Chandrayaan-2: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indian second lunar exploration mission}}
{{redlinks}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name             = Chandrayaan-2
| name                 = Chandrayaan-2
| image             = Chandrayaan-2 lander and orbiter integrated module.jpg  
| image                 = Chandrayaan-2 lander and orbiter integrated module.jpg
| image_caption     = Chandrayaan-2 composite
| image_caption         = Chandrayaan-2 composite
| image_size        = 300px
| image_size           =
| mission_type          = [[Moon|Lunar]] [[orbiter]], [[Lunar lander|lander]], [[Lunar rover|rover]]
| operator              = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| COSPAR_ID            =2019-042A
| SATCAT                =44441
| website              = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home-0}}
| mission_duration      = Orbiter: > 1 year <br /> ''Vikram'' lander ≤ 14 days<ref name="duration">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end |title=ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end |work=The Indian Express |first=Avinash |last=Nair |date=31 May 2015 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> <br /> ''Pragyan'' rover: ≤ 14 days<ref name="duration" />
| spacecraft_bus       =
| manufacturer          = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| launch_mass          = Combined (wet): {{convert|3850|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/gslvmkiii-m1c2/files/assets/common/downloads/GSLV%20MkIII-M1.pdf|title=Launch Kit of GSLV Mk III M1 Chandrayaan-2|date=19 July 2019|website=ISRO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719131530/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/gslvmkiii-m1c2/files/assets/common/downloads/GSLV%20MkIII-M1.pdf|archive-date=19 July 2019|url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="ndtv20180829">{{cite news |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969 |title=Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief |work=Gadgets360 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=29 August 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="idos20180828">{{cite press release |title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103 |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref><br>Combined (dry): {{convert|1308|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="CY2_DryMass">{{cite news |title=Chandrayaan-2: All you need to know about India's 2nd Moon mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-2nd-moon-mission/articleshow/70207662.cms |access-date=22 July 2019 |date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714030717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-2nd-moon-mission/articleshow/70207662.cms |archive-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> <br/> Orbiter (wet): {{convert|2379|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828" /><br>Orbiter (dry): {{convert|682|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="CY2_DryMass"/> <br /> ''Vikram'' lander (wet): {{convert|1471|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828" /><br>''Vikram'' lander (dry): {{convert|626|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="CY2_DryMass"/> <br /> ''Pragyan'' rover: {{convert|27|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828" />


| mission_type      = [[Moon|Lunar]] [[orbiter]], [[Lunar lander|lander]], [[Lunar rover|rover]]
| payload_mass          =
| operator          = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| dimensions            =
| COSPAR_ID        = 2019-042A
| power                = Orbiter: {{cvt|1|kW}}<ref>{{cite web| title = Chandrayaan-2 – Home| url = https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home#missionintro| access-date = June 20, 2019| publisher = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]| archive-date = July 29, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729041910/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home#missionintro| url-status = dead}}</ref>
| SATCAT            = 44441
''Vikram'' lander: {{cvt|650|W}}
| website          = {{url|https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home-0}}
''Pragyan'' rover: {{cvt|50|W}}
| mission_duration  = * Orbiter: ~ 7.5 years (planned);<br />{{time interval|2 September 2019|show=ymd|sep=,}} (elapsed)<br />
| launch_date          = 22 July 2019, 14:43:12 IST (09:13:12 UTC)<ref name="'Cdy-2 new schedule'">{{cite web|title = Chandrayan-2 Launch Rescheduled on 22nd July, 2019, AT 14:43 HRS|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-jul-2019/chandrayaan-2-launch-rescheduled-22nd-july-2019-1443-hrs|date = July 18, 2019|access-date = July 18, 2019|publisher = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|archive-date = August 30, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190830143959/http://isro.gov.in/update/18-jul-2019/chandrayaan-2-launch-rescheduled-22nd-july-2019-1443-hrs|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* ''Vikram'' lander: ≤ 14 days (planned);<ref name=":3"/><ref name="duration">{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Avinash|date=31 May 2015|title=ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end|publisher=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end|access-date=7 August 2016|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215084056/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />0 days (landing failure)
* ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' rover: ≤ 14 days (planned);<ref name="duration"/><br />0 days (landing failure)


| spacecraft_bus    =
| launch_rocket        = [[GSLV Mk III]]<ref name="gslv3" /><ref name="gslv2">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms |title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Jaideep |last=Shenoy |date=28 February 2016 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>
| manufacturer      = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| launch_site           = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad]]
| launch_mass      = Combined (wet): {{cvt|3850|kg}} <ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/><ref name="ndtv20180829">{{cite news|date=29 August 2018|title=Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief|publisher=NDTV|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829225643/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="idos20180828">{{cite press release|title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh|date=28 August 2018|publisher=Department of Space|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203234/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103|url-status=live}}</ref><br />Combined (dry): {{cvt|1308|kg}} <ref name="CY2_DryMass">{{cite news|date=21 July 2019|title=Chandrayaan-2: All you need to know about India's 2nd Moon mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-2nd-moon-mission/articleshow/70207662.cms|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714030717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-2nd-moon-mission/articleshow/70207662.cms|newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=14 July 2019}}</ref><br />Orbiter (wet): {{cvt|2379|kg}} <ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/><br />Orbiter (dry): {{cvt|682|kg}} <ref name="CY2_DryMass"/><br />''Vikram'' lander (wet): {{cvt|1471|kg}} <ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/><br />''Vikram'' lander (dry): {{cvt|626|kg}}<ref name="CY2_DryMass"/><br />''Pragyan'' rover: {{cvt|27|kg}} <ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/>
| launch_contractor     = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| payload_mass      =
|interplanetary         =
| dimensions        =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| power            = Orbiter: 1000 watts <ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home#missionintro|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=20 June 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729041910/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home#missionintro|url-status=live}}</ref><br />''Vikram'' lander: 650 watts <ref name="Launchkit_gl"/><br />''Pragyan'' rover: 50 watts
|type                 = orbiter
 
|object               = [[Moon]]
| launch_date      = 22 July 2019, 09:13:12 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref name="Cdy-2 new schedule">{{cite web|title=Chandrayan-2 Launch Rescheduled on 22 July 2019, AT 14:43 HRS|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-jul-2019/chandrayaan-2-launch-rescheduled-22nd-july-2019-1443-hrs|date=18 July 2019|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830143959/http://isro.gov.in/update/18-jul-2019/chandrayaan-2-launch-rescheduled-22nd-july-2019-1443-hrs|url-status=live}}</ref>
|component           = <!--part of the spacecraft involved, if spacecraft split into multiple components-->
| launch_rocket    = [[GSLV Mark III]] M1 <ref name="gslv3">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=5 August 2018|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gslv2">{{cite news|last=Shenoy|first=Jaideep|date=28 February 2016|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|access-date=7 August 2016|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720105059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|arrival_date         = 20 August 2019, 09:02 IST (03:32 UTC) <ref name="TG_20190722">{{cite news |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |title=India's Chandrayaan-2 moon mission lifts off a week after aborted launch |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/22/indias-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-lifts-off-a-week-after-aborted-launch |access-date=23 July 2019 |date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="autogeneratediii">{{cite web |title=GSLV-Mk III – M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission |website=ISRO.gov.in |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912004636/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| launch_site       = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad]]
|periapsis           = {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="AS">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TzL1UTELgc |title=Chandrayaan-2 – India's Second Moon Mission |work=YouTube.com |publisher=Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics |first=Aluru Seelin |last=Kiran Kumar |author-link=A. S. Kiran Kumar |date=August 2015 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
|apoapsis             = {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="AS" />
 
|inclination          = 90° (polar orbit)
|interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type             = orbiter
| object           = [[Moon]]
| component       = <!--part of the spacecraft involved, if spacecraft split into multiple components-->
| arrival_date     = 20 August 2019, 03:32 UTC <ref name="TG_20190722">{{cite news|last=Ratcliffe|first=Rebecca|date=22 July 2019|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 moon mission lifts off a week after aborted launch|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/22/indias-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-lifts-off-a-week-after-aborted-launch|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722174945/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/22/indias-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-lifts-off-a-week-after-aborted-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="isro.gov.in">{{cite web|title=GSLV-Mk III – M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=21 July 2019|archive-date=12 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912004636/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission|url-status=live}}</ref>
| periapsis       = {{cvt|100|km}} <ref name="AS">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TzL1UTELgc|title=Chandrayaan-2 – India's Second Moon Mission|date=August 2015|last=Kiran Kumar |first=Aluru Seelin|publisher=Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|author-link=A. S. Kiran Kumar|access-date=7 August 2016|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
| apoapsis         = {{cvt|100|km}}
| apsis            = cynthion
}}
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type             = lander
|type                 = lander
| object           = [[Moon]]
|object               = [[Moon]]
| component       = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]
|component           = rover<!--part of the spacecraft involved, if spacecraft split into multiple components-->
| arrival_date     = 6 September 2019, 20:23 UTC <ref name="isro.gov.in"/><ref>{{cite press release|title=ISRO aims for Chandrayaan-2 landing at 1.55 AM on September 7, says Dr K. Sivan|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192723|location=Delhi|agency=Press Information Bureau|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820174856/http://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D192723|url-status=live}}</ref>
|arrival_date         = (Planned) <br> 7 September 2019, 01:55 IST <br> (6 September 2019, 20:25 UTC) <ref name="autogeneratediii"/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=ISRO aims for Chandrayaan-2 landing at 1.55&nbsp;AM on September 07, says Dr K. Sivan |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192723 |access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
| location          = [[Lunar south pole]] (intended)
}}
}}


| programme         = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| programme             = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| previous_mission = [[Chandrayaan-1]]
| previous_mission     = [[Chandrayaan-1]]
| next_mission     = [[Chandrayaan-3]]
| next_mission         = [[Chandrayaan-3]]
}}
}}
 
'''Chandrayaan-2,''' meaning Lunar Craft or Moon Craft, ( {{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}}) is India's second [[moon]] mission after [[Chandrayaan-1]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-begins-flight-integration-activity-for-chandrayaan-2-as-scientists-tests-lander-and-rover-4905883/|title=ISRO begins flight integration activity for Chandrayaan-2, as scientists tests lander and rover|date=25 October 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=21 December 2017|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Made by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-nearly-ready-for-july-launch/articleshow/69724508.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 nearly ready for July launch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-gears-up-for-chandrayaan-2-mission/article27705909.ece|title=ISRO gears up for Chandrayaan-2 mission|last1=d. s|first1=Madhumathi|date=9 June 2019|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> the mission was launched from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|second launch pad]] at [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] on 22 July 2019 at 2:43&nbsp;PM IST (09:13 UTC) to the [[Moon]] by a [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III]] (GSLV Mk III).<ref name="gslv3">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms |title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Surendra |last=Singh |date=5 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="gslv2" /><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/chandrayaan-2-launch-bahubali-rocket-takeoff-2-43-pm-monday-1572017-2019-07-21 Chandrayaan-2 Launch Mission: Bahubali rocket set to take-off at 2:43&nbsp;pm on Monday - SCIENCE News]</ref> A proper landing on the [[lunar south pole]] would make India the 4th country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, after the space agencies of the [[United States|USA]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]], and [[China]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-12/india-to-launch-moon-mission-in-july-eyes-entry-into-elite-club|title=India Plans to Launch Moon Mission in July|date=2019-06-12|access-date=2019-06-14|language=en}}</ref> The mission landing was expected on 7 September 2019 at 01:55&nbsp;AM IST (6 September 2019, 20:25 UTC) <ref name="autogeneratediii"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/> but crashed when it lost communication at a 2100&nbsp;metre altitude.
'''Chandrayaan-2''' <!--Do not add any foreign script per WP:INDICSCRIPT-->({{IAST|candra-yāna}}, {{trans|"mooncraft"}}; {{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}}) is the second [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration]] mission developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO), after [[Chandrayaan-1]]. It consists of a lunar [[orbiter]], and also included the ''Vikram'' [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]], and the [[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'' lunar rover]], all of which were developed in India. The main scientific objective is to map and study the variations in lunar surface composition, as well as the location and abundance of [[lunar water]].
 
The spacecraft was launched on its mission to the Moon from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|second launch pad]] at the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] by a [[GSLV Mark III]]-M1. The craft reached the Moon's orbit on 20 August 2019 and began orbital positioning manoeuvres for the landing of the ''Vikram'' lander. The lander and the rover were scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the [[Lunar south pole|south polar region]] at a latitude of about 70° south on 6 September 2019 and conduct scientific experiments for one [[lunar day]], which approximates to two Earth weeks. A successful soft landing would have made India the fourth country after the [[Luna 9]] ([[Soviet Union]]), [[Surveyor 1]] ([[United States]]) and [[Chang'e 3]] ([[China]]) to do so.
 
However, the lander crashed when it deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land on 6 September 2019. According to a failure analysis report submitted to ISRO, the crash was caused by a [[Software bug|software glitch]]. ISRO will re-attempt a landing in August 2022 with [[Chandrayaan-3]].


