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Aligarh Muslim University (abbreviated as AMU) is a public central university in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, which was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875.[3][4] Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920,[3] following the Aligarh Muslim University Act. It has three off-campus centres in AMU Malappuram Campus (Kerala), AMU Murshidabad Centre (West Bengal), and Kishanganj Centre (Bihar).

Aligarh Muslim University
File:Aligarh Muslim University logo.png
Other name
AMU
Former names
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (1875–1919)
Motto
ʻallam al-insān-a mā lam yaʻlam
Motto in English
Taught man what he knew not (Qur'an 96:5)
TypePublic
Established1875; 149 years ago (1875)
FoundersSir Syed Ahmed Khan
Academic affiliations
UGC, NAAC, AIU
Budget₹1,036 crore (US$150 million) (2019–20)[1]
ChancellorSyedna Mufaddal Saifuddin
Vice-ChancellorMohammad Gulrez
RectorGovernor of Uttar Pradesh
Students39,367
Undergraduates12,610[2]
Postgraduates5,756[2]
252[2]
Location
Aligarh
,
Uttar Pradesh
,
India

27°54′54″N 78°04′44″E / 27.9150°N 78.0788°E / 27.9150; 78.0788Coordinates: 27°54′54″N 78°04′44″E / 27.9150°N 78.0788°E / 27.9150; 78.0788
CampusUrban, 1,155 acres (467 ha)
Colours   
Websitewww.amu.ac.in

The university offers more than 300 courses in traditional and modern branches of education, and is an institute of national importance as declared under seventh schedule of the Constitution of India at its commencement.

HistoryEdit

 
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, the founder of Aligarh Muslim University
 
Bab-e-Syed, entrance to the university

FundingEdit

The university was established as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.[3][5] It began to function on 24 May 1875.[6] The movement associated with Syed Ahmad Khan and the college came to be known as the Aligarh Movement, which pushed to realise the need for establishing a modern education system for the Indian Muslim populace.[7] He considered competence in English and Western sciences necessary skills for maintaining Muslims' political influence.[citation needed] Khan's vision for the college was based on his visit to Oxford University and Cambridge University, and he wanted to establish an education system similar to the British model.[8]

A committee was formed by the name of foundation of Muslim College and asked people to fund generously. Then Viceroy and Governor General of India, Thomas Baring gave a donation of ₹10,000 while the Lt. Governor of the North Western Provinces contributed ₹1,000, and by March 1874 funds for the college stood at ₹1,53,920 and 8 annas.[6] Maharao Raja Mahamdar Singh Mahamder Bahadur of Patiala contributed ₹58,000 while Raja Shambhu Narayan of Benaras donated ₹60,000.[9] Donations also came in from the Maharaja of Vizianagaram as well.[10] The college was initially affiliated to the University of Calcutta for the matriculate examination but became an affiliate of Allahabad University in 1885. [6] The seventh Nizam of Hyderabad, HEH Mir Osman Ali Khan made a remarkable donation of ₹5,00,000 to this institution in the year 1918. [11][12][13]

Establishment as universityEdit

 
Masjid at the Aligarh Muslim University

c. 1900, Muslim University Association was formed to spearhead efforts to transform the college into a university. The Government of India informed the association that a sum of rupees thirty lakhs should be collected to establish the university. Therefore, a Muslim University Foundation Committee was started and it collected the necessary funds. The contributions were made by Muslims as well as non-Muslims.[14] Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan and Aga Khan III had helped in realising the idea by collecting funds for building the Aligarh Muslim University.[15] With the MAO College as a nucleus, the Aligarh Muslim University was then established by the Aligarh Muslim University Act, 1920.[8][16] In 1927, the Ahmadi School for the Visually Challenged, Aligarh Muslim University was established and in the following year, a medical school was attached to the university. The college of unani medicine, Ajmal Khan Tibbya College was established in 1927 with the Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College Hospital being established later in 1932.[17] The Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College And Hospital was established later in 1962 as a part of the university.[18] In 1935, the Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology was also established as a constituent of the university.[19]

Before 1939, faculty members and students supported an all-India nationalist movement but after 1939, political sentiment shifted towards support for a Muslim separatist movement. Students and faculty members supported Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the university came to be a center of the Pakistan Movement.[20][21]

