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{{Short description| Meitei goddess}}
{{See| Meitei mythology}}
{{Contains Meitei text}}
{{Contains Meitei text}}
'''Irai Leima''' ({{lang-mni|ꯏꯔꯥꯏ ꯂꯩꯃ}}) or '''Ereima''' ({{lang-mni|ꯏꯔꯩꯃ}}) or '''Hiyangthang Lairembi''' ({{lang-mni|ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ}}) is the goddess and the divine personification of [[water]] and [[aquatic life]] in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism]] ([[Meitei religion]]),<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDluAAAAMAAJ&q=ireima+water|title = Proceedings of North East India History Association|year = 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ&q=irai+Leima+goddess|title = The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|isbn = 9788125904168|last1 = Parratt|first1 = Saroj Nalini|year = 1997}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tH0BAAAAMAAJ&q=irai+Leima+goddess|title = The Purums: An Old Kuki Tribe of Manipur|last1 = Das|first1 = Tarakchandra|year = 1945}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ycajCKZOOoC&q=ireima+water&pg=PA173|title = Society and Economy in North-East India|year = 2004|isbn = 9788187498834}}</ref> whose spirit dwells in the famous [[Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple]] according to common legend.<ref>http://cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/HiyangthangLairembiTemple_3934.aspx</ref>
Due to the temple being her famous abode, it serves as the greatest pilgrimage site for her [[Faith|devotees]] in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ixigo.com/hiyangthang-lairembi-temple-imphal-india-ne-1700948|title=hiyangthang lairembi temple - ixigo trip planner!|website=www.ixigo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aartigyan.com/temple/hiyangthang-lairembi-temple|title=Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple ,hiyangthang|website=AartiGyan}}</ref>
{{Infobox deity
{{Infobox deity
|name=Irai Leima <br/> ꯏꯔꯥꯏ ꯂꯩꯃ
| type        = Meitei
|member_of=[[Meitei deities]]
| name         = Irai Leima <br /> ({{lang-omp|Ilai Leima}})
|affiliation=[[Sanamahism]] ([[Meitei religion]]) and [[Meitei mythology]]
| deity_of    = Goddess of water and aquatic life 
|gender=female
| member_of   = [[Lairembi]]s
|mantra=Ha Ima Irai Leima Khurumjariye! Thoujaalbiyo! ꯍꯥ ꯏꯃꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯏ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯝꯖꯔꯤꯌꯦ! ꯊꯧꯖꯥꯜꯕꯤꯌꯣ!
| image        = IRAI LEIMA.jpg
|deity_of=Goddess of water and aquatic life<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>
| alt          = <!-- for alternate text of the title image per [[WP:ALT]] -->
|festivals=[[Panthoibi Iratpa|Hiyangthang Lairembi Khurumba]], <br/>[[Panthoibi Iratpa]], <br/> [[Lai Haraoba]]
| caption      = The name "Irai Leima", written in Meitei Mayek abugida 
|texts=Umang Lai Khunthok Puya (ꯎꯃꯪ ꯂꯥꯏ ꯈꯨꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯌꯥ), Karthong Lamlen (ꯀꯔꯊꯣꯡ ꯂꯝꯂꯦꯟ)
| other_names  =
|parents=[[Salailen Sidaba|Soraren]]
* Ireima ({{lang-omp|Ileima}})
|abode=[[Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple]] (ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ)  
* Ereima ({{lang-omp|Eleima}})
* Erai Leima ({{lang-omp|Elai Leima}})
* Hiyangthang Lairembi ({{lang-omp|Hiyangthang Lailempi}})
| hiro        =
| Old_Norse    =
| script_name  =
| script      =
| affiliation = [[Meitei mythology]] ([[Manipuri mythology]]) and [[Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]])
| cult_center  = [[Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple]]
| abode        = Underwater world 
| planet      = <!-- or | world = -->
| weapon      = <!-- or | weapons = -->
| battles      =
| artifacts    = <!-- or | artefacts = -->
| animals      =
| symbol      = <!-- or | symbols = -->
| adherents    =
| height      =
| age          =
| tree        =
| day          =
| color        = <!-- or | colour = -->
| number      =
| consort      = [[Irai Ningthou]]  
| father      = [[Salailen]] ([[Soraren]])
| siblings    =  
* [[Phouoibi]] ([[Phouleima]])
* [[Ngaleima]] ([[Ngareima]])
* [[Thumleima]]
| offspring    = <!-- or | children = -->
| predecessor  =
| successor    =
| army        =
| mount        =
| texts        = [[PuYa]]s
| gender      = Female
| Greek_equivalent    = [[Amphitrite]]
| Roman_equivalent    = [[:en:Salacia|Salacia]]  
| Etruscan_equivalent  =
| Christian_equivalent =
| Slavic_equivalent    =
| Canaanite_equivalent =
| equivalent1_type =
| equivalent1 =
| equivalent2_type =
| equivalent2 =
| region      = [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]])  
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei ethnicity]]
| festivals    = [[Lai Haraoba]]
}}
}}
{{Meitei deities}}
'''Irai Leima''' ({{lang-omp|Ilai Leima}}) or '''Ireima''' ({{lang-omp|Ileima}}) is a goddess in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]). She is the goddess and the divine female personification of water and aquatic life.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466636/page/n99/mode/2up|title=Laiyingthou Lairemmasinggee Waree Seengbul|last=Neelabi|first=sairem|date=2006|pages=99}}</ref><ref name="Gassah 1998">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ycajCKZOOoC&q=ireima+water+leimaren+manifest+herself&pg=PA173|title=Traditional Institutions of Meghalaya: A Case Study of Doloi and His Administration|last=Gassah|first=L. S.|date=1998|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-86030-49-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Devi">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=ireima+water+imoinu&pg=PA64|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>Parratt, Saroj Nalini (1997). The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-259-0416-8.</ref> She is also considered to be the incharge of the diseases.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282312/page/n263/mode/2up?q=Irai+Leima+in+charge+diseases|title=The Purums 1945|last=T C Das|date=1945|pages=263}}</ref>