== History ==
== History ==
On 12 November 2007, representatives of the [[Roscosmos]] and [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the [[Chandrayaan-1]]'s follow-up project, Chandrayaan-2.<ref>{{cite news|first=D. S.|last=Madhumathi|date=9 June 2019|title=ISRO gears up for Chandrayaan-2 mission|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-gears-up-for-chandrayaan-2-mission/article27705909.ece|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619173508/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-gears-up-for-chandrayaan-2-mission/article27705909.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chand|first=Manish|date=12 November 2007|title=India, Russia to expand n-cooperation, defer Kudankulam deal|publisher=Nerve |url=http://www.nerve.in/news:25350099047|url-status=dead|access-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113024836/http://www.nerve.in/news%3A25350099047|archive-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander. The [[Government of India|Indian government]] approved the mission in a meeting of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]], held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name="Hindu3">{{cite news|last=Sunderarajan|first=P.|date=19 September 2008|title=Cabinet clears Chandrayaan-2|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1341321.ece|access-date=23 October 2008|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203241/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Cabinet-clears-Chandrayaan-2/article15306430.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.<ref name="design_complete_1">{{cite news|date=17 August 2009|title=ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design|publisher=Domain-b.com|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20090817_chandrayaan-2_design.html|access-date=20 August 2009|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608150215/https://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20090817_chandrayaan-2_design.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 12 November 2007, the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and ISRO agreed to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nerve.in/news:25350099047|title=India, Russia to expand n-cooperation, defer Kudankulam deal|last=Chand|first=Manish|date=12 November 2007|work=Nerve|access-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113024836/http://www.nerve.in/news%3A25350099047|archive-date=13 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ISRO would be in charge of the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to build the lander.<ref name="Hindu3">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1341321.ece|title=Cabinet clears Chandrayaan-2|last=Sunderarajan|first=P.|date=19 September 2008|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 October 2008}}</ref>  The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.<ref name="design_complete_1">{{cite news|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20090817_chandrayaan-2_design.html|title=ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design|date=17 August 2009|access-date=20 August 2009|website=Domain-b.com}}</ref><ref name="design_complete_2">{{cite news|url=http://sputniknews.com/world/20090817/155832962.html|title=India and Russia complete design of new lunar probe|date=17 August 2009|work=Sputnik News|access-date=20 August 2009|agency=RIA Novosti|archive-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415232202/http://sputniknews.com/world/20090817/155832962.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 on schedule,<ref name=payload/> the mission was postponed in January 2013 and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.<ref name="postponed">{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=R.|date=22 January 2013|title=Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/article4329844.ece|access-date=21 January 2013|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801033035/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/article4329844.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="delay">{{cite news|last=Laxman|first=Srinivas|date=6 February 2012|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure|publisher=Asian Scientist|url=http://www.asianscientist.com/2012/02/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/|access-date=5 April 2012|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608150218/https://www.asianscientist.com/2012/02/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ndtv20120909">{{cite news|date=9 September 2012|title=India's next moon mission depends on Russia: ISRO chief|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-next-moon-mission-depends-on-russia-isro-chief-498868|access-date=2 April 2016|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608150207/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-next-moon-mission-depends-on-russia-isro-chief-498868|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, there was a delay in the construction of the Russian lander for Chandrayaan-2 due of the failure of the [[Fobos-Grunt]] mission to [[Mars]], since the technical issues connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission which were also used in the lunar projects including the lander for Chandrayaan-2 needed to be reviewed.<ref name="delay"/> When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.<ref name="postponed"/><ref name="idos98239">{{cite press release|title=Chandrayaan-2|date=14 August 2013|publisher=Department of Space|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98239|quote=Chandrayaan-2 would be a lone mission by India without Russian tie-up.|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805180613/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98239|url-status=live}}</ref> With new mission timeline for Chandrayaan-2 and an opportunity for a Mars mission arising with launch window in 2013, unused Chandrayaan-2 orbiter hardware was repurposed to be used for [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-10-25|title=How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars orbiter Mangalyaan, India's "Moon Man" recalls|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/how-isro-modified-a-lunar-orbiter-into-mars-orbiter-mangalyaan-indias-moon-man-recalls-2320097.html|access-date=2020-10-25|publisher=Zee News|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026115248/https://zeenews.india.com/india/how-isro-modified-a-lunar-orbiter-into-mars-orbiter-mangalyaan-indias-moon-man-recalls-2320097.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Chandrayaan-2 launch had been scheduled for March 2018 initially, but was first delayed to April and then to October 2018 to conduct further tests on the vehicle.<ref name="sfn-sched">{{cite web|title=Launch Schedule|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=15 August 2018|publisher=Spaceflight Now|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816161152/https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/|archive-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="econtimes20180323">{{cite news|date=23 March 2018|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch postponed to October: ISRO chief|publisher=India Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-2-launch-postponed-to-october-isro-chief/articleshow/63429955.cms|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711104651/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-2-launch-postponed-to-october-isro-chief/articleshow/63429955.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in configuration and landing sequence were planned for implementation, pushing the launch to the first half of 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=ISRO to launch PSLVC-46 followed by PSLVC-47, Chandrayaan-2 in May: K. Sivan|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-to-launch-pslvc-46-followed-by-pslvc-47-chandrayaan-2-in-may-k-sivan20190401124511|date=1 April 2019|publisher=Asian News International|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401082054/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-to-launch-pslvc-46-followed-by-pslvc-47-chandrayaan-2-in-may-k-sivan20190401124511/|url-status=live}}</ref> Two of the lander's legs received minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019.<ref name="on hold">{{cite web|title=India's Moon Lander Damaged During Test, Chandrayaan 2 Launch Put on Hold|url=https://thewire.in/space/india-moon-lander-damaged-chandrayaan-2-launch|publisher=The Wire|date=4 April 2019|access-date=7 April 2019|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407123720/https://thewire.in/space/india-moon-lander-damaged-chandrayaan-2-launch|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Chandrayaan-2 launch was scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time), with the landing expected on 6 September 2019.<ref name="ISRO20190501">{{cite web|title=Press release on Chandrayaan-2, ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-may-2019/press-release-chandrayaan-2|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725103137/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-may-2019/press-release-chandrayaan-2|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the launch was aborted due to a technical glitch and was rescheduled.<ref name="Cdy-2 new schedule"/><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan 2 Moon Mission Launch Aborted After Technical Snag: 10 Points|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-2-launch-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-called-off-by-isro-set-to-be-rescheduled-2069511|publisher=NDTV|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715005504/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-2-launch-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-called-off-by-isro-set-to-be-rescheduled-2069511|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news|date=17 July 2019|title=ISRO pinpoints GSLV-MkIII leak to 'nipple joint' of cryo engine|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-pinpoints-chandrayaan-2-leak-to-nipple-joint-of-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/70241645.cms|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-pinpoints-chandrayaan-2-leak-to-nipple-joint-of-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/70241645.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The launch occurred on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 UTC (14:43:12 IST) on the first operational flight of a GSLV MK III M1.<ref name="ISRO_PR_20190722">{{cite web|title=GSLV MkIII-M1 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-jul-2019/gslv-mkiii-m1-successfully-launches-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212123035/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-jul-2019/gslv-mkiii-m1-successfully-launches-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
On 6 September 2019, the lander during its landing phase, deviated from its intended trajectory starting at {{cvt|2.1|km}} altitude,<ref>{{cite news|title=Extra brake thrust may have sent Vikram out of control in home stretch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-brake-thrust-may-have-sent-vikram-out-of-control-in-home-stretch/articleshow/71030431.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 September 2019|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908042704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-brake-thrust-may-have-sent-vikram-out-of-control-in-home-stretch/articleshow/71030431.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and had lost communication when touchdown confirmation was expected.<ref name="Patel MIT"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=10 September 2019|title=Did India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Lander Survive? The Chances Are Slim|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911162003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Initial reports suggesting a crash <ref name="Apparent crash"/><ref name="planetary landing">{{cite web|title=India's Vikram Spacecraft Apparently Crash - Lands on Moon|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html|website=planetary.org|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910230719/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html|url-status=live}}</ref> were confirmed by ISRO chairman [[Kailasavadivoo Sivan|K. Sivan]], stating that "it must have been a hard landing".<ref name="Hard landing TOI"/> The Failure Analysis Committee concluded that the crash was caused by a software glitch.<ref name="Failure report"/> Unlike ISRO's previous record, the report of the Failure Analysis Committee has not been made public.<ref name="IE_FAC">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: Three months on, ISRO yet to make public Vikram lander failure report details|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-three-months-on-isro-yet-to-make-public-vikram-lander-failure-report-details-6174092/|date=19 December 2019|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=2020-01-17|quote="This is unlike the ISRO's previous record. For instance, after the failure of an operational fourth flight of the heavy lift GSLV rocket — the GSLV-F02 mission — on 10 July 2006, a 15-member FAC was tasked with providing a report in a month. After the report was submitted to the government, ISRO made the details public on 6 September 2006, on its website. In 2010, when GSLV D3, a developmental flight and the fifth heavy lift GSLV rocket, failed after launch on 15 April 2010, an FAC report was submitted with the government on 24 May 2010. Details of the report were made public on 9 July 2010. The same year, when GSLV F06, an operational sixth flight for GSLV rocket, failed on 25 December 2011, ISRO went public on 31 December 2011, with findings of an analysis of failure done by a preliminary FAC comprising space experts".|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107055128/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-three-months-on-isro-yet-to-make-public-vikram-lander-failure-report-details-6174092/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Chandrayaan-2 orbiter performed a [[Collision avoidance (spacecraft)|collision avoidance]] manoeuvre at 14:52 UTC on 18 October 2021 to avert possible conjunction with [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]. Both spacecraft were expected to come dangerously close to each other on 20 October 2021 at 05:45 UTC over the Lunar North pole.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter (CH2O) performs an evasive manoeuvre to mitigate a critically close approach with LRO - ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-nov-2021/chandrayaan-2-orbiter-ch2o-performs-evasive-manoeuvre-to-mitigate-critically|access-date=2021-11-15|website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
 
== Objectives ==
The primary objectives of the Chandrayaan-2 lander were to demonstrate the ability to [[Soft landing (aeronautics)|soft-land]] and operate a robotic rover on the [[lunar surface]].
 
The scientific goals of the orbiter are:
 
* to study [[lunar topography]], [[mineralogy]], [[elemental abundance]], the [[lunar exosphere]], and signatures of [[hydroxyl]] and [[Lunar water|water ice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2|title=Chandrayaan-2 CHANDRYN2|publisher=NASA|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729172632/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Question No. 1084: Deployment of Rover on Lunar Surface|url=http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/241/Au1084.pdf|last1=Rathinavel|first1=T.|author-link=T. Rathinavel|last2=Singh|first2=Jitendra|author-link2=Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|date=24 November 2016|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142742/http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/241/Au1084.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* to study the water ice in the [[Lunar south pole|south polar region]] and thickness of the [[Lunar soil|lunar regolith]] on the surface.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan 2: Everything you need to know about the orbiter's mission and design|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-orbiter-will-scan-and-make-a-comprehensive-map-of-the-lunar-surface-6892891.html|last=Banerji|first=Abigail|date=13 July 2019|publisher=First Post|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719101205/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-orbiter-will-scan-and-make-a-comprehensive-map-of-the-lunar-surface-6892891.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* to map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it.
 
== Design ==
The name ''Chandrayaan'' means "mooncraft" in Sanskrit and Hindi.<ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams]], ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' (1899):
 
''[[Chandra|candra]]'': "[...] m. the moon (also personified as a deity Mn. &c)"
 
''yāna'': "[...] n. a vehicle of any kind, carriage, waggon, vessel, ship, [...]"</ref><ref name="CY2_FAQ2">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 FAQ|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|access-date=24 August 2019|quote=The name Chandrayaan means "Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle", –in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi), – the lunar spacecraft.|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629122319/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|url-status=live}}</ref> The mission was launched on a [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III]] (GSLV Mk III) M1 with an approximate lift-off mass of {{cvt|3850|kg}} from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] on [[Sriharikota|Sriharikota Island]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/><ref name="gslv2"/><ref name="AS"/><ref name="timesin20180812">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=12 August 2018|title=ISRO wants Chandrayaan-2 lander to orbit Moon first|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-wants-chandrayaan-2-lander-to-orbit-moon-first/articleshow/65370820.cms|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423080707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-wants-chandrayaan-2-lander-to-orbit-moon-first/articleshow/65370820.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2019|06|df=}}, the mission has an allocated cost of {{INR|link=yes}} 9.78 billion (approximately US$141 million which includes {{INR|link=yes}} 6 billion for the space segment and {{INR}} 3.75 billion as launch costs on GSLV Mk III M1.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|last=Ramesh|first=Sandhya|date=12 June 2019|title=Why Chandrayaan-2 is ISRO's "most complex mission" so far|publisher=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/science/why-chandrayaan-2-is-isros-most-complex-mission-so-far/249252/|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711103152/https://theprint.in/science/why-chandrayaan-2-is-isros-most-complex-mission-so-far/249252/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=20 February 2018|title=Chandrayaan-2 mission cheaper than Hollywood film Interstellar|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/chandrayaan-2-mission-cheaper-than-hollywood-film-interstellar/articleshow/62990361.cms|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726132437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/chandrayaan-2-mission-cheaper-than-hollywood-film-interstellar/articleshow/62990361.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Chandrayaan-2 stack was initially put in an Earth [[parking orbit]] of {{cvt|170|km}} [[Apsis|perigee]] and {{cvt|40400|km}} [[Apsis|apogee]] by the [[launch vehicle]].<ref name="DoS_20190118">{{cite web|title=Department of Space presentation on 18 Jan 2019|url=http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2019/jan/p201911802.pdf|date=18 January 2019|access-date=30 January 2019|publisher=Department of Space|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053353/http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2019/jan/p201911802.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Orbiter ===
[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Orbiter at SDSC SHAR 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Chandrayaan-2 orbiter at integration facility]]
 
