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{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox militant organization
{{Infobox organization
| name             = {{big|Communist Consolidation}}
| name               = Communist Consolidation
| native_name      = {{nobold|कम्युनिस्ट समेकन([[Hindi]])<br/>কমিউনিস্ট একত্রীকরণ([[Bengali language|Bengali]])}}
| motto              = To Independent Motherland [[India]]
| founder          = [[Hare Krishna Konar]]
| founded            = {{start date and years ago|26th April 1935|df=yes}}
| leader1_title    = Newspaper
| founder            = [[Hare Krishna Konar]]
| leader1_name    = "The Call"
| dissolved           = 15th August 1947
| leader2_title    = Slogan
| type                = [[Communist Party|Communist organization]]
| leader2_name    = "[[Inquilab Zindabad]]"<br/>"[[Workers of the world, unite!|Duniya ke Mazdooron ek ho]]"
| purpose            = [[Revolution]]
| foundation      = {{start date and years ago|26th April 1935|df=yes}} at [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman]], [[Cellular Jail]]
| headquarters       = [[Cellular Jail]] (upto 1947)
| dissolved       = {{end date|15th August 1947|df=yes}}
| location            = [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]]
| merged_into      = [[Communist Party of India]]
| methods            = Rebel
| country          = {{flag|British Raj|name=British India}}
| membership          = {{increase}} 1 lack (1940)
| motives          = [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]
| leader_title        = Ideologies
| headquarters     = [[Cellular Jail]], [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], (upto 1947)
| leader_name         = [[Nationalism]]<br>[[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism]]<br>[[Socialism]]
| ideology         = [[Nationalism]]<br>[[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism]]<br>[[Socialism]]
| key_people          = {{ubl|[[Batukeshwar Dutt]]
| position        = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|[[Shiv Verma]]
| partof          = [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
|[[Niranjan Sengupta]]
| opponents        = {{flag|British Empire}}
|[[Sudhangshu Dasgupta]]
| colors          = {{color box|red}} [[Red]]
|[[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]]
|[[Jatindra Nath Das]]}}
}}
}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''Communist Consolidation''' (26 April 1935 – 15 August 1947) was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] and [[Communism|communist]] organization, formed among the prisoners of [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] [[Cellular Jail]] in 26th of april 1935. It was the largest resistance group against [[British Raj|British rule]] in the [[Cellular Jail|Cellular]] Prison. Many legendary [[Freedom fighter|Freedom Fighter]]s was the Members of this [[Organization]] and this organization was towards to uproot the [[British Raj|British rule]] from [[India|INDIA]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Bandi Jeevan|publisher=[[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]]|date=1 January 2017|isbn=8184408978|language=Hindi}}</ref>
'''Communist Consolidation''' (26 April 1935 – 15 August 1947) was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] and [[Communism|communist]] organization, formed among the prisoners of [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] [[Cellular Jail]] on 26th of april 1935. It was the largest resistance group against [[British Raj|British rule]] in the [[Cellular Jail|Cellular]] Prison, the historical 36-day [[Hunger strike|Hunger Strike]] in 1937 was led by this organization. Many legendary [[Freedom fighter|Freedom Fighter]]s was the members of this [[Organization]] and this organization was towards to uproot the [[British Raj|British rule]] from [[India]] as well as to make [[Communism|Communist]] [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Bandi Jeevan|publisher=[[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]]|date=1 January 2017|isbn=8184408978|language=Hindi}}</ref>