Goddess '''Irai Leima''' and her consort '''Irai Ningthou''' are regarded as deities of [[river]]s and [[lake]]s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYWmAvDVzREC&q=irai+leima|title = Publications|year = 1913|publisher=Folklore Society|volume=72}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
She is the consort of [[Irai Ningthou]] (literally, ''king of water''). Both are regarded as the divine spirits of water bodies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282312/page/n247/mode/2up?q=Irai+Leima+spirit+water+king+rivers+lakes+sacrifices+white+fowl+pig+dog+goat|title=The Purums 1945|last=T C Das|date=1945|pages=247}}</ref>
 
== Mythology ==
Irai Leima is the daughter of King Heibok Ningthou and the princess of Heibok Ching. Her father was an expert in witchcraft and black magic. Irai Leima is known for her exceptional beauty. One day, she was fishing in the Liwa river. King Kwakpa (Kokpa) of [[Khuman dynasty]] saw her and fell in love with her. He proposed her. She replied that her parents' wish will be her wish. So, King Kwakpa consulted his subjects. They presented Heibok Ningthou many presents.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=irai+leima&pg=PA674|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en|pages=674}}</ref> King Kwakpa planned to marry Irai Leima if her father agreed or to bring her by force if her father rejected. Seeing the arrogance of Kwakpa, Heibok Ningthou turned all the gifts into stone. At this, followers of Kwakpa fled the place. Kwakpa returned home disappointed.<ref name="Lisam 2011 675">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=irai+leima&pg=PA675|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en|pages=675}}</ref>
 
One day, King Kwakpa got intoxicated after drinking a juice of the roots of Tera plant (''Bambax malabaricum''). He wanted to meet Irai Leima. So, he went to her place riding on a [[Hiyang Hiren|Hiyang]] boat. Seeing his approach, she fled to Pakhra Ching mountain. Kwakpa chased her. Seeing all these, Heibok Ningthou turned the [[Hiyang Hiren|Hiyang]] boat into stone and the [[oar]] into a tree.<ref name="Lisam 2011 675"/> Getting angry, Kwakpa ran towards Heibok Ningthou to kill him. Then, Heibok Ningthou turned Khuman Kwakpa into a stone. Irai Leima saw all this and was afraid of her father. She left her father and ran away. She passed the Pakhra Ching, crossed the Liwa river and entered the house of Sarangthem Luwangba. She hid herself inside the granary of the house. When Sarangthem Luwangba and his good lady Thoidingjam Chanu Amurei left the house for field, Irai Leima came out from her hiding place. In the meantime, she completed all the household chores. When the couple returned home, she hid herself again.<ref name="Lisam 2011 675"/> The couple got surprised at this but it happened everyday. So, one day, the man returned home earlier than usual. He found out the truth. But when he came near Irai Leima, she had disappeared below the granary. He looked under the granary but he saw nothing. He was amazed at this. So, he discussed the issue with all his clan members. They searched everywhere but didn't find her anymore.<ref name="Lisam 2011 675"/>
 