The Chandrayaan-2 [[orbiter]] is orbiting the [[Moon]] on a [[polar orbit]] at an altitude of {{cvt|100|km}}.<ref name="AR2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/AR2014-15.pdf|title=Annual Report 2014–2015|date=December 2014|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|page=82|access-date=7 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201832/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/AR2014-15.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It carries eight scientific instruments; two of which are improved versions of those flown on [[Chandrayaan-1]]. The approximate launch mass was {{cvt|2379|kg}}.<ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/><ref name="payload">{{cite press release|title=Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised|date=30 August 2010|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513213938/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Economic">{{cite news|date=2 September 2010|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-02/news/27621231_1_chandrayaan-2-chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface|title=Chandrayaan-2 to get closer to moon|newspaper=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812045710/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-02/news/27621231_1_chandrayaan-2-chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface|archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) conducted high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter.<ref name="duration"/><ref name="AR2015"/> The orbiter's structure was manufactured by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] and delivered to the [[ISRO Satellite Centre]] on 22 June 2015.<ref name="AR2016">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2015-2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/right-to-information/annual_report-15-16.pdf|date=December 2015|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|page=89|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705060034/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/right-to-information/annual_report-15-16.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hal-india.co.in/HAL%20Delivers%20the%20Orbiter%20Craft%20Module%20Structure%20of%20Chandrayaan-2%20to%20ISRO/ND__128|title=HAL Delivers the Orbiter Craft Module Structure of Chandrayaan-2 to ISRO |date=22 June 2015|publisher=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902071353/http://hal-india.co.in/HAL%20Delivers%20the%20Orbiter%20Craft%20Module%20Structure%20of%20Chandrayaan-2%20to%20ISRO/ND__128|archive-date=2 September 2018}}</ref>
 
* Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m <ref name="Launchkit_gl">{{cite web|title=Launch kit at a glance|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723232918/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Gross lift-off mass: {{cvt|2379|kg}} <ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/>
* Propellant mass: {{cvt|1697|kg}} <ref name="CY2_DryMass"/>
* Dry mass: {{cvt|682|kg}}
* Power generation capacity: 1000 [[watt]]s<ref name="Launchkit_gl"/>
* Mission duration: ~ 7.5 years, extended from the planned 1 year owing to the precise launch and mission management, in lunar orbit <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":5"/>
 
=== ''Vikram'' lander ===
[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Pragyan rover mounted on the ramp of Vikram lander.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Rover ''Pragyan'' mounted on the ramp of ''Vikram'' lander.]]
[[File:Images of the Earth captured by Chandrayaan-2 Vikram Lander camera LI4.webm|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Images of the Earth captured by Chandrayaan-2 ''Vikram'' lander camera LI4.<ref name=LI4_20190803/>]]
 
The mission's lander is called ''Vikram'' ({{Lang-sa|विक्रम|lit=Valour}} <ref name="Vikram">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=760|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English|publisher=Education Press|year=1832|location=Calcutta|page=760|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124428/https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=760|url-status=live}}</ref>) {{audio|Vikram.ogg|Pronunciation}} named after [[cosmic ray]] scientist [[Vikram Sarabhai]] (1919–1971), who is widely regarded as the founder of the [[Department of Space|Indian space programme]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=12 August 2018|title=Chandrayaan-2 Lander to be named "Vikram" after Sarabhai|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-lander-to-be-named-vikram-after-sarabhai/articleshow/65375102.cms|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813002845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-lander-to-be-named-vikram-after-sarabhai/articleshow/65375102.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Vikram'' lander detached from the orbiter and descended to a low lunar orbit of {{cvt|30|x|100|km}} using its {{cvt|800|N}} liquid main engines. After checking all of its on-board systems it attempted a [[Soft landing (aeronautics)|soft landing]] that would have deployed the rover, and performed scientific activities for approximately 14 Earth days. ''Vikram'' [[Hard landing|crash-landed]] during this attempt.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 Latest Update|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date=7 September 2019|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apparent crash">[https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909041327/https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html |date=9 September 2019 }} Mike Wall, ''space.com'', 7 September 2019, Quote: "India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash".</ref> The combined mass of the lander and rover was approximately {{cvt|1471|kg}}.<ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/>
 
The preliminary configuration study of the lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="postponed"/> The lander's propulsion system consisted of eight {{cvt|58|N}} thrusters for [[attitude control]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Paper information (56421) — IAF|url=http://iafastro.directory/iac/paper/id/56421/summary/|access-date=2020-10-20|website=iafastro.directory|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022033811/http://iafastro.directory/iac/paper/id/56421/summary/|url-status=live}}</ref> and five {{cvt|800|N}} liquid main engines derived from ISRO's {{cvt|440|N}} [[Liquid apogee engine|liquid apogee motor]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO developing vehicle to launch small satellites|publisher=Frontline|url=https://www.frontline.in/science-and-technology/article24801393.ece|access-date=29 August 2018|quote=Making a throttleable engine of 3 kilonewtons or 4 kilonewtons is a totally new development for us. But we wanted to make use of available technologies. We have a LAM [liquid apogee motor] with a 400 newtons thruster, & we have been using it on our satellites. We enhanced it to 800 newtons. It was not a major, new design change.}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|last1=Mondal|first1=Chinmoy|last2=Chakrabarti|first2=Subrata|last3=Venkittaraman|first3=D.|last4=Manimaran|first4=A.|date=2015|title=Development of a Proportional Flow Control Valve for the 800 N Engine Test|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299457197|conference=9th National Symposium and Exhibition on Aerospace and Related Mechanisms, January 2015, Bengaluru, India|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203242/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299457197_Development_of_a_Proportional_Flow_Control_Valve_for_the_800N_Engine_Test|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, the lander design employed four main throttle-able liquid engines, but a centrally mounted fixed-thrust engine <ref name="LPSC2020_1994">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: The second Indian mission to the Moon|url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2020/pdf/1994.pdf|website=hou.usra.edu|date=1 February 2020|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619200118/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2020/pdf/1994.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> was added to handle new requirements of having to orbit the Moon before landing. The additional engine was expected to mitigate upward draft of lunar dust during the soft landing.<ref name="timesin20180812"/> ''Vikram'' was designed to safely land on slopes up to 12°.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: First step towards Indians setting foot on moon in near future|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/08/chandrayaan-2-first-step-towards-indians-setting-foot-on-moon-in-near-future-2000898.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 July 2019|quote=As solar energy powers the system, a place with good visibility and area of communication was needed. Also, the place where the landing takes place should not have many boulders and craters. The slope for landing should be less than 12 degrees. The South pole has a near-flat surface, with good visibility and sunlight available from the convenience point of view.|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708054742/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/08/chandrayaan-2-first-step-towards-indians-setting-foot-on-moon-in-near-future-2000898.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan 2: Giant leap for ISRO|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article28261474.ece|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=9 July 2019 |publisher=Frontline|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=9 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409124114/https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article28261474.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Some associated technologies include:
* A high resolution camera, Laser Altimeter (LASA) <ref>{{cite web|title=How ISRO Plans To Pull Off An Unprecedented Landing on Moon's South Pole|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-2-how-isro-plans-to-pull-off-an-unprecedented-landing-on-moons-south-pole-2096380|website=NDTV.com|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905210044/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-2-how-isro-plans-to-pull-off-an-unprecedented-landing-on-moons-south-pole-2096380|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance Camera (LHDAC)
* Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/SAC%20Annual%20Report/SAC_Annual_Report_2016-2017.pdf|title=Space Applications Centre, Annual Report 2016–17 |website=SAC.gov.in|page=35|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191500/http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/SAC%20Annual%20Report/SAC_Annual_Report_2016-2017.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>
* Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera (LHVC), an 800 N throttleable liquid main engine <ref name="AR2016"/>
* Attitude thrusters
* [[Ka band|Ka-band]] radio [[altimeter]]s<ref>{{cite news|title=Key payload for Chandrayaan-2 leaves for Bengaluru|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/key-payload-for-chandrayaan-2-leaves-for-bengaluru/articleshow/66117495.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=20 July 2019|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802170319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/key-payload-for-chandrayaan-2-leaves-for-bengaluru/articleshow/66117495.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SAC Seminar 2016|url=https://www.sac.gov.in/HINDISITE/SEMINAR/SACSEMINAR2016.pdf |date=21 July 2017|website=sac.gov.in|page=94|language=Hi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905211219/https://www.sac.gov.in/HINDISITE/SEMINAR/SACSEMINAR2016.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2019|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>
* Laser Inertial Reference and Accelerometer Package (LIRAP) <ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Space Annual Report 2016–17|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annualreport-eng-2017/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202016-17.pdf|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318143455/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annualreport-eng-2017/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202016-17.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2017|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> and the software needed to run these components.<ref name="duration"/><ref name="AR2015"/>
 
Engineering models of the lander began undergoing ground and aerial tests in late October 2016, in [[Challakere]] in the [[Chitradurga]] district of [[Karnataka]]. ISRO created roughly 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors to select a landing site.<ref>{{cite news|first=D. S.|last=Madhumathi|date=25 October 2016|title=ISRO starts landing tests for Chandrayaan-2 mission|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-starts-landing-tests-for-chandrayaan2-mission/article9262825.ece|access-date=28 October 2016|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ISRO-starts-landing-tests-for-Chandrayaan-2-mission/article16080665.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=25 October 2017|title=ISRO begins flight integration activity for Chandrayaan-2, as scientists tests lander and rover|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-begins-flight-integration-activity-for-chandrayaan-2-as-scientists-tests-lander-and-rover-4905883/|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213065122/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-begins-flight-integration-activity-for-chandrayaan-2-as-scientists-tests-lander-and-rover-4905883/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
* Dimensions: {{cvt|2.54|×|2|×|1.2|m}} <ref name="Launchkit_gl"/>
* Gross lift-off mass: {{cvt|1471|kg}} <ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/>
* Propellant mass: {{cvt|845|kg}} <ref name="CY2_DryMass"/>
* Dry mass: {{cvt|626|kg}}
* Power generation capability: 650 watts
* Mission duration: ≤14 days (one lunar day) <ref name="duration"/>
 
=== ''Pragyan'' rover ===
{{main|Pragyan (rover)}}
[[File:Pragyaan Lunar Rover for Chandrayaan-2.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|''Pragyan'' rover of the Chandrayaan-2 mission]]
 
The mission's rover was called ''Pragyan'' ({{Lang-sa|प्रज्ञान|lit=Wisdom}} <ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=24 August 2019|quote=Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to "wisdom" in Sanskrit.|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050818/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pragyan">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English|publisher=Education Press|year=1832|location=Calcutta|page=561|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124234/https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|url-status=live}}</ref>) {{audio|Pragyaan.ogg|Pronunciation}})<ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf |title=Chandrayaan–II|last1=Elumalai|first1=V.|last2=Kharge|first2=Mallikarjun|date=7 February 2019|website=pib.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207192144/http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2019|access-date=7 February 2019|quote=Lander (Vikram) is undergoing final integration tests. Rover (Pragyan) has completed all tests and waiting for the Vikram readiness to undergo further tests.}}</ref> with a mass of {{cvt|27|kg}}, and would have operated on [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar power]].<ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/> The rover was to move on six wheels, traversing {{cvt|500|m}} on the lunar surface at the rate of {{cvt|1|cm}} per second, perform on-site analyses and send the data to the lander, which would have relayed it to the Mission Control on the [[Earth]].<ref name="payload"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name="Economic"/><ref>{{cite web|title=ISRO to Launch Chandrayaan 2 on July 15, Moon Landing by September 7|date=12 June 2019|url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7|publisher=The Wire|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613012659/https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 will carry 14 payloads to moon, no foreign module this time|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms|last1=Singh|first1=Surendra|date=May 10, 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=11 May 2019|agency=TNN|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
For navigation, the rover would have used:
 
* Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: two 1 [[Pixel|megapixel]], [[Monochrome|monochromatic]] [[navcam]]s in front of the rover to provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a [[digital elevation model]] of the terrain.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Subhalakshmi|first1=K.|last2=Basavaraj|first2=B.|last3=Selvaraj|first3=P.|last4=Laha|first4=J. |date=22 December 2010|title=Design of Miniature Space Grade Navigation Camera for Lunar Mission|journal=2010 International Symposium on Electronic System Design|pages=169–174|doi=10.1109/ISED.2010.40 |isbn=978-1-4244-8979-4|s2cid=25978793}}</ref> [[IIT Kanpur]] contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.<ref>{{cite news|title=With robot hands, IIT-K profs bring joy to paralytics|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms|date=2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720235523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Control and motor dynamics: the rover has a [[rocker-bogie]] suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent [[brushless DC electric motor]]s. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.<ref>{{cite web|title="Chandrayaan-2: Lunar Orbiter and Lander Mission", 10th IAA Symposium on The Future of Space Exploration: Towards the Moon Village and Beyond, Torin, Italy |url=http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc|last1=Annadurai|first1=Mylswami|last2=Nagesh|first2=G.|date=28 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830031559/http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc|publisher=International Academy of Astronautics|archive-date=30 August 2017|access-date=14 June 2019|quote=Mobility of the Rover in the unknown lunar terrain is accomplished by a Rocker bogie suspension system driven by six wheels. Brushless DC motors are used to drive the wheels to move along the desired path and steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels. The wheels are designed after extensive modelling of the wheel-soil interaction, considering the lunar soil properties, sinkage and slippage results from a single wheel test bed. The rover mobility has been tested in the lunar test facility wherein the soil simulant, terrain and the gravity of moon are simulated. The limitations w.r.t slope, obstacles, pits in view of slippage/sinkage have been experimentally verified with the analysis results.|last3=Vanitha|first3=Muthayaa}}</ref>
 