Women's educationEdit

Dr. Sheikh Abdullah ("Papa Mian") is the founder of the women's college of Aligarh Muslim University and had pressed for women's education, writing articles while also publishing a monthly women's magazine, Khatoon. To start the college for women, he had led a delegation to the Lt. Governor of the United Provinces while also writing a proposal to Sultan Jahan, Begum of Bhopal. Begum Jahan had allocated a grant of ₹ 100 per month for the education of women. On 19 October 1906, he successfully started a school for girls with five students and one teacher at a rented property in Aligarh.[22] The foundation stone for the girls' hostel was laid by him and his wife, Waheed Jahan Begum ("Ala Bi") after struggles on 7 November 1911.[22] Later, a high school was established in 1921, gaining the status of an intermediate college in 1922, finally becoming a constituent of the Aligarh Muslim University as an undergraduate college in 1937.[23] Later, Dr. Abdullah's daughters also served as principals of the women's college.[22] One of his daughters was Mumtaz Jahan Haider, during whose tenure as principal, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad had visited the university and offered a grant of ₹9,00,000. She was involved in the establishment of the Women's College, organised various extracurricular events, and reasserted the importance of education for Muslim women.[24]

The professional courses are run with co-educational system. Girls students are accommodated in well established six Halls of residence where they have all facilities of living and studies. The Hostels inside these Halls are equipped with reading rooms, common rooms, sports facilities, dinning Hall etc.

Minority institution statusEdit

Aligarh Muslim University is considered to be an institution of national importance, under the seventh schedule of the Constitution of India.[25][26] In 1967, a constitution bench of the Supreme Court had held that the university is not a minority educational institution protected under the Indian constitution; the verdict had been given in case to which the university was not a party.[27] In 1981, an amendment was made to the Aligarh Muslim University Act, following which in 2006 the Allahabad High Court struck down the provision of the act which accorded the university minority educational institution status.[28] In April 2016, the Indian government stated that it would not appeal against the decision.[29][30] In February 2019, the issue was referred by the Supreme Court of India to a constitution bench of seven judges.[28][27]

CampusEdit

 
 
 
Top: The Syedna Taher Saifuddin School. Left: Victoria Gate. Right: Sir Syed House.

The campus of Aligarh Muslim University is spread over 467.6 hectares in the city of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. The nearest railways station is the Aligarh Junction. It is a residential university with most of the staff and students residing on the campus. There are 19 halls of residence for students (13 for boys and 6 for girls) with 80 hostels.[31] The Halls are administered by a Provost and a number of teacher wardens who look after different hostels. Each Hall maintains a Dining Hall, a Common Room with facilities for indoor games, a Reading Room, Library, Sports Clubs and a Literary.[32] The Halls are named after people associated with the Aligarh Movement and the university.

Sir Syed Hall is the oldest Hall of the university. It houses many heritage buildings such as Strachey Hall, Mushtaq Manzil, Asman Manzil, Nizam Museum and Lytton Library, Victoria Gate, and Jama Masjid.[33]

The campus also maintains a cricket ground, Willingdon Pavilion, a synthetic hockey ground and a park, Gulastan-e-Syed.[34]

Other notable buildings in the campus includes the Maulana Azad Library, Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery, Kennedy Auditorium, Musa Dakri Museum, the Cultural Education Centre, Siddons Debating Union Hall and Sir Syed House.[35][36][37]

The main university gate is called Bab-e-Syed. In 2020 a new gate called Centenary Gate was built to celebrate the centenary year of the university.[38]

Organisation and administrationEdit

GovernanceEdit

The university's formal head is the chancellor, though this is a titular figure, and is not involved with the day-to-day running of the university. The chancellor is elected by the members of the University Court. The university's chief executive is the vice-chancellor, appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of the court. The court is the supreme governing body of the university and exercises all the powers of the university, not otherwise provided for by the Aligarh Muslim University Act, and the statutes, ordinances and regulations of the university.[39]

In 2018, Mufaddal Saifuddin was elected chancellor and Ibne Saeed Khan, the former Nawab of Chhatari was elected the pro-Chancellor. Syed Zillur Rahman was elected honorary treasurer.[40] On 17 May 2017, Tariq Mansoor assumed office as the 39th vice-chancellor of the university.[41]

FacultiesEdit

 
Student Union Hall, Aligarh Muslim University

Aligarh Muslim University's academic departments are divided into 13 faculties.[42]

CollegesEdit

Aligarh Muslim University maintains 7 colleges.[43]

  • Women's College
  • Zakir Hussain College of Engineering & Technology
  • Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College
  • Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
  • Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College
  • Community College
  • Academic Staff College

In addition the university also maintains 15 Centres, 3 Institutes, 10 schools including Minto Circle and the Ahmadi School for the Visually Challenged[44] The university's Faculty of Theology has two departments, one for the Shi'a school of thought and another for the Sunni school of thought.[45]

Aligarh Muslim University has established three centres at Malappuram (Kerala; the AMU Malappuram Campus), Murshidabad (West Bengal) and Kishanganj (Bihar), while a site has been identified for Aurangabad, (Maharashtra) centre.[46][47]

AcademicsEdit

 
Hostel, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

CoursesEdit

Aligarh Musilim University offers over 300 degrees and is organised around 12 faculties offering courses in a range of technical and vocational subjects, as well as interdisciplinary subjects. In 2011, it opened two new centres in West Bengal and Kerala for the study