==History (before 1935)==
==History==
The history of Communist Consolidation is older than group when it was formed in 1935. The history of Communist Consolidation starts on 12 May 1933, Some of the prisoners gathered and started a [[Hunger strike|Hunger Strike]] fast undo death. [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahavir Singh]], [[Mohan Kishore Namadas]] and [[Mohit Moitra]] died during this hunger strike. Their bodies were quietly ferreted away and thrown out to sea. [[Central Jail Lahore]] inspector Barker was called to break the hunger strike. He issued orders to stop the issuing of drinking water. The freedom fighters were resolute. There was a huge outcry throughout India because of this hunger strike. The [[British Raj]] had to bow and the demands to the freedom fighters to stop the hunger strike finally freedom fighter had to accepted it and the 46 days hunger strike ended on 26 June 1933. Before the first [[hunger strike]] in [[Cellular Jail]] the food that was given was not fit for human consumption. There were worms when you opened the bread and wild grass was boiled and served in lieu of vegetables. Rain drinking water was full of insects and worms. The 13' X 6' cells were dark and damp and dingy thickly coated with moss. There were no toilets. There were no lights, no reading material. Prisoners were not allowed to meet with each other. The guards carried out physical torture and flogging. But after the first hunger strike happened and three reputed revolutionary freedom fighter died then the facilities of Jail rose quickly then there was light in the cells. The prisoners started getting newspapers, books in periodicals. They were allowed to meet. The facility to read individually or on a collective basis was allowed. The opportunity to play sports and organise cultural events was given. The jail work was reduced to minimal. the guards of the jail started to respect the freedom fighters and a marked improvement in their behaviour.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|title=Penal Settlement in Andamans|publisher=Government of India|year=1975|location=Delhi|pages=339|language=English}}</ref>  
The group was founded by 39 inmates later the group declared allegiance to the [[Communist Party of India]]. Its founders belong to the minority tendency of the [[Marxism|Marxist]] part of the [[Anushilan Samiti]]. The historic 36-day hunger strike with 187 political prisoners in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman]] [[Cellular Jail]] in July 1937 was led by the '''Communist Consolidation'''.<ref name=":0"/>  
[[File:Andaman Cellular Jail (1).jpg|thumb|In 2001, Guardian had an article describing Cellular Jail and [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahavir Singh's]] death at this dreaded [[Cellular Jail|Jail]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001-06-23|title=Survivors of our hell|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/jun/23/weekend.adrianlevy|access-date=2022-01-26|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Andaman Cellular Jail (1).jpg|thumb|In 2001, Guardian had an article describing Cellular Jail and [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahavir Singh's]] death at this dreaded [[Cellular Jail|Jail]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001-06-23|title=Survivors of our hell|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/jun/23/weekend.adrianlevy|access-date=2022-01-26|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>]]
Narayan Ray, [[Niranjan Sengupta]] and the consolidation's Lahore group smuggled most of the [[Communism|communist]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] literature inside the [[prison]]. The leaders of the group organized study circles, where the principles of [[Socialism]] and [[Communism]] were studied.
[[File:What a man writes in a post.jpg|thumb|A social media post in 2017]]
[[Hare Krishna Konar]], [[Dhanwantri]], [[Bejoy Kumar Sinha]], [[Batukeshwar Dutt]], Bankeshwar, Narayan Roy and [[Niranjan Sengupta]] were appointed to the editorial board of a [[manuscript]] paper called "The Call", which they published from [[Cellular Jail]]. "The Call" began as a monthly [[paper]]. The members of the [[Consolidation]] [[Committee]] contributed articles on various issues related to [[Class conflict|class struggle]]. Only one copy of that one and a half hundred handwritten pages was kept in the library.