The expected operating time of ''Pragyan'' rover was one lunar day, or ~14 Earth days, as its electronics were not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. However, its power system has a solar-powered sleep/wake-up cycle implemented, which could have resulted in longer service time than planned.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr M. Annadurai, project director, Chandrayaan-1: "Chandrayaan-2 logical extension of what we did in first mission"|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/|date=29 June 2019|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629180634/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Payyappilly|first1=Baiju|last2=Muthusamy|first2=Sankaran|date=17 January 2018|title=Design framework of a configurable electrical power system for lunar rover|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524|pages=1–6|doi=10.1109/ICPCES.2017.8117660|isbn=978-1-5090-4426-9|s2cid=38638820|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203342/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524_Design_framework_of_a_configurable_electrical_power_system_for_lunar_rover|url-status=live}}</ref> Two aft wheels of the rover had the ISRO logo and the [[State Emblem of India]] embossed on them to leave behind patterned tracks on the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashoka Chakra, ISRO Logo, Flag: Chandrayaan-2 Set to Engrave India's Name on Moon for Centuries|publisher=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ashoka-chakra-isro-logo-flag-chandrayaan-2-set-to-engrave-indias-name-on-moon-for-centuries-2184543.html|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904165024/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ashoka-chakra-isro-logo-flag-chandrayaan-2-set-to-engrave-indias-name-on-moon-for-centuries-2184543.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/curtain-raiser-video-hindi|title=Curtain Raiser video (Hindi)|language=hi|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|time=1 minute 55 seconds}}</ref>
 
* Dimensions: 0.9 × 0.75 × 0.85 m <ref name="Launchkit_gl"/>
* Power: 50 watts
* Travel speed: 1&nbsp;cm/sec
* Mission duration: ~14 Earth days (one lunar day)
 
== Science payload ==
[[File:Chandrayaan-2 Mission Overview.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Mission overview]]
 
ISRO selected eight scientific instruments for the orbiter, four for the lander,<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/gslvmkiii-m1c2/files/assets/common/downloads/GSLV%20MkIII-M1.pdf|title=Launch Kit of GSLV Mk III M1 Chandrayaan-2|date=19 July 2019|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719131530/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/gslvmkiii-m1c2/files/assets/common/downloads/GSLV%20MkIII-M1.pdf|archive-date=19 July 2019|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Sci lander">{{cite news|last=Bagla|first=Pallava|date=31 January 2018|title=India plans tricky and unprecedented landing near moon's south pole|publisher=Science Mag|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-plans-tricky-and-unprecedented-landing-near-moon-s-south-pole|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213801/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/01/india-plans-tricky-and-unprecedented-landing-near-moon-s-south-pole|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CY2_payloads">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 Payloads |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-payloads|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|date=12 June 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713044952/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-payloads|archive-date=13 July 2019|access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> and two for the rover.<ref name=payload/> While it was initially reported that [[NASA]] and [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) would participate in the mission by providing some scientific instruments for the orbiter,<ref>{{cite news|last=Beary|first=Habib|date=4 February 2010|title=NASA and ESA to partner for Chandrayaan-2|newspaper=Sakal Times|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20100204/4693467461593115964.htm|access-date=22 February 2010|archive-date=15 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715231831/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20100204/4693467461593115964.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO in 2010 had clarified that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying foreign payloads on the mission.<ref name="overseas payload">{{cite news|last=Laxman|first=Srinivas|date=5 September 2010|title="We're launching Chandrayaan-2 for a total coverage of the moon"|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/interviews/Were-launching-Chandrayaan-2-for-a-total-coverage-of-the-moon/articleshow/6501413.cms?referral=PM|access-date=2 April 2016|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519122340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/interviews/Were-launching-Chandrayaan-2-for-a-total-coverage-of-the-moon/articleshow/6501413.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in an update a month before launch,<ref name=":0"/> an agreement between NASA and [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) was signed to include a small laser [[retroreflector]] from NASA to the lander's payload to measure the distance between the satellites above and the microreflector on the lunar surface.<ref name="LRA 2019"/><ref name="MEA_20190211">{{cite web|title=Implementing arrangement between India and United States of America for cooperation on the Chandrayaan mission-2|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/US19B3558-1.pdf|date=11 February 2019|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730105956/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/US19B3558-1.pdf|archive-date=30 July 2019|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref>
 
=== Orbiter ===
[[File:Chandrayaan-2 orbiter in clean-room being integrated with payloads.jpg|thumb|Chandrayaan-2 orbiter in clean-room being integrated with payloads]]
Payloads on the orbiter are:<ref name=":3"/><ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/><ref name="CY2_payloads"/>
 
* Chandrayaan-2 Large Area [[Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy|Soft X-ray Spectrometer]] (CLASS) from the [[U R Rao Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]] (ISAC), which makes use of [[X-ray fluorescence]] spectra to determine the elemental composition of the lunar surface <ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0219.pdf|url-status=dead|date=24 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727195703/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0219.pdf}}</ref>
* Solar X-ray monitor (XSM) from [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), [[Ahmedabad]], primarily supports CLASS instrument by providing solar X-ray spectra and intensity measurements as input to it. Additionally these measurements will help in studying various high-energy processes occurring in the solar corona.<ref name="payload"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Solar X-ray Monitor onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/01/0045.pdf|url-status=dead|date=10 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=14 January 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114162252/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/01/0045.pdf}}</ref>
* Dual Frequency [[L band|L-band]] and [[S band|S-band]] [[Synthetic Aperture Radar]] (DFSAR) from the [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC) for probing the first few metres of the lunar surface for the presence of different constituents. DFSAR was expected to provide further evidence confirming the presence of water ice, and its distribution below the shadowed regions of the Moon.<ref name="payload"/><ref>{{cite web|title=L- and S-band Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar on Chandrayaan-2 mission|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0226.pdf|url-status=dead|date=24 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202516/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0226.pdf}}</ref> It has lunar surface penetration depth of {{cvt|5|m}} (L-band).<ref name=":5">{{cite news|title=Orbiter will have a lifespan of 7.5 years, it's possible to find Vikram Lander from orbiter: ISRO chief|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/orbiter-will-have-a-lifespan-of-7-5-years-its-possible-to-find-vikram-lander-from-orbiter-isro-chief/articleshow/71028078.cms|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=7 September 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908090547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/orbiter-will-have-a-lifespan-of-7-5-years-its-possible-to-find-vikram-lander-from-orbiter-isro-chief/articleshow/71028078.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CY2_payloads"/>
* [[Imaging spectrometer|Imaging IR Spectrometer]] (IIRS) from the SAC for mapping of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range for the study of minerals, water molecules and [[hydroxyl]] present.<ref name="payload"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Imaging Infrared Spectrometer onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0368.pdf|url-status=dead|publisher=Current Science|date=10 February 2020|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092506/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0368.pdf}}</ref> It featured an extended spectral range (0.8 μm to 5 μm), an improvement over previous lunar missions whose payloads worked up to 3 μm.<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Lynred IR detector onboard Chandrayaan-2 expedition to Moon's South Pole|url=https://www.lynred.com/sites/default/files/2019-07/Lynred%20Chandraayan.pdf|website=lynred.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926060613/https://www.lynred.com/sites/default/files/2019-07/Lynred%20Chandraayan.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHANDRAYAAN-2 spectrometer for IIRS|url=https://www.amos.be/project/chandrayaan-2|date=15 November 2018|publisher=AMOS|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926060440/https://www.amos.be/project/chandrayaan-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (ChACE-2) <ref>{{cite web|title=CHandra's Atmospheric Composition Explorer-2 onboard Chandrayaan-2 to study the lunar neutral exosphere|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0202.pdf|url-status=dead|date=24 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727195447/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0202.pdf}}</ref> [[Quadrupole mass analyzer|Quadrupole Mass Analyzer]] from [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|Space Physics Laboratory]] (SPL) to carry out a detailed study of the lunar exosphere<ref name="payload"/>
* Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) from SAC for preparing a three-dimensional map essential for studying the lunar mineralogy and geology <ref name="payload"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Terrain Mapping Camera-2 onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0566.pdf|url-status=dead|date=25 February 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222174648/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0566.pdf}}</ref>
* Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere – Dual Frequency Radio Science experiment (RAMBHA-DFRS) by SPL for the studying electron density in the lunar ionosphere <ref>{{cite web|title=Dual Frequency Radio Science experiment onboard Chandrayaan-2: a radio occultation technique to study temporal and spatial variations in the surface-bound ionosphere of the Moon|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0210.pdf|url-status=dead|date=24 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727195933/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0210.pdf}}</ref>
* Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) by SAC for scouting a hazard-free spot prior to landing. Used to help prepare high-resolution topographic maps and [[digital elevation model]]s of the lunar surface. OHRC had a spatial resolution of {{cvt|0.32|m}} from {{cvt|100|km}} polar orbit, which was the best resolution among any lunar orbiter mission to date.<ref name="CY2_payloads"/><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Arup Roy Chowdhury, Manish Saxena, Ankush Kumar, S. R. Joshi, Amitabh, Aditya Dagar, Manish Mittal, Shweta Kirkire, Jalshri Desai, Dhrupesh Shah, J. C. Karelia, Anand Kumar, Kailash Jha, Prasanta Das, H. V. Bhagat, Jitendra Sharma, D. N. Ghonia, Meghal Desai, Gaurav Bansal, Ashutosh Gupta |title=Orbiter High Resolution Camera onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0560.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727195903/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0560.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-07-27 |journal=Current Science |year=2020|volume=118 |issue=4 |pages=560–565 |doi=10.18520/cs/v118/i4/560-565 |s2cid=211254790 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NASA lunar orbiter to image Chandrayaan-2 landing site|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/09/12/nasa-lunar-orbiter-to-image-chandrayaan-2-landing-site-next-week/|last=Clark|first=Stephen|publisher=Spaceflight Now|access-date=12 September 2019|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913013507/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/09/12/nasa-lunar-orbiter-to-image-chandrayaan-2-landing-site-next-week/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CH2updates">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 latest update|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904002946/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== ''Vikram'' lander ===
The payloads on the ''Vikram'' lander were:<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/><ref name="CY2_payloads"/>
 
* Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) [[Microelectromechanical systems|MEMS]] based [[seismometer]] by LEOS for studying Moon-quakes near the landing site <ref name="AS"/><ref name="Sci lander"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity Studies on Chandrayaan-2 Lander|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0376.pdf|url-status=dead|publisher=Current Science|date=10 February 2020|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092505/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0376.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|date=29 May 2013|title=India plans to send seismometer to study moonquakes|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-plans-to-send-seismometer-to-study-moonquakes/article4761220.ece|access-date=1 June 2013|archive-date=10 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210031636/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-plans-to-send-seismometer-to-study-moonquakes/article4761220.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Chandra's Surface Thermo-physical Experiment (ChaSTE) thermal probe jointly developed by SPL, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC)  and [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), [[Ahmedabad]] for estimating the thermal properties of the lunar surface <ref name="AS"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Sanjeev|date=September 2019|title=PRL News- The Spectrum|url=https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/sites/default/files/documents/newsletter/newsletter-september-2019.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=7 December 2021|website=Physical Research Laboratory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926075628/https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/sites/default/files/documents/newsletter/newsletter-september-2019.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2019 }}</ref>
* RAMBHA-LP [[Langmuir probe]] by SPL, VSSC for measuring the density and variation of lunar surface [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]]<ref name="AS"/><ref name="Sci lander"/>
* A [[List of retroreflectors on the Moon|laser retroreflector]] array (LRA) by the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] for taking precise measurements of distance between the reflector on the lunar surface and satellites in lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Bartels|first=Meghan|date=24 March 2019|title=How NASA Scrambled to Add Science Experiments to Israeli, Indian Moon Probes|url=https://www.space.com/nasa-jumping-on-international-moon-landers.html|publisher=space.com|access-date=25 March 2019|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325105002/https://www.space.com/nasa-jumping-on-international-moon-landers.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LRA 2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/next-gen-apollo-moon-laser-reflector-on-india-mission.html|title=50 Years After Apollo, India Is Carrying a NASA Laser Reflector to the Moon (And It's Only the Start)|first=Chelsea|last=Gohd|website=space.com|date=26 July 2019|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726151133/https://www.space.com/next-gen-apollo-moon-laser-reflector-on-india-mission.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lunar near surface plasma environment from Chandrayaan-2 Lander platform: RAMBHA-LP payload|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0383.pdf|date=10 February 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092508/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0383.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/india-moon-chandrayaan-2/ India Heads to the Moon With Chandrayaan-2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723151248/https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/india-moon-chandrayaan-2/ |date=23 July 2019 }} David Dickinson, ''Sky & Telescope'', 22 July 2019, Quote: "Vikram carries a seismometer, thermal probe, and an instrument to measure variation and density of lunar surface plasma, along with a laser retro-reflector supplied by NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center".</ref> The microreflector weighed about {{cvt|22|g}} and cannot be used for taking observations from Earth-based lunar laser stations.<ref name="LRA 2019"/>
 
