, and the meaning of the marks, bearing in mind that the last entry was most probably on 13 December.[1]

After the civil war in 1971 ended, Farman's diary was recovered from the ruins of the Governor's house. The copy of a page from the diary shows the list of intellectuals from Dhaka University. Out of which, 14 of them were killed on 14 December 1971.[13] In 1971, he, along with Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, sent a telegram to the U.S. Embassy in Dacca to transmit the surrender proposal to New Delhi.[14] Farman Ali also sent a request for a cease-fire to the United Nations, but it was quickly countermanded by a message from President Yahya Khan which described Farman Ali's request as "unauthorized".[15]

About the Bangladesh Liberation War, General A.A.K. Niazi maintained that Farman requested the latter on multiple occasions to stationed him back to Pakistan after the Farman's gained notoriety over his involvement in the killing of the intellectuals.[11] A.A.K. Niazi wrote in his book, "The Betrayal of East Pakistan that Farman had quoted: "Mukti Bahini would kill him of his alleged massacre of the Bangalees and intellectuals on the night of 15–16 December. It was a pathetic sight to see him pale and almost on the verge of break down."[11] He is also alleged to have written in his Diary as: "Green Land of East Pakistan will be painted Red."[16] However, Farman Ali had denied all the accusations leveled against him, and branded these accusations as "lies."[9][better source needed]

In 1972, Ali testified against A.A.K. Niazi in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission and noted that Niazi's morale collapsed as early as 7 December and cried fanatically over the progress report presented to the Abdul Motaleb Malik.[17] Controversy regarding his own involvement in the political events of East had arisen since he had denied all accusations leveled against him despite testifying his responsibilities as military adviser to East Pakistani military command.[9]

Farman Ali was forcefully retired from the military in 1972 but appointed as Managing Director of Fauji Foundation in 1974 which he remained in that position until 1984.[6] He served as an agronomist at the Fauji Foundation and helped create the chemical fertilizer and served its first director of the Fauji Fertilizer Company in 1978.[6] In 1985, he was appointed as Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources and National Security Advisor in President Zia-ul-Haq's administration, which he served until 1988.[6]

After sudden death of President Zia-ul-Haq, Farman Ali reportedly went into hiding and lived a very quiet life in Rawalpindi on a pension.[6] Throughout the 1990s, he fought a brief illness and authored a book, Sar Gazisht, based on the East Pakistan crises.[6] On 20 January 2004, Farman Ali died and was laid to rest with military honors in Westridge cemetery in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.[6]

Awards and decorations[edit]

Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt
Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt
Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt
Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam

(SQA)

Sitara-e-Khidmat

(SK)

Tamgha-e-Diffa

(General Service Medal)

1. 1965 War Clasp

2. 1971 War Clasp

Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War

(War Medal 1965)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War

(War Medal 1971)

Pakistan Tamgha

(Pakistan Medal)

1947

Tamgha-e-Jamhuria

(Republic Commemoration Medal)

1956

Burma Star War Medal

1939-1945

Queen Elizabeth II

Coronation Medal

(1953)

Foreign decorations[edit]

Foreign Awards
 UK Burma Star Template:Ribbon devices/alt
War Medal 1939-1945 Template:Ribbon devices/alt
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal Template:Ribbon devices/alt

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mahfuz, Asif (13 December 2014). "Rao Farman Ali's master plan". The Daily Star (newspaper). Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ibrahim, Muntassir Mamoon ; translated from Bengali by Kushal (2000). The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Somoy Prokashan. pp. 70–71. ISBN 9789844582101.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Tripathi, Salil (January 2016). The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy. Yale University Press. pp. 186–187. ISBN 9780300218183.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ganguly, Sumit (April 2002). Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947. Columbia University Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9780231507400.
  5. ↑ "Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report" (PDF). 7 January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 "Rao Farman Ali passes away". Dawn Newspapers. 21 January 2004. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Rao Farman Ali - Pakistan Who's Who". sites.google.com. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bhattacharya, Brigadier Samir (December 2013). NOTHING BUT!. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781482816266.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 (arup), অরূপ (13 March 2010). "অরূপকথা: Interview of Major General Rao Farman Ali AKA "The Butcher of Bengal"". অরূপকথা. অরূপকথা.
  10. ↑ Foundation, Bhashani (8 October 2010). Searching for Bhasani Citizen of the World: The Life and Times of (Earnest) Mozlum Leader Maulana Bhasani. Xlibris Corporation. p. 197. ISBN 9781453573136. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Major General Rao Farman Ali Khan". www.genocidebangladesh.org/major-general-rao-farman-ali-khan/. Bangla Desh source. 18 September 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  12. ↑ Hamood ur Rehman Commission Report on Dunya TV News website Retrieved 22 May 2021
  13. ↑ Mamoon, Muntassir; translation by Kushal Ibrahim (June 2000). The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh (First ed.). Somoy Prokashon. p. 29. ISBN 984-458-210-5.
  14. ↑ Abbas, Hassan (26 March 2015). Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. Routledge, Abbas. pp. 56–66. ISBN 9781317463283.
  15. ↑ Singh, V. K. (23 March 2005). Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers. SAGE. pp. 207–208. ISBN 9780761933229.
  16. ↑ Dogra, Wg Cdr C. Deepak (9 December 2015). Pakistan: Caught in the Whirlwind. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 9781940988221.
  17. ↑ Jones, Owen Bennett (2002). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press, Jones. p. 183. ISBN 0300101473.

External links[edit]

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