==Formation of Communist Consolidation (1935)==
[[May Day]], [[October Revolution|November Revolution]], etc. were celebrated with due dignity in prison. [[Nationalism|Nationalist slogans]] like [[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bandemataram]], [[Bharat Mata|Bharat mata ki jai]] etc. were never used, instead slogans of class struggle like “[[Inquilab Zindabad]]”, “[[Workers of the world, unite!|Duniya ke Mazdooron ek ho]]”, etc. Were the first choice of the [[prisoner]]s.
In 1935 Communist Consolidation was founded by 39 inmates but the main masterminded person to formed this group was [[Hare Krishna Konar]]. The maximum of Its founders belong to the minority tendency of the [[Marxism|Marxist]] and [[Communism|Communist]] or [[Jugantar]] part of [[Anushilan Samiti]]. Although this was a secret revolutionary group and the members of this organization swelled higher and higher. In other Indian jails, several of whom were men of high educated and had been permitted all sorts of books for study in jail. On their release the prisoners keep over their literature career to the freedom fighter, but firstly the warders of [[Cellular Jail]] do not check wether any body has brought books or not but after some whispering the waders of [[Cellular Jail]] were alarmed and started to checked the people who ever outsider entered in [[Cellular Jail]], The supervision of the Communist Consolidation was extremely defective and the convicts that he had been able to smuggle at that higher security a lot volume of [[Communism|Communist]], [[Marxism|Marxist]] and [[Socialism|Socialist]] literature books from [[Central Jail Lahore]] inside the [[Cellular Jail]] by Narayan Roy, [[Niranjan Sengupta]], the prisoners requested some contacts living in [[Andaman Islands|Andamans]] outside the [[Cellular Jail]] to get books direct from the continent and smuggle them through warders and prisoners also requested their relatives to send them particular books. When they arrived in [[Cellular Jail]], they were checked by the authorities who finding them objectionable set them aside. However, some of the freedom fighters who were working as ‘munshis’ in the jail office who picked those books and gave them to their comrades''.'' Finally, a library was made with the collection of books by the [[Freedom Fighter|Freedom Fighters]] and [[Comrade|Comrades]] of [[Cellular Jail]]. The prisoners spent most of their time in reading [[Communism|Communist]] or [[Socialism|Socialist]] literature as a result that there was hardly any left who had not been become a confirmed [[Communism|Communist]] or [[Socialism|Socialist]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
[[File:Andaman Cellular Jail (2).jpg|thumb|[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Savarkar]] was 28 when he set foot on [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman]] on July 4th 1911.


The leaders of the groups held study circles, in which the principles of [[Socialism]], [[Marxism]] and [[Communism]] were explained they named this study circle as "A veritable university of Freedom Fighters". In year 1936 the members of this organization claimed that they were fighting to uproot [[British Raj]] as well as to make the country totally [[Communism|Communist]] [[India|Country]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2007-01-13|title=History of Andaman Cellular Jail|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113111037/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm#Link15|access-date=2022-02-10|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> [[File:What a man writes in a post.jpg|thumb|A social media post in 2017]]
No one else in [[Cellular Jail]] submitted to the [[British Empire|British]] like [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Savarkar]] did.]]
[[Dhanwantri]], [[Bejoy Kumar Sinha]], [[Batukeshwar Dutt]], Bankeshwar, Narayan Roy and [[Niranjan Sengupta]] were appointed to the editorial board of a [[manuscript]] paper called "The Call", which they published from [[Cellular Jail]]. “The “Call” was started as a monthly paper, members of the Consolidation Committee contributed articles on different subjects dealing with [[Communism]] and [[Socialism|Socialism.]] “The Call” was a manuscript paper. Only one copy was written and placed in the library the newspaper ''had about 150 pages.'' The activities of the Communist Consolidation continued unhindered till about the middle of 1937.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ahmed|first=zubair|title=Cellular Jail: Stories of Clemency and Betrayal|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/15951/cellular-jail-stories-of-clemency-and-betrayal|access-date=2022-02-14|website=www.thecitizen.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
'''Khushi Ram Mehta, a nationalist prisoner, not sympathetic to the revolutionary group, betrayed other prisoners in way proving his loyalty to the monarchy by reporting to the Intelligence Bureau; He reports:'''
{{blockquote|“Finally, the control of the library passed into the hands of the terrorists. This was about the year 1935. The prisoners spent most of their time in reading communist or socialist literature with the result that there was hardly any left who had not been become a confirmed Communist or Socialist.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=ahmed|first=zubair|title=Cellular Jail: Stories of Clemency and Betrayal|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/15951/cellular-jail-stories-of-clemency-and-betrayal|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.thecitizen.in|language=en-US}}</ref>}}