=== ''Pragyan'' rover ===
''Pragyan'' rover carried two instruments to determine the abundance of elements near the landing site:<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit" /><ref name="CY2_payloads" />
 
* [[Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy|Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscope]] (LIBS) from the laboratory for Electro Optic Systems (LEOS), [[Bangalore]]<ref name="payload"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0573.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope on Chandrayaan-2 Rover: a miniaturized mid-UV to visible active spectrometer for lunar surface chemistry studies|date=25 February 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222174648/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0573.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer|Alpha Particle Induced X-ray Spectroscope]] (APXS) from PRL, [[Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/01/0053.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer onboard Chandrayaan-2 Rover|date=10 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=14 January 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114161346/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/01/0053.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isotop.ru/en/view/2204/|title=India chooses Russian Cm-244 sources for flights to the Moon|website=isotop.ru|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926061618/http://www.isotop.ru/en/view/2204/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PRL News – The Spectrum, September 2019|url=https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/sites/default/files/documents/newsletter/newsletter-september-2019.pdf|website=prl.res.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926075628/https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/sites/default/files/documents/newsletter/newsletter-september-2019.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>
 
{{multiple image
| align        = center
| total_width  = 1200
| caption_align = center
 
| image1        = Chandrayaan-2 payloads CHACE2.png
| caption1      = CHACE2
 
| image2        = Chandrayaan-2 payloads XSM.png
| caption2      = XSM
 
| image3        = Chandrayaan-2 payloads CLASS.png
| caption3      = CLASS
 
| image4        = Chandrayaan-2 payloads ILSA 6.png
| caption4      = ILSA [[Microelectromechanical systems|MEMS]] sensor package
 
| image5        = Laser_Retroreflector_for_InSight_Image-33-full.jpg
| caption5      = Laser retroreflector array (LRA)
 
| image6        = Chandrayaan-2 payloads LIBS.png
| caption6      = LIBS
 
| image7        = Chandrayaan-2 payloads APXS.png
| caption7      = APXS
 
| image8        = Chandrayaan-2 payloads ChaSTE.png
| caption8      = ChaSTE
}}
{{clear}}
 
== Mission profile ==
{{multiple image
| align    = center
| direction = horizontal
| width    =
| header    = Animation of Chandrayaan-2
 
| image1    = Animation of Chandrayaan-2 around Earth - Geocentric phase.gif
| caption1  = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]] phase
 
| image2    = Animation of Chandrayaan-2 around Moon.gif
| caption2  = [[Selenocentric orbit|Selenocentric]] phase
 
| image3    = Animation of Chandrayaan-2 (LANDER) around Moon.gif
| caption3  = Lunar landing phase
 
| image4    = Animation of Chandrayaan-2 around Earth.gif
| caption4  = Overall motion of Chandrayaan-2
 
| footer    = {{legend2| RoyalBlue| Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2| Lime| Moon}}{{·}}{{legend2| Magenta| Chandrayaan-2}}
| total_width = 1200
}}
{{clear}}
 
=== Launch ===
[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 Lifting off 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Chandrayaan-2 lifting off on 22 July 2019 at 02.43 PM IST]]
 
The launch of Chandrayaan-2 was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time).<ref name="ISRO20190501"/> However, the launch was aborted 56 minutes and 24 seconds before launch due to a technical glitch, so it was rescheduled to 22 July 2019.<ref name="Cdy-2 new schedule"/><ref name=":2"/> Unconfirmed reports later cited a leak in the nipple joint of a helium gas bottle as the cause of cancellation.<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article28514735.ece|title=What went wrong with the Chandrayaan-2 launch|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|publisher=Frontline|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193231/https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article28514735.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230719/for-vssc-chief-setbacks-are-part-of-victory-cruise.html|title=For VSSC chief, setbacks are part of victory cruise|last=Chandran|first=Cynthia|date=23 July 2019|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723174330/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230719/for-vssc-chief-setbacks-are-part-of-victory-cruise.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Finally Chandrayaan-2 was launched on board the [[GSLV Mark III|GSLV MK III M1]] [[launch vehicle]] on 22 July 2019 at 09:13 UTC (14:43 IST) with a better-than-expected apogee as a result of the cryogenic upper stage being burned to depletion, which later eliminated the need for one of the apogee-raising burns during the [[Geocentric orbit|geocentric phase]] of mission.<ref name="ISRO_PR_20190722"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-only-have-4-operations-around-earth/articleshow/70344747.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 will only have 4 operations around Earth|newspaper=The Times of India|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=23 July 2019|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724072749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-only-have-4-operations-around-earth/articleshow/70344747.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/22/gslv-mk3-chandrayaan-2-mission-status-center-2/|title=Live coverage: India's Chandrayaan-2 moon mission blasts off|publisher=Spaceflight Now|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722202222/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/22/gslv-mk3-chandrayaan-2-mission-status-center-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> This also resulted in the saving of around 40&nbsp;kg fuel on board the spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-healthy-after-another-manoeuvre/articleshow/70436786.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 healthy after another manoeuvre|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=29 July 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730001231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-healthy-after-another-manoeuvre/articleshow/70436786.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Immediately after launch, multiple observations of a slow-moving bright object over Australia were made, which could be related to upper stage venting of residual [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / [[Liquid hydrogen|LH2]] propellant after the main burn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-23/astronomer-explains-strange-object-seen-in-night-sky/11336446|title=Strange object in the night sky was probably a rocket heading to the Moon: astronomer|last=Hartley|first=Anna|date=23 July 2019|publisher=ABC News|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727015954/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-23/astronomer-explains-strange-object-seen-in-night-sky/11336446|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/article/2019/07/24/was-mysterious-bright-spot-australian-skies-chandrayaan-2-indias-mission-moon|title=Was the mysterious bright spot in Australian skies Chandrayaan-2, India's mission to Moon?|last=Acharya|first=Mosiqi|publisher=SBS Hindi|date=24 July 2019|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727052235/https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/article/2019/07/24/was-mysterious-bright-spot-australian-skies-chandrayaan-2-indias-mission-moon|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Geocentric phase ===
[[File:Chandrayaan2 trajectory.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Chandrayaan-2's trajectory]]
 
After being placed into a 45,475 × 169&nbsp;km parking orbit by the launch vehicle,<ref name="ISRO_PR_20190722"/> the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack gradually raised its orbit using on-board propulsion over 22 days. In this phase, one perigee-raising and five apogee-raising burns were performed to reach a highly eccentric orbit of 142,975 × 276&nbsp;km<ref name="EBO5_20190806"/> followed by [[trans-lunar injection]] on 13 August 2019.<ref name="TLI_20190813"/> Such a long Earth-bound phase with multiple orbit-raising manoeuvres exploiting the [[Oberth effect]] was required because of the limited lifting capacity of the launch vehicle and thrust of the spacecraft's on-board propulsion system. A similar strategy was used for Chandrayaan-1 and the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] during their Earth-bound phase trajectory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's Why Chandrayaan-2 Will Take 48 Days to Reach the Moon|url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/isro-chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-south-pole-why-longer-time|access-date=25 August 2019 |date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825090149/http://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/isro-chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-south-pole-why-longer-time |newspaper=The Quint |archive-date=25 August 2019}}</ref> On 3 August 2019, the first set of Earth images were captured by the LI4 camera on the ''Vikram'' lander, showing the [[North America]]n landmass.<ref name=LI4_20190803>{{cite web|title=First set of beautiful images of the Earth captured by Chandrayaan-2 Vikram Lander|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/first-set-of-beautiful-images-of-earth-captured-chandrayaan-2|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806151253/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/first-set-of-beautiful-images-of-earth-captured-chandrayaan-2|archive-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>
 
=== Selenocentric phase ===
After 29 days from its launch, the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack entered lunar orbit on 20 August 2019 after performing a [[Lunar Orbit Insertion|lunar orbit insertion]] burn for 28 minutes 57 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/20/asia/chandrayaan-2-india-lunar-orbit-scli-intl/index.html|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 moon mission enters lunar orbit|last1=Kottasová|first1=Ivana|last2=Gupta|first2=Swati|date=20 August 2019|publisher=CNN|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905100336/https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/20/asia/chandrayaan-2-india-lunar-orbit-scli-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The three-spacecraft stack was placed into an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the Moon, with {{cvt|18072|km}} aposelene and {{cvt|114|km}} periselene.<ref name="LOI_20190820"/> By 1 September 2019, this elliptical orbit was made nearly circular with {{cvt|127|km}} aposelene and {{cvt|119|km}} periselene after four orbit-lowering manoeuvres {{r|LBN2_20190821|LBN3_20190828|LBN4_20190830|LBN5_20190901}} followed by separation of ''Vikram'' lander from the orbiter on 07:45 UTC, 2 September 2019.<ref name="VikSep_20190902"/>
 
=== Planned landing site ===
{{main|Pragyan (rover)}}
 
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;"
!Landing site <ref name="Amitabh2018"/>
!Coordinates
|-
| Prime landing site
| {{Coord|70.90267|S|22.78110|E|globe:Moon|display=inline}}
|-
| Alternate landing site
| {{Coord|67.87406|S|18.46947|W|globe:Moon|display=inline}}
|-
|}
 
[[File:Vikram lunar lander planned landing zone.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|The flat highland between craters [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] was the planned landing zone for the ''Vikram'' lander.]]
 
Two landing sites were selected, each with an ellipse of {{cvt|32|×|11|km}}.<ref name="Amitabh2018">{{cite conference|url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1975.pdf|title=Potential Landing Sites for Chandrayaan-2 Lander in Southern Hemisphere of Moon|conference=49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 19–23 March 2018 The Woodlands, Texas|first1=S.|last1=Amitabh|first2=T. P.|last2=Srinivasan |first3=K.|last3=Suresh|date=2018|bibcode=2018LPI....49.1975A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822054335/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1975.pdf|archive-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> The prime landing site (PLS54) was at 70.90267°S 22.78110°E ({{cvt|600|km}} from the south pole,<ref name='LRO first pass'/>) and the alternate landing site (ALS01) was at 67.87406° South 18.46947° West. The prime site was on a high plain between the [[Lunar craters|craters]] [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-how-lander-vikram-will-touchdown-on-the-moon-1563081825336.html|title=Chandrayaan-2: How "Lander Vikram" will touchdown on the moon?|author=Srishti Choudhary|publisher=Live Mint|date=14 July 2019|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719070148/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-how-lander-vikram-will-touchdown-on-the-moon-1563081825336.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rishitosh 2019">[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1493.pdf Geological Insights into Chandrayaan-2 Landing Site in the Southern High Latitudes of the Moon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619200119/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1493.pdf |date=19 June 2020 }} Rishitosh K. Sinha, Vijayan Sivaprahasam, Megha Bhatt, Harish Nandal, Nandita Kumari, Neeraj Srivastava, Indhu Varatharajan, Dwijesh Ray, Christian Wöhler, and Anil Bhardwaj. 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contribution No. 2132).</ref> on the [[near side of the Moon]].
 