Irai Leima appeared in the dream of Sarangthem Luwangba and told him that she was merged into his clan and became his daughter. The matter was reported to King [[Senbi Kiyaamba]] of [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. The king sent [[maiba]]s and [[maibi]]s to examine the case. The examiners said that the mysterious lady was a goddess and she should be worshipped. King Kiyaamba also told Luwangba to do so. From that year onwards, Irai Leima was worshipped as a goddess.<ref name="Lisam 2011 676">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=irai+leima&pg=PA676|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en|pages=676}}</ref>
 
The day on which Luwangba first saw Irai Leima was the first Monday of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of ''Lamta (Lamda)''. And the day on which the [[maiba]]s and [[maibi]]s came was the first Tuesday of ''Lamta (Lamda)''. Still today, from the time of King [[Senbi Kiyaamba]] (1467-1508 AD), the [[Sarangthem]] family members annually hold a grand feast (''Chaklen Katpa'') in honor of the goddess. Later, Irai Leima came to be known as Hiyangthang Lairembi.<ref name="Lisam 2011 676"/>
 
== Worship ==
When a person gets ill after bathing in a spring, pool, stream, people believed that the water spirits (Irai Leima and [[Irai Ningthou]]) had caught the person. To get well again, people worship the two deities. For this, the [[maiba]]s perform the rites and rituals. The offerings include 2 eggs and 7 bamboo vessels filled up with rice paste.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282312/page/n247/mode/2up?q=Irai+Leima+spirit+water+king+rivers+lakes+sacrifices+white+fowl+pig+dog+goat|title=The Purums 1945|last=T C Das|date=1945|pages=247}}</ref>
The [[:en:Thadou people|Thadou people]] also highly respect the deities. They offer many wild sacrifices. The sacrifices maybe a white [[fowl]], a [[pig]], a [[dog]] or a he-[[goat]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282312/page/n247/mode/2up?q=Irai+Leima+ike+ningthau+spirit+water+king+rivers+lakes+sacrifices+white+fowl+pig+dog+goat|title=The Purums 1945|last=T C Das|date=1945|pages=247}}</ref>
 
== Identification with other deities ==
{{See|Incarnations of Leimarel Sidabi}}
Irai Leima (''Ireima'') is considered as one of the divine manifestations of [[Leimarel Sidabi|Leimarel (Leimaren)]], the supreme mother earth goddess.<ref name="Gassah 1998"/> She is also described as a form of goddess [[Imoinu]].<ref name="Devi"/>
 
Irai Leima is also known as Hiyangthang Lairembi. During the reign of King Garib Niwaj (alias ''Pamheiba''), goddess Hiyangthang Lairembi was converted to Hindu goddess Kamakhya (a form of [[Durga]]). The 3rd day of [[Durga Puja]] is observed as the "Bor Numit" (literally, Boon Day).<ref name="Lisam 2011 676"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&q=ireima+Hiyangthang+kamakhya+22+March+1979+traditional+association&pg=PA234|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|last1=Noni|first1=Arambam|last2=Sanatomba|first2=Kangujam|date=2015-10-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27066-9|language=en}}</ref>
 