[[Class conflict|class struggle]]. [[May Day]], [[October Revolution|November Revolution]], etc. were celebrated with due dignity in prison. [[Nationalism|Nationalist slogans]] like [[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bandemataram]], [[Bharat Mata|Bharat mata ki jai]] etc. were never used, instead slogans of class struggle like “[[Inquilab Zindabad]]”, “[[Workers of the world, unite!|Duniya ke Mazdooron ek ho]]”, etc. Were the first choice of the [[prisoner]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saha|first=Murari Mohan|title=Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party|publisher=Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society|year=2001|location=Agartala|pages=21|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-03-11|title=www.tripurainfo.com|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311111509/http://tripurainfo.com/cgi-bin/news/display.cgi?MODE=ShowDetails&ID=27|access-date=2022-02-10|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
==Membership==
[[File:Andaman Cellular Jail (2).jpg|thumb]]
The organization's membership expanded rapidly to more than 500 inmates. ''By 1940 the membership had grown to over 1 lack.''
 
==Members==
The organization's membership expanded rapidly to more than 800 inmates.


Some of the members were:
Some of the members were:
*[[Hare Krishna Konar]], Founder of this organization, on April 1935<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-07-14|title=Revolutionaries: Section 'K'|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714121042/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/K1.htm|access-date=2022-02-10|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
*[[Hare Krishna Konar]], Founder of this organization, in 1935
*[[Niranjan Sengupta]]
*[[Niranjan Sengupta]]
*[[Sudhangshu Dasgupta]]
*[[Sudhangshu Dasgupta]]
Line 48: Line 49:
*[[Shiv Verma]]
*[[Shiv Verma]]
*[[Ganesh Ghosh]]
*[[Ganesh Ghosh]]
*[[Batukeshwar Dutt]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-05-03|title=Revolutionaries: Section 'D'|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503013636/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/D1.htm|access-date=2022-02-10|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
*[[Batukeshwar Dutt]]
*[[Jaidev Kapoor]]
*[[Jaidev Kapoor]]
*[[Ambika Chakrabarty]]
*[[Ambika Chakrabarty]]
Line 54: Line 55:
*[[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]]
*[[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060517111941/http://www.uttarpara.com/people/dhrubesh.htm Biplabi Dhruvesh Chattopadhyay]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060517111941/http://www.uttarpara.com/people/dhrubesh.htm Biplabi Dhruvesh Chattopadhyay]
*[http://radhikaranjan.blogspot.com/2013/04/ananta-kumar-chakraborty-bholada-1901.html?m=1 Ananta Chakroborty]
*Ananta Chakroborty
*[[Subodh Roy]]
*[[Subodh Roy]]
*[[Bejoy Kumar Sinha]]
*[[Bejoy Kumar Sinha]]
Line 60: Line 61:
*Fakir Sen
*Fakir Sen
*[[Manmath Nath Gupta]]
*[[Manmath Nath Gupta]]
 
'''Most of the inmates of the [[Cellular Jail]] were members of the Communist Consolidation from [[Anushilan Samiti]] comprising [[Communism|Communist]] revolutionaries of undivided [[Bengal]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].'''
==See also==
[[File:Sitaram Y has said.jpg|thumb|[[Sitaram Yechury]] says in [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2017.]]
{{Portal|India|Communism|Socialism}}
* [[Cellular Jail]]
* [[Indian independence movement]]
* [[Communist Party of India]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
* Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), ''Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947''. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p21
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113111037/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm |title=Andaman Cellular Jail |date=2007-01-13}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503013636/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/D1.htm], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060714121900/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/C1.htm]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311111509/http://tripurainfo.com/cgi-bin/news/display.cgi?MODE=ShowDetails&ID=27 |title=Tripurainfo.com |date=2007-03-11}}
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010828/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1915/19150780.htm Frontline: Tale of Two Bhagat Singhs]}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526005520/http://www.ganashakti.com/archive/hkonar.htm |title=Ganashakti, Remembrance: Harekrishna Konar |date=2006-05-26}}
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409220902/http://cpim.org/misc/1997_pd_shivverma_hks.htm |title=People's Democracy: Comrade Shiv Verma |date=2009-04-09}}