=== Loss of ''Vikram'' ===
{{multiple image
| align    = right
| direction = vertical
| width    =
| header    = Location of the ''Vikram'' lander impact site
 
| image1    = Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ejecta_with_scalebar.png
| caption1  = Ejecta field around ''Vikram'' lander impact site
 
| image2    = Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ratio.png
| caption2  = Before and after image of the impact site
 
| image3    = Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Blink_animation.gif
| caption3  = Before and after images of the impact site
 
| footer    =
| total_width = 220
}}
 
''Vikram'' began its descent at 20:08:03 UTC, 6 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 20:23 UTC. The descent and soft-landing were to be performed by the on-board computers on ''Vikram'', with mission control unable to make corrections.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ Chandrayaan-2: Here's everything about ISRO Moon-landing its Vikram lander] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911214743/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ |date=11 September 2019 }} ''Financial Express'' Ribu Mishra, 7 September 2019</ref> The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as expected, but the lander's trajectory began to deviate at about {{cvt|2.1|km}} above the surface.<ref>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html India Just Found Its Lost Vikram Lander on the Moon, Still No Signal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909045912/https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html |date=9 September 2019 }} Tariq Malik ,''space.com'' 8 September 2019</ref><ref name="Williams 1">[https://www.universetoday.com/143369/india-has-located-the-vikram-lander-but-its-still-not-communicating-with-home/ India has Located the Vikram Lander, But it's Still not Communicating With Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913004437/https://www.universetoday.com/143369/india-has-located-the-vikram-lander-but-its-still-not-communicating-with-home/ |date=13 September 2019 }} Matt Williams, ''Universe Today'' 11 September 2019</ref> The final telemetry readings during ISRO's live-stream show that ''Vikram'''s final vertical velocity was {{cvt|58|m/s|km/h}} at {{cvt|330|m}} above the surface, which a number of experts noted, would have been too fast for the lunar lander to make a successful landing.<ref name="Patel MIT">{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 lander likely crashed into the Moon's surface.|author=Neel V. Patel|publisher=MIT Technology Review|date=6 September 2019|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906222449/https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Telemetry">[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrayaan-2-isro-vikram-fell-silent-335-m-from-the-moon-5984442/ Frozen screens tell story: Chandrayaan-2's Vikram Lander fell silent 335 m from Moon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916073710/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrayaan-2-isro-vikram-fell-silent-335-m-from-the-moon-5984442/ |date=16 September 2019 }} Johnson T. A., ''Indian Express'' 11 September 2019</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/the-speed-at-which-it-was-travelling-didnt-give-moon-lander-a-chance-expert/articleshow/71234359.cms The speed at which it was travelling didn't give Moon lander a chance: Expert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921154107/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/the-speed-at-which-it-was-travelling-didnt-give-moon-lander-a-chance-expert/articleshow/71234359.cms |date=21 September 2019 }} ''India Economic Times'' 21 September 2019</ref> Initial reports suggesting a crash<ref name="Apparent crash"/><ref name="planetary landing"/> were confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that "it must have been a hard landing".<ref name="Hard landing TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms|title=Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: ISRO|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 September 2019|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="landerspotted">{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/|title=Lander Vikram located: K Sivan|website=aninews.in|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908125712/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html|title=India Says It Has Located Chandrayaan-2 Lander on Moon's Surface|first=Kai|last=Schultz|date=8 September 2019|access-date=8 September 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908122008/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it contradicted initial claims from anonymous ISRO officials that the lander was intact and lying in a ''tilted position''.<ref name=businessline>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-tilted-after-hard-hit-says-isro/article29374671.ece|title=Vikram Lander in a Tilted Position - ISRO|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date=9 September 2019|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220060051/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-tilted-after-hard-hit-says-isro/article29374671.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TN_IF"/>
 
Radio transmissions from the lander were tracked during descent by analysts using a {{cvt|25|m}} radio telescope owned by the [[ASTRON|Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy]]. Analysis of the [[Doppler effect|doppler data]] suggests that the loss of signal coincided with the lander impacting the lunar surface at a velocity of nearly {{cvt|50|m/s|km/h}} (as opposed to an ideal {{cvt|2|m/s|km/h}} touchdown velocity).<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html|title=Did India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Lander Survive? The Chances Are Slim|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=10 September 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=11 September 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911162003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The powered descent was also observed by NASA's [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter#Payload|Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] (LRO) using its [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter|Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project]] instrument to study changes in the lunar exosphere due to exhaust gases from the lander's engines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-lander-lessons-nasa-commercial.html|title=U.S. Moon Landing Hopefuls Watch Silent India Lander – and Learn|first=Meghan|last=Bartels|date=13 September 2019|publisher=space.com|access-date=14 September 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915124625/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-lander-lessons-nasa-commercial.html|url-status=live}}</ref> K. Sivan, tasked senior scientist [[Prem Shanker Goel]] to head the Failure Analysis Committee to look into the causes of the failure.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/hard-landing-derailed-lunar-mission-says-k-sivan/articleshow/71041208.cms Hard landing derailed lunar mission, says K Sivan.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103070325/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/hard-landing-derailed-lunar-mission-says-k-sivan/articleshow/71041208.cms |date=3 January 2021 }} Raghu Krishnan, ''The Economic Times'' 9 September 2019</ref>
 
Both ISRO and NASA attempted to communicate with the lander for about two weeks before the lunar night set in,<ref name="CH2updates"/><ref>[https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/chandrayaan-2-the-sun-has-finally-set-on-vikram-lander-4461861.html Chandrayaan-2: The Sun has finally set on Vikram lander] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922165149/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/chandrayaan-2-the-sun-has-finally-set-on-vikram-lander-4461861.html |date=22 September 2019 }} Swathi Moorthy, ''Money Control'' 22 September 2019</ref> while NASA's LRO flew over on 17 September 2019 and acquired some images of the intended landing zone.<ref>[https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/09/12/nasa-lunar-orbiter-to-image-chandrayaan-2-landing-site-next-week/ NASA lunar orbiter to image Chandrayaan-2 landing site next week] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913013507/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/09/12/nasa-lunar-orbiter-to-image-chandrayaan-2-landing-site-next-week/ |date=13 September 2019 }} Stephen Clark, ''Spaceflight Now'' 12 September 2019</ref> However, the region was near [[dusk]], causing poor lighting for optical imaging.<ref>[https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/search-for-vikram-lander-nasa-analysing-images-taken-by-lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter-2103764 Search for Vikram Lander: NASA Analysing Images Taken by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920153741/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/search-for-vikram-lander-nasa-analysing-images-taken-by-lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter-2103764 |date=20 September 2019 }} Indo-Asian News Service 19 September 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.space.com/lro-fails-see-india-moon-lander-vikram.html NASA Moon Orbiter Fails to Spot India's Lunar Lander: Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920123546/https://www.space.com/lro-fails-see-india-moon-lander-vikram.html |date=20 September 2019 }} Leonard David, ''space.com'' 18 September 2019</ref> NASA's LRO images, showing no sight of the lander, were released on 26 September 2019.<ref name="LRO first pass">[https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2019/obscured-in-the-lunar-highlands Obscured in the Lunar Highlands?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927202102/https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2019/obscured-in-the-lunar-highlands/ |date=27 September 2019 }} Karl Hille, NASA LRO Mission. 26 September 2019 {{PD-notice}}</ref> The LRO flew over again on 14 October 2019 under more favorable lighting conditions,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-not-found-by-nasa.html|title=A NASA Spacecraft Still Hasn't Spotted India's Ill-Fated Moon Lander|first=Meghan|last=Bartels|date=24 October 2019|publisher=space.com|access-date=2019-10-25|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025021310/https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-not-found-by-nasa.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cnet.com/news/galaxy-fold-my-first-day-with-samsungs-new-and-improved-foldable-phone-hands-on/ NASA still searching for India's Chandrayaan-2 Vikram moon lander] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923050225/https://www.cnet.com/news/galaxy-fold-my-first-day-with-samsungs-new-and-improved-foldable-phone-hands-on/ |date=23 September 2019 }} Amanda Kooser, ''CNET'' 18 September 2019</ref> but was unable to locate it.<ref name="IAN Oct2019">[https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-nasa-to-perform-a-rigorous-search-for-vikram-lander-2118180 Chandrayaan-2: NASA to Perform a "Rigorous" Search for Vikram Lander] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020004016/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-nasa-to-perform-a-rigorous-search-for-vikram-lander-2118180 |date=20 October 2019 }} Indo-Asian News Service 18 October 2019</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/nasa-finds-no-trace-of-indias-chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-in-latest-pics-by-moon-orbiter/articleshow/71719225.cms NASA finds no trace of India's Chandrayaan-2 Vikram lander in latest pics by Moon orbiter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165619/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/nasa-finds-no-trace-of-indias-chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-in-latest-pics-by-moon-orbiter/articleshow/71719225.cms |date=24 October 2019 }} ''The Economic Times'' 24 October 2019</ref> The LRO performed a third flyover on 10 November 2019.<ref name="IAN Oct2019"/>
 
On 16 November 2019, the Failure Analysis Committee released its report to the Space Commission, concluding that the crash was caused by a [[software]] glitch.<ref name='Failure report'>[https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html How did Chandrayaan-2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html |date=19 February 2021 }} Mahesh Guptan, ''The Week'' 16 November 2019</ref> Phase One of descent from an altitude of 30&nbsp;km to 7.4&nbsp;km above the Moon's surface went as intended with velocity being reduced from 1683&nbsp;m/s to 146&nbsp;m/s. But velocity during the second phase of descent was more than expected. This deviation from nominal velocity reduction was beyond the designed parameters of on-board software,<ref name="AstrotalkUK_E90"/> causing ''Vikram'' to land hard, though it managed to impact relatively near the intended landing site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=6766&lsno=17|title=Unstarred Question number: 588|website=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120131604/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=6766&lsno=17|archive-date=2019-11-20|access-date=2019-11-20|quote=The first phase of descent was performed nominally from an altitude of 30 km to 7.4 km above the moon surface. The velocity was reduced from 1683 m/s to 146 m/s. During the second phase of descent, the reduction in velocity was more than the designed value. Due to this deviation, the initial conditions at the start of the fine braking phase were beyond the designed parameters. As a result, Vikram hard-landed within 500 m of the designated landing site.}}</ref> The complete findings have not been made public.<ref name="Kumar2019">{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Chethan|title=Chandrayaan-2: Extra braking caused Vikram to deviate: Govt in LS|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-braking-caused-vikram-to-deviate-govt-in-ls/articleshow/72149744.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 November 2019|access-date=20 November 2019|archive-date=21 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121140020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-braking-caused-vikram-to-deviate-govt-in-ls/articleshow/72149744.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/new-details-emerge-about-failed-lunar-landings/|title=New details emerge about failed lunar landings|date=2019-11-21|publisher=SpaceNews|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref><ref>[https://www.space.com/india-admits-moon-lander-crash.html India Admits Its Moon Lander Crashed, Cites Problem with Braking Thrusters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127195942/https://www.space.com/india-admits-moon-lander-crash.html |date=27 November 2019 }} Chelsea Gohd, ''space.com'' 25 November 2019</ref>
 
''Vikram'''s impact site was located at {{Coord|70.8810|S|22.7840|E|globe:Moon|display=inline}} by the LROC team after receiving [[Citizen science|helpful input]] from Shanmuga Subramanian, a volunteer from [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], who located debris from the spacecraft in pictures released by NASA.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/02/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-lander-found.html|title=NASA Finds India's Vikram Moon Lander Crash Site, With Amateur's Help|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=2019-12-02|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-03|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203001435/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/02/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-lander-found.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=theguardian03122019/> While initially estimated to be within {{cvt|500|m}} of the intended landing site, best-guess estimates from satellite imagery indicate initial impact about 600 m away.<ref name="Vkrm_Impct_site">{{cite web|url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/1131|title=Vikram Lander Found {{!}} Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera|website=lroc.sese.asu.edu|access-date=2019-12-02|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202205553/http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/1131|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The spacecraft shattered upon impact,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-found.html|title=A Billion Pixels and the Search for India's Crashed Moon Lander|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=2019-12-06|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-07|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207014926/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-found.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with debris scattered over almost two dozen locations in an area spanning kilometres.<ref name=theguardian03122019>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface|title=India's crashed Vikram moon lander spotted on lunar surface|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 December 2019|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221002227/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The orbiter part of the mission, with eight scientific instruments, remains operational, and will continue its seven-year mission to study the Moon.<ref name="Williams 1"/>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Timeline of operations <ref name="Plan_20190724">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jul-2019/chandrayaan-2-updatemission-plan-of-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft|title=Chandrayaan-2 update:Mission Plan of Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724163854/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jul-2019/chandrayaan-2-updatemission-plan-of-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/live-media-coverage-of-landing-of-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface|title=Live media coverage of the landing of Chandrayaan-2 on lunar surface|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902212259/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/live-media-coverage-of-landing-of-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:10%;" rowspan="2"|Phase
! scope="col" style="width:20%;" rowspan="2"|Date
! scope="col" style="width:18%;" rowspan="2"|Event
! scope="col" style="width:17%;" rowspan="2"|Detail
! scope="col" style="width:30%;" colspan="2"|Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"|References
|-
! scope="col" align="center"|Apogee /<br />Aposelene
! scope="col" align="center"|Perigee /<br />Periselene
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"
| scope="row" rowspan="7" |'''[[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]] phase'''
 
| 22 July 2019, 09:13:12 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| Launch
| Burn time: 16 min 14 sec
| {{cvt|45475|km}}||{{cvt|169.7|km}}
|<ref name="ISRO_PR_20190722"/>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"
 
| 24 July 2019, 09:22 UTC
| 1st orbit-raising maneuver
| Burn time: 48 seconds
| {{cvt|45163|km}}||{{cvt|230|km}}
|<ref name="EBO1_20190724">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-first-earth-bound-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: First Earth bound maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724111626/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-first-earth-bound-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"
 
| 25 July 2019, 19:38 UTC
| 2nd orbit-raising maneuver
| Burn time: 883 seconds
| {{cvt|54829|km}}||{{cvt|251|km}}
|<ref name="EBO2_20190726">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/26-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-second-earth-bound-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Second Earth bound maneuver|date=26 July 2019 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725201701/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/26-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-second-earth-bound-maneuver|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"
 
| 29 July 2019, 09:42 UTC
| 3rd orbit-raising maneuver
| Burn time: 989 seconds
| 71,792&nbsp;km (44,609&nbsp;mi)|| 276&nbsp;km (171.5&nbsp;mi)
|<ref name="EBO3_20190729">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-third-earth-bound-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Third Earth bound maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729102956/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-third-earth-bound-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"
 