== In popular culture ==
* [[Phou-oibi, the rice goddess]] is a 2009 ballad opera performed by the [[Laihui Ensemble]]. It is based on the story of the goddess and her sister [[Phouoibi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2013/03/22/laihui-ensemble-manipur-%E2%80%93-phou-oibi-the-rice-goddess-to-perform-at-esplanade-theatre-studio-singapore/|title=Laihui Ensemble Manipur – Phou-oibi, the Rice Goddess to perform at Esplanade Theatre Studio Singapore|website=www.manipur.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sgmagazine.com/events/singapore-music-festivals/phou-oibi-rice-goddess-laihui-ensemble|title=Phou-Oibi, the Rice Goddess by Laihui Ensemble|website=sgmagazine.com}}</ref>
* [[Phouoibi Shayon]] is a 2017 [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]] mythology movie based on the story of the goddess and her sister [[Phouoibi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..010417.apr17|title=Phouoibi Shayon to be shown at Shankar : 01st apr17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2017/03/31/phouoibi-shayon-to-be-shown-at-shankar/|title=Phouoibi Shayon to be shown at Shankar – Manipur News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/8155-film-release|title=Film Release - Imphal Times|first=Maheshwar|last=Gurumayum|website=www.imphaltimes.com}}</ref>
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Other websites ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikisource|Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 24, 1913.djvu/462}}
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Hiyangthang%20Lairembi&sin=TXT Hiyangthang_Lairembi_archive.org]
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Irai%20Leima&sin=TXT Irai_Leima_archive.org]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Ereima&sa.x=0&sa.y=0&siteurl=http%3A%2F%2Fe-pao.net%2F%3Ffrom%3Dmobile Ereima_e-pao.net]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Hiyangthang+Lairembi&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 Hiyangthang_Lairembi_e-pao.net]
 
[[Category:Meitei gods and goddesses]]


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 20:09, 15 March 2022

Irai Leima
(Old Manipuri: Ilai Leima)
Goddess of water and aquatic life
Member of Lairembis
IRAI LEIMA.jpg
The name "Irai Leima", written in Meitei Mayek abugida
Other names
AffiliationMeitei mythology (Manipuri mythology) and Meitei religion (Sanamahism)
Major cult centerHiyangthang Lairembi Temple
AbodeUnderwater world
TextsPuYas
GenderFemale
RegionAncient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur)
Ethnic groupMeitei ethnicity
FestivalsLai Haraoba
Personal information
Parents
Siblings
ConsortIrai Ningthou
Greek equivalentAmphitrite
Roman equivalentSalacia
Meitei gods and goddesses
series
PANTHOIPI.jpg
Heavenly gods and goddesses
Netherworld gods and goddesses

Irai Leima (Old Manipuri: Ilai Leima) or Ireima (Old Manipuri: Ileima) is a goddess in Meitei mythology and religion (Sanamahism) of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur). She is the goddess and the divine female personification of water and aquatic life.[1][2][3][4] She is also considered to be the incharge of the diseases.[5]

She is the consort of Irai Ningthou (literally, king of water). Both are regarded as the divine spirits of water bodies.[6]

Mythology

Irai Leima is the daughter of King Heibok Ningthou and the princess of Heibok Ching. Her father was an expert in witchcraft and black magic. Irai Leima is known for her exceptional beauty. One day, she was fishing in the Liwa river. King Kwakpa (Kokpa) of Khuman dynasty saw her and fell in love with her. He proposed her. She replied that her parents' wish will be her wish. So, King Kwakpa consulted his subjects. They presented Heibok Ningthou many presents.[7] King Kwakpa planned to marry Irai Leima if her father agreed or to bring her by force if her father rejected. Seeing the arrogance of Kwakpa, Heibok Ningthou turned all the gifts into stone. At this, followers of Kwakpa fled the place. Kwakpa returned home disappointed.[8]

One day, King Kwakpa got intoxicated after drinking a juice of the roots of Tera plant (Bambax malabaricum). He wanted to meet Irai Leima. So, he went to her place riding on a Hiyang boat. Seeing his approach, she fled to Pakhra Ching mountain. Kwakpa chased her. Seeing all these, Heibok Ningthou turned the Hiyang boat into stone and the oar into a tree.[8] Getting angry, Kwakpa ran towards Heibok Ningthou to kill him. Then, Heibok Ningthou turned Khuman Kwakpa into a stone. Irai Leima saw all this and was afraid of her father. She left her father and ran away. She passed the Pakhra Ching, crossed the Liwa river and entered the house of Sarangthem Luwangba. She hid herself inside the granary of the house. When Sarangthem Luwangba and his good lady Thoidingjam Chanu Amurei left the house for field, Irai Leima came out from her hiding place. In the meantime, she completed all the household chores. When the couple returned home, she hid herself again.[8] The couple got surprised at this but it happened everyday. So, one day, the man returned home earlier than usual. He found out the truth. But when he came near Irai Leima, she had disappeared below the granary. He looked under the granary but he saw nothing. He was amazed at this. So, he discussed the issue with all his clan members. They searched everywhere but didn't find her anymore.[8]