[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1935]]
[[Category:Organisations of Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Communism in India]]
[[Category:Communist organizations]]
[[Category:Communist organisations in India]]
[[Category:History of socialism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics in India]]
[[Category:Defunct communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Defunct communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Socialism in India]]
[[Category:Leftist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Socialist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Politics of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Politics of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1935]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1935]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]

Revision as of 20:31, 14 February 2022


Communist Consolidation
MottoTo Independent Motherland India
Founded26th April 1935; 90 years ago (26th April 1935)
FounderHare Krishna Konar
Dissolved15th August 1947
TypeCommunist organization
PurposeRevolution
HeadquartersCellular Jail (upto 1947)
Location
MethodsRebel
Membership
Increase 1 lack (1940)
Ideologies
Nationalism
Communism
Marxism
Socialism
Key people

Communist Consolidation (26 April 1935 – 15 August 1947) was an Indian independence and communist organization, formed among the prisoners of Andaman Cellular Jail in 26th of april 1935. It was the largest resistance group against British rule in the Cellular Prison. Many legendary Freedom Fighters was the Members of this Organization and this organization was towards to uproot the British rule from INDIA.[1]

History

The group was founded by 39 inmates later the group declared allegiance to the Communist Party of India. Its founders belong to the minority tendency of the Marxist part of the Anushilan Samiti. The historic 36-day hunger strike with 187 political prisoners in the Andaman Cellular Jail in July 1937 was led by the Communist Consolidation.[1]

File:Andaman Cellular Jail (1).jpg
In 2001, Guardian had an article describing Cellular Jail and Mahavir Singh's death at this dreaded Jail.[2]

Narayan Ray, Niranjan Sengupta and the consolidation's Lahore group smuggled most of the communist and socialist literature inside the prison. The leaders of the group organized study circles, where the principles of Socialism and Communism were studied.

File:What a man writes in a post.jpg
A social media post in 2017

Hare Krishna Konar, Dhanwantri, Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Batukeshwar Dutt, Bankeshwar, Narayan Roy and Niranjan Sengupta were appointed to the editorial board of a manuscript paper called "The Call", which they published from Cellular Jail. "The Call" began as a monthly paper. The members of the Consolidation Committee contributed articles on various issues related to class struggle. Only one copy of that one and a half hundred handwritten pages was kept in the library.

May Day, November Revolution, etc. were celebrated with due dignity in prison. Nationalist slogans like Bandemataram, Bharat mata ki jai etc. were never used, instead slogans of class struggle like “Inquilab Zindabad”, “Duniya ke Mazdooron ek ho”, etc. Were the first choice of the prisoners.

File:Andaman Cellular Jail (2).jpg
Savarkar was 28 when he set foot on Andaman on July 4th 1911. No one else in Cellular Jail submitted to the British like Savarkar did.

Khushi Ram Mehta, a nationalist prisoner, not sympathetic to the revolutionary group, betrayed other prisoners in way proving his loyalty to the monarchy by reporting to the Intelligence Bureau; He reports:

“Finally, the control of the library passed into the hands of the terrorists. This was about the year 1935. The prisoners spent most of their time in reading communist or socialist literature with the result that there was hardly any left who had not been become a confirmed Communist or Socialist.”[3]

Membership

The organization's membership expanded rapidly to more than 500 inmates. By 1940 the membership had grown to over 1 lack.

Some of the members were:

Most of the inmates of the Cellular Jail were members of the Communist Consolidation from Anushilan Samiti comprising Communist revolutionaries of undivided Bengal and Punjab.

File:Sitaram Y has said.jpg
Sitaram Yechury says in Rajya Sabha in 2017.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bandi Jeevan (in Hindi). Sachindra Nath Sanyal. 1 January 2017. ISBN 8184408978.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ↑ "Survivors of our hell". the Guardian. 23 June 2001. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  3. ↑ ahmed, zubair. "Cellular Jail: Stories of Clemency and Betrayal". www.thecitizen.in. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
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