| 2 August 2019, 09:57 UTC
| 4th orbit-raising maneuver
| Burn time: 646 seconds
| {{cvt|89472|km}} ||{{cvt|277|km}}
|<ref name="EBO4_20190802">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-aug-2019/chandrayaan2-update-fourth-earth-bound-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Fourth Earth bound maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=2 August 2019|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802102719/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-aug-2019/chandrayaan2-update-fourth-earth-bound-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"
 
| 6 August 2019, 09:34 UTC
| 5th orbit-raising maneuver
| Burn time: 1041 seconds
| {{cvt|142975|km}}||{{cvt|276|km}}
|<ref name="EBO5_20190806">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/06-aug-2019/chandrayaan2-update-fifth-earth-bound-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Fifth Earth bound maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806104005/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/06-aug-2019/chandrayaan2-update-fifth-earth-bound-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"
 
| 13 August 2019, 20:51 UTC
| [[Trans-lunar injection]]
| Burn time: 1203 seconds
|{{center|—}}||{{center|—}}
|<ref name="TLI_20190813">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-successfully-enters-lunar-transfer-trajectory|title=Chandrayaan-2 Successfully enters Lunar Transfer Trajectory|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813230556/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-successfully-enters-lunar-transfer-trajectory|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"
| scope="row" rowspan="5" |'''[[Selenocentric orbit|Selenocentric]] phase'''
 
| 20 August 2019, 03:32 UTC
| Lunar orbit insertion<br />1st lunar bound maneuver
| Burn time: 1738 seconds
| {{cvt|18072|km}}||{{cvt|114|km}}
|<ref name="LOI_20190820">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-lunar-orbit-insertion|title=Chandrayaan-2: Lunar Orbit Insertion|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=20 August 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820044245/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-lunar-orbit-insertion|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"
 
| 21 August 2019, 07:20 UTC
| 2nd lunar bound maneuver
| Burn time: 1228 seconds
| {{cvt|4412|km}}||{{cvt|118|km}}
|<ref name="LBN2_20190821">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/21-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-lunar-orbit-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Second Lunar Orbit Maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821080625/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/21-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-lunar-orbit-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"


| 28 August 2019, 03:34 UTC
Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 on schedule, the mission was moved to 2016 because Russia was unable to build the lander on time.<ref name="delay">{{cite news|url=http://www.asianscientist.com/2012/02/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure|last=Laxman|first=Srinivas|date=6 February 2012|work=Asian Scientist|access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="ndtv20120909">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-next-moon-mission-depends-on-russia-isro-chief-498868|title=India's next moon mission depends on Russia: ISRO chief|date=9 September 2012|work=[[NDTV]]|agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> When Russia decided it would not be able to build a lander by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission on its own.<ref name="postponed">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/article4329844.ece|title=Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone|last=Ramachandran|first=R.|date=22 January 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98239|title=Chandrayaan-2 would be a lone mission by India without Russian tie-up.|date=14 August 2013|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98239|title=Chandrayaan-2|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref>
| 3rd lunar bound maneuver
| Burn time: 1190 seconds
| {{cvt|1412|km}}||{{cvt|179|km}}
|<ref name="LBN3_20190828">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-third-lunar-bound-orbit-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Third Lunar Orbit Maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828072012/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-third-lunar-bound-orbit-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"


| 30 August 2019, 12:48 UTC
The spacecraft's launch had been scheduled for March 2018, but was delayed.<ref name="sfn-sched">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/|title=Launch Schedule|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=15 August 2018|work=Spaceflight Now|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816161152/https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/|archive-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="econtimes20180323">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-2-launch-postponed-to-october-isro-chief/articleshow/63429955.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch postponed to October: ISRO chief|date=23 March 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 August 2018|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Two of the lander's legs got minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019, making the launch date even later.<ref name="on hold">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/space/india-moon-lander-damaged-chandrayaan-2-launch|title=India's Moon Lander Damaged During Test, Chandrayaan 2 Launch Put on Hold|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref>
| 4th lunar bound maneuver
| Burn time: 1155 seconds
| {{cvt|164|km}}||{{cvt|124|km}}
|<ref name="LBN4_20190830">{{cite web|url=https://isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fourth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Fourth Lunar Orbit Maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830135323/http://isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fourth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"


| 1 September 2019, 12:51 UTC
== Goals ==
| 5th lunar bound maneuver
The main goals of Chandrayaan-2 are to demonstrate the ability to [[Soft landing (aeronautics)|soft-land]] on the [[lunar surface]] and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Studies of [[lunar topography]],[[mineralogy]], [[elemental abundance]], the [[lunar exosphere]], and signatures of [[hydroxyl]] and [[Lunar water|water ice]] are the scientific goals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2 |title=Chandrayaan 2 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA Master Catalog]] |publisher=NASA |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref> The orbiter will [[surveying|survey]] the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it. The onboard radar will also survey the surface while studying the [[Lunar water|water ice]] in the [[lunar south pole]] and thickness of the [[Lunar soil]] on the surface.<ref>{{cite web |last=Banerji |first=Abigail |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-orbiter-will-scan-and-make-a-comprehensive-map-of-the-lunar-surface-6892891.html |title=Chandrayaan 2: Everything you need to know about the orbiter's mission and design |work=[[Firstpost|Tech2]] |date=13 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref>
| Burn time: 52 seconds
| {{cvt|127|km}}||{{cvt|119|km}}
|<ref name="LBN5_20190901">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Fifth Lunar Orbit Maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903075526/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"
| scope="row" rowspan="6" |''Vikram'' lunar landing
 
| 2 September 2019, 07:45 UTC
| ''Vikram'' separation
|{{center|—}}
| {{cvt|127|km}}||{{cvt|119|km}}
|<ref name="VikSep_20190902">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: Vikram Lander successfully separates from Orbiter|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-vikram-lander-successfully-separates-orbiter|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903080138/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-vikram-lander-successfully-separates-orbiter|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"
 
| 3 September 2019 3:20 UTC
| 1st deorbit burn
| Burn time: 4 seconds
| {{cvt|128|km}}||{{cvt|104|km}}
|<ref name="VikBurn1_20190903">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: First de-orbiting maneuver|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-first-de-orbiting-maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903080922/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-first-de-orbiting-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"
 
| 3 September 2019, 22:12 UTC
| 2nd deorbit burn
| Burn time: 9 seconds
| {{convert|101|km}}||{{cvt|35|km}}
|<ref name="VikBurn2_20190904">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-de-orbiting-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Second de-orbiting maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904005541/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-de-orbiting-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"
 
| 6 September 2019, 20:08 UTC
| Powered descent
| Burn time: 15 minutes
| Landing (planned)
| Landing (planned)
|
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"
 
| 6 September 2019, 20:23 UTC
|''Vikram'' landing
| Trajectory deviation started at 2.1&nbsp;km altitude, [[telemetry]] was lost seconds before touchdown.<ref name='Patel MIT'/><ref name='Telemetry'/>
| Lost upon crash landing.
|
|
|-
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"
 
| 7 September 2019, 00:00 UTC−01:00 UTC (planned)
| [[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'' rover]] deployment
| Lander failure, rover was not deployed.
| {{center|—}}
| {{center|—}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/airnewsalerts/status/1170043152230580224|title=#Chandrayaan2 ; Vikram and Pragyan Timeline: #Chandrayaan2Live #Chandrayaan2Landingpic.twitter.com/nZ2u18OXjb |date=6 September 2019|website=@airnewsalerts|language=hu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911145147/https://twitter.com/airnewsalerts/status/1170043152230580224|archive-date=11 September 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-live-updates-isro-moon-mission-2019-india-vikram-lander-satellite-latest-news-live-status-communication-lost-crash-lunar-south-pole-7294631.html|title=Chandrayaan 2 Landing highlights: PM Narendra Modi says India stands in solidarity with ISRO scientists|date=6 September 2019|publisher=First Post|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007070825/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-live-updates-isro-moon-mission-2019-india-vikram-lander-satellite-latest-news-live-status-communication-lost-crash-lunar-south-pole-7294631.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SciRepo_Nov_2019">{{cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Anand Kumar|date=November 2019|title=Chandrayaan-2 – What Went Wrong with the Lander?|journal=Science Reporter |volume=56|issue=11|pages=20–23|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/51218|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923102415/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/51218|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}
 
=== Telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) ===
During various phases of launch and spacecraft operations of Chandrayaan-2 mission, the TT&C support was provided by [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] (ISTRAC), [[Indian Deep Space Network]] (IDSN), [[NASA Deep Space Network]] and [[National Institute for Space Research]]'s (INPE) ground stations located in [[Alcântara Launch Center|Alcântara]] and [[Cuiabá]].<ref>{{cite web|title=INPE realiza manobras orbitais para missão lunar Chandrayaan-2|url=http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=5218|access-date=2021-02-24|website=inpe.br|language=pt-br|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117013136/http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=5218|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 13, 2019|first=Surendra|last=Singh|title=ISRO: Chandrayaan-2 will take NASA-ISRO ties to a new height|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-take-nasa-isro-ties-to-a-new-height/articleshow/69761680.cms|access-date=2021-02-24|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107234005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-take-nasa-isro-ties-to-a-new-height/articleshow/69761680.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Aftermath ==
There was an outpouring of support for ISRO from various quarters in the aftermath of the crash landing of its lunar lander. However, prominent Indian news media also criticized ISRO's lack of transparency regarding the crash of the lander and its analysis of the crash.<ref name="TH_IS">{{cite web|title=ISRO silent on NASA pictures of Vikram|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-silent-on-nasa-pictures-of-vikram/article30152586.ece|date=3 December 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2020-05-28|quote="However, except for sketchy information, ISRO has shied away from sharing its own analysis of the crash".|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192415/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-silent-on-nasa-pictures-of-vikram/article30152586.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TN_IF">{{cite web|title=ISRO finally admits to Chandrayaan-2's lander Vikram lying on Moon "in pieces"|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/01/isro-finally-admits-to-chandrayaan-2s-lander-vikram-lying-on-moon-in-pieces-2083739.html|date=1 January 2020|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-05-29|quote="On being persistently asked by the media on Wednesday why ISRO was not being transparent about the fate of the lander as the entire nation was waiting with bated breath for a successful landing, Sivan finally said, "Yes, yes...it is in pieces...!""|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728171757/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/01/isro-finally-admits-to-chandrayaan-2s-lander-vikram-lying-on-moon-in-pieces-2083739.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian media also noted that unlike ISRO's previous record, the report of the Failure Analysis Committee was not made public<ref name="IE_FAC" /> and [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] queries seeking it were denied by ISRO citing section 8(1) of the RTI Act.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-11-03|title="ISRO should be transparent": Ex-Chief as ISRO denies info on Vikram Lander failure|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/isro-should-be-transparent-ex-chief-isro-denies-info-vikram-lander-failure-136827|access-date=2020-11-03|publisher=The News Minute|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103160600/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/isro-should-be-transparent-ex-chief-isro-denies-info-vikram-lander-failure-136827|url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO's lack of consistency regarding the explanation around the rover's crashing was criticized, with the organization providing no proof of its own positions until the efforts of NASA and a [[Chennai]] based volunteer located the crash site on the lunar surface.<ref name="NW_TF">{{cite web|title=ISRO: Time for Change of leadership|url=https://newsroom24x7.com/2019/12/18/isro-time-for-change-of-leadership/|date=18 December 2019|publisher=Newsroom 24x7|access-date=2020-05-28|quote="Question that remains to be answered by ISRO is where "the proof for what they have been claiming. Why no photographs or a video of the Lander's undocking from the Lunar Orbiter have been made public till now. Only an objective probe will find answers to the questions regarding Chandrayaan-2 and what led to the Lander's failure. There are also many lapses that should make the citizens of India, who fund ISRO's working, sit up straight"|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193552/https://newsroom24x7.com/2019/12/18/isro-time-for-change-of-leadership/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the wake of the events surrounding Chandrayaan-2, former ISRO employees criticized unverified statements from the ISRO chairman and what they claimed is the top-down leadership and working culture of the organization.<ref name="BB_WI">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: Was India's Moon mission actually a success?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49875897|date=30 September 2019|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2020-05-28|quote="Mr Sivan's remarks have been met with criticism from scientists who said it was too early for ISRO to term the mission a success, especially since its most important goal - to land a rover on the Moon's surface that can gather crucial data - remains unrealised".|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217020647/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49875897|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TW_SI">{{cite web|title=Senior ISRO Scientist Criticises Sivan's Approach After Moon Mission Setback|url=https://thewire.in/space/senior-isro-scientist-criticises-sivans-approach-after-moon-mission-setback|date=22 September 2019|publisher=The Wire|access-date=2020-05-28|quote="Misra called attention to ISRO's top-down working culture and inadequate leadership, particularly in the face of Chandrayaan-2 having failed to execute its surface mission because the lander crashed on the Moon's surface instead of touching down".|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207160644/https://thewire.in/space/senior-isro-scientist-criticises-sivans-approach-after-moon-mission-setback|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TP_NI">{{cite web|title=No ISRO update on Chandrayaan-2 lander but social media goes wild with speculation|url=https://theprint.in/science/no-isro-update-on-chandrayaan-2-lander-but-social-media-goes-wild-with-speculation/289329/|date=10 September 2019|publisher=The Print|access-date=2020-05-29|quote="The chairman also released a statement Friday, saying 90 to 95% of mission objectives have already been met. The statement was met with much criticism due to a lack of transparency on the calculation of these percentages".|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203306/https://theprint.in/science/no-isro-update-on-chandrayaan-2-lander-but-social-media-goes-wild-with-speculation/289329/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Scientists involved in the mission ==
[[File:A view of Mission Operations Complex 1 (MOX-1) at ISTRAC, Peenya before commencement of fourth orbit raising burn for Chandrayaan-2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|A view of Mission Operations Complex (MOX-1), [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISTRAC]]<ref>{{cite news|title=At Bangalore mission control, all eyes on Mars|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/at-bangalore-mission-control-all-eyes-on-mars/|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2 August 2019|date=16 December 2013|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802124002/https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/at-bangalore-mission-control-all-eyes-on-mars/|url-status=live}}</ref> prior to the fourth Earth-bound burn<ref name="EBO4_20190802"/>]]
 