Irai Leima appeared in the dream of Sarangthem Luwangba and told him that she was merged into his clan and became his daughter. The matter was reported to King Senbi Kiyaamba of Ningthouja dynasty. The king sent maibas and maibis to examine the case. The examiners said that the mysterious lady was a goddess and she should be worshipped. King Kiyaamba also told Luwangba to do so. From that year onwards, Irai Leima was worshipped as a goddess.[9]

The day on which Luwangba first saw Irai Leima was the first Monday of the Meitei lunar month of Lamta (Lamda). And the day on which the maibas and maibis came was the first Tuesday of Lamta (Lamda). Still today, from the time of King Senbi Kiyaamba (1467-1508 AD), the Sarangthem family members annually hold a grand feast (Chaklen Katpa) in honor of the goddess. Later, Irai Leima came to be known as Hiyangthang Lairembi.[9]

Worship

When a person gets ill after bathing in a spring, pool, stream, people believed that the water spirits (Irai Leima and Irai Ningthou) had caught the person. To get well again, people worship the two deities. For this, the maibas perform the rites and rituals. The offerings include 2 eggs and 7 bamboo vessels filled up with rice paste.[10] The Thadou people also highly respect the deities. They offer many wild sacrifices. The sacrifices maybe a white fowl, a pig, a dog or a he-goat.[11]

Identification with other deities

Further information: Incarnations of Leimarel Sidabi

Irai Leima (Ireima) is considered as one of the divine manifestations of Leimarel (Leimaren), the supreme mother earth goddess.[2] She is also described as a form of goddess Imoinu.[3]

Irai Leima is also known as Hiyangthang Lairembi. During the reign of King Garib Niwaj (alias Pamheiba), goddess Hiyangthang Lairembi was converted to Hindu goddess Kamakhya (a form of Durga). The 3rd day of Durga Puja is observed as the "Bor Numit" (literally, Boon Day).[9][12]

In popular culture

References

  1. ↑ Neelabi, sairem (2006). Laiyingthou Lairemmasinggee Waree Seengbul. p. 99.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gassah, L. S. (1998). Traditional Institutions of Meghalaya: A Case Study of Doloi and His Administration. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-86030-49-3.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Devi, Dr Yumlembam Gopi. Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7.
  4. ↑ Parratt, Saroj Nalini (1997). The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-259-0416-8.
  5. ↑ T C Das (1945). The Purums 1945. p. 263.
  6. ↑ T C Das (1945). The Purums 1945. p. 247.
  7. ↑ Lisam, Khomdan Singh (2011). Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.). Gyan Publishing House. p. 674. ISBN 978-81-7835-864-2.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Lisam, Khomdan Singh (2011). Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.). Gyan Publishing House. p. 675. ISBN 978-81-7835-864-2.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Lisam, Khomdan Singh (2011). Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.). Gyan Publishing House. p. 676. ISBN 978-81-7835-864-2.
  10. ↑ T C Das (1945). The Purums 1945. p. 247.
  11. ↑ T C Das (1945). The Purums 1945. p. 247.
  12. ↑ Noni, Arambam; Sanatomba, Kangujam (2015-10-16). Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9.
  13. ↑ "Laihui Ensemble Manipur – Phou-oibi, the Rice Goddess to perform at Esplanade Theatre Studio Singapore". www.manipur.org.
  14. ↑ "Phou-Oibi, the Rice Goddess by Laihui Ensemble". sgmagazine.com.
  15. ↑ "Phouoibi Shayon to be shown at Shankar : 01st apr17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net.
  16. ↑ "Phouoibi Shayon to be shown at Shankar – Manipur News".
  17. ↑ Gurumayum, Maheshwar. "Film Release - Imphal Times". www.imphaltimes.com.

Other websites

See also

References


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