Key scientists and engineers involved in the development of Chandrayaan-2 include:<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/the-women-and-men-behind-chandrayaan-2/article28431373.ece The women, and men, behind Chandrayaan-2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192528/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/the-women-and-men-behind-chandrayaan-2/article28431373.ece |date=27 July 2020 }} Madhumathi D.S., ''The Hindu'' 15 July 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 Chandrayaan-2: India launches second Moon mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |date=22 August 2019 }} ''BBC News'' 22 July 2019</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-deputy-project-director-taught-village-students-to-fund-his-education/articleshow/70442093.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 deputy project director taught village students to fund his education|date=30 July 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909193154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-deputy-project-director-taught-village-students-to-fund-his-education/articleshow/70442093.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
* [[Ritu Karidhal]] – Mission Director
* [[Muthayya Vanitha]] – Project Director
* K. Kalpana – Associate Project Director <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/ms-k-kalpana-an-electrical-engineer-at-the-indian-space-news-photo/1156926425|title=BENGALURU, KARNATAKA, INDIA. Ms K. Kalpana, an electrical engineer at...|publisher=Getty Images|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727203216/https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/ms-k-kalpana-an-electrical-engineer-at-the-indian-space-news-photo/1156926425|url-status=live}}</ref>
* G. Narayanan – Associate Project Director <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayali-presence-in-making-chandrayaan-2-a-reality/article28428941.ece|title=The Malayali hand in Chandrayaan-2|last=Rajwi|first=Tiki|date=14 July 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=11 September 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193700/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayali-presence-in-making-chandrayaan-2-a-reality/article28428941.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* G. Nagesh – Project Director (former) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/cryogenic-gains-for-gslv/article9153824.ece|title=Cryogenic gains for GSLV|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=28 September 2016 |publisher=Frontline|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202543/https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/cryogenic-gains-for-gslv/article9153824.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Chandrakanta Kumar – Deputy Project Director (Radio-frequency systems)
* [[Amitabh Singh]] – Deputy Project Director (Optical Payload Data Processing, [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC)) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amitabh_Singh6|title=Amitabh Singh {{!}} MTech {{!}} Indian Space Research Organization, Bengaluru {{!}} ISRO {{!}} signal & Image Processing {{!}} ResearchGate|publisher=Research Gate|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930204321/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amitabh_Singh6|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Chandrayaan-3 ==
{{Main|Chandrayaan-3}}
{{anchor|Mission repeat}}
 
In November 2019, ISRO officials stated that a new lunar lander mission is being studied for launch in August 2022;<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html|title=A mix of young and middle-aged people will train for Gaganyaan|publisher=The Week|access-date=2020-01-28|quote=The work on Chandrayaan-3 is also going on; it should be launched in the next 16 months or so.|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128073908/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> this new proposal is called [[Chandrayaan-3]] and it would be a re-attempt to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] proposed in partnership with Japan for 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unstarred Question no. 1384 in Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=7734&lsno=17|website=164.100.47.194|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127095402/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=7734&lsno=17|archive-date=27 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref><ref name='Wire_Nov2019'>{{cite web|url=https://science.thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan/|title=ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan-3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt|publisher=The Wire|date=14 November 2019|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193626/https://science.thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan/|url-status=live}}</ref> If funded, this re-attempt would not include launching an orbiter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-second-bid-to-land-on-moon-by-november-2020/articleshow/72047390.cms|title=2nd Lunar landing effort by ISRO|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 November 2019|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116130934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-second-bid-to-land-on-moon-by-november-2020/articleshow/72047390.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposed configuration would have a detachable propulsion module, behaving like a communications relay satellite,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 | title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details }}</ref> a lander and a rover.<ref name="ToI_20191114">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-second-bid-to-land-on-moon-by-november-2020/articleshow/72047390.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3: Second bid to land on Moon by November 2020|date=14 November 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116130934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-second-bid-to-land-on-moon-by-november-2020/articleshow/72047390.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NIE_20191114">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/nov/14/after-failure-of-vikram-lander-india-may-again-attempt-soft-landing-on-moon-next-november-2061665.html|title=After failure of "Vikram" lander, India may again attempt soft landing on Moon next November|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115173016/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/nov/14/after-failure-of-vikram-lander-india-may-again-attempt-soft-landing-on-moon-next-november-2061665.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TW_20191114">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan|title=ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan-3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt|date=14 November 2019|publisher=The Wire|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115171741/https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TW_20191102">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-attempt-another-soft-landing-on-the-moon-in-the-near-future|title=ISRO Will Attempt Another Soft-Landing on the Moon 'in the Near Future'|date=2 November 2019|publisher=The Wire|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115173017/https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-attempt-another-soft-landing-on-the-moon-in-the-near-future|url-status=live}}</ref> According to VSSC director, [[S. Somanath]], there will be more follow-up missions in the [[Chandrayaan programme]].<ref name="AstrotalkUK_E90">{{cite AV media|url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/|title=Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S. Somanath and R. Umamaheshwaran |time=30 minute 46 seconds}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=CHANDRAYAAN-III|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1593795#|location=Delhi|agency=Press Information Bureau|date=2019-11-27|access-date=2019-12-01|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111620/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1593795|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', work on Chandrayaan-3 commenced on 14 November 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-director-out-of-3rd-moon-mission/articleshow/72861032.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 director out of 3rd Moon mission|date=18 December 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-director-out-of-3rd-moon-mission/articleshow/72861032.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c}}, of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} is intended for machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} is sought under revenue expenditure head.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3|date=8 December 2019|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|work=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Confirming the existence of the project, K. Sivan stated that its cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021|date=2 January 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight|Solar System|India}}
* [[Beresheet|''Beresheet'' lander]] – Concurrent lunar lander mission, crash-landed on the Moon
* [[Chandrayaan-3]]
* [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX]]
* [[Exploration of the Moon]]
* [[List of missions to the Moon]]
* [[List of ISRO missions]]
* [[Lunar resources]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Chandrayaan-2}}
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home Official Chandrayaan-2 mission page], by the Indian Space Research Organisation
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission GSLV-Mk III launcher], by the Indian Space Research Organisation
 
{{Lunar rovers}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Solar System probes}}
{{Orbital launches in 2019}}
{{2019 in space}}


[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Lunar rovers]]
[[Category:Planetary rovers]]
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
[[Category:September 2019 events]]
[[Category:Space probes launched in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 in India]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:Space synthetic aperture radar]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]]
[[Category:Satellites orbiting the Moon]]
[[Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon]]

Latest revision as of 10:38, 17 October 2022

Chandrayaan-2
Chandrayaan-2 lander and orbiter integrated module.jpg
Chandrayaan-2 composite
Mission typeLunar orbiter, lander, rover
OperatorIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
COSPAR ID2019-042A
SATCAT no.44441
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home-0
Mission durationOrbiter: > 1 year
Vikram lander ≤ 14 days[1]
Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days[1]
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Launch massCombined (wet): 3,850 kg (8,490 lb)[2][3][4]
Combined (dry): 1,308 kg (2,884 lb)[5]
Orbiter (wet): 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)[3][4]
Orbiter (dry): 682 kg (1,504 lb)[5]
Vikram lander (wet): 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)[3][4]
Vikram lander (dry): 626 kg (1,380 lb)[5]
Pragyan rover: 27 kg (60 lb)[3][4]
PowerOrbiter: 1 kW (1.3 hp)[6]

Vikram lander: 650 W (0.87 hp)

Pragyan rover: 50 W (0.067 hp)
Start of mission
Launch date22 July 2019, 14:43:12 IST (09:13:12 UTC)[7]
RocketGSLV Mk III[8][9]
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad
ContractorIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Moon orbiter
Orbital insertion20 August 2019, 09:02 IST (03:32 UTC) [10][11]
Orbital parameters
Periapsis altitude100 km (62 mi)[12]
Apoapsis altitude100 km (62 mi)[12]
Inclination90° (polar orbit)
Moon lander
Spacecraft componentrover
Landing date(Planned)
7 September 2019, 01:55 IST
(6 September 2019, 20:25 UTC) [11][13]
 

Chandrayaan-2, meaning Lunar Craft or Moon Craft, ( About this soundpronunciation (help·info)) is India's second moon mission after Chandrayaan-1.[14] Made by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),[15][16] the mission was launched from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22 July 2019 at 2:43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III).[8][9][17] A proper landing on the lunar south pole would make India the 4th country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, after the space agencies of the USA, USSR, and China.[18] The mission landing was expected on 7 September 2019 at 01:55 AM IST (6 September 2019, 20:25 UTC) [11][13] but crashed when it lost communication at a 2100 metre altitude.

History[edit]

On 12 November 2007, the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and ISRO agreed to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project.[19] ISRO would be in charge of the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to build the lander.[20] The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.[21][22]

Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 on schedule, the mission was moved to 2016 because Russia was unable to build the lander on time.[23][24] When Russia decided it would not be able to build a lander by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission on its own.[25][26][27]

The spacecraft's launch had been scheduled for March 2018, but was delayed.[28][29] Two of the lander's legs got minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019, making the launch date even later.[30]

Goals[edit]

The main goals of Chandrayaan-2 are to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Studies of lunar topography,mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice are the scientific goals.[31] The orbiter will survey the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it. The onboard radar will also survey the surface while studying the water ice in the lunar south pole and thickness of the Lunar soil on the surface.[32]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nair, Avinash (31 May 2015). "ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  2. ↑ "Launch Kit of GSLV Mk III M1 Chandrayaan-2" (PDF). ISRO. 19 July 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief". Gadgets360. NDTV. Press Trust of India. 29 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh" (Press release). Department of Space. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Chandrayaan-2: All you need to know about India's 2nd Moon mission". 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  6. ↑ "Chandrayaan-2 – Home". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  7. ↑ "Chandrayan-2 Launch Rescheduled on 22nd July, 2019, AT 14:43 HRS". Indian Space Research Organisation. July 18, 2019. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Singh, Surendra (5 August 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position". The Times of India. Times News Network. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Shenoy, Jaideep (28 February 2016). "ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission". The Times of India. Times News Network. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  10. ↑ Ratcliffe, Rebecca (22 July 2019). "India's Chandrayaan-2 moon mission lifts off a week after aborted launch". Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "GSLV-Mk III – M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission". ISRO.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kiran Kumar, Aluru Seelin (August 2015). Chandrayaan-2 – India's Second Moon Mission. YouTube.com. Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "ISRO aims for Chandrayaan-2 landing at 1.55 AM on September 07, says Dr K. Sivan". Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  14. ↑ "ISRO begins flight integration activity for Chandrayaan-2, as scientists tests lander and rover". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  15. ↑ "Chandrayaan-2 nearly ready for July launch".
  16. ↑ d. s, Madhumathi (9 June 2019). "ISRO gears up for Chandrayaan-2 mission". The Hindu.
  17. ↑ Chandrayaan-2 Launch Mission: Bahubali rocket set to take-off at 2:43 pm on Monday - SCIENCE News
  18. ↑ "India Plans to Launch Moon Mission in July". 2019-06-12. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  19. ↑ Chand, Manish (12 November 2007). "India, Russia to expand n-cooperation, defer Kudankulam deal". Nerve. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  20. ↑ Sunderarajan, P. (19 September 2008). "Cabinet clears Chandrayaan-2". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  21. ↑ "ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design". Domain-b.com. 17 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  22. ↑ "India and Russia complete design of new lunar probe". Sputnik News. RIA Novosti. 17 August 2009. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  23. ↑ Laxman, Srinivas (6 February 2012). "India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure". Asian Scientist. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  24. ↑ "India's next moon mission depends on Russia: ISRO chief". NDTV. Indo-Asian News Service. 9 September 2012.
  25. ↑ Ramachandran, R. (22 January 2013). "Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone". The Hindu.
  26. ↑ "Chandrayaan-2 would be a lone mission by India without Russian tie-up". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 14 August 2013.
  27. ↑ "Chandrayaan-2". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
  28. ↑ Clark, Stephen (15 August 2018). "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018.
  29. ↑ "Chandrayaan-2 launch postponed to October: ISRO chief". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  30. ↑ "India's Moon Lander Damaged During Test, Chandrayaan 2 Launch Put on Hold". The Wire. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  31. ↑ "Chandrayaan 2". NSSDCA Master Catalog. NASA. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  32. ↑ Banerji, Abigail (13 July 2019). "Chandrayaan 2: Everything you need to know about the orbiter's mission and design". Tech2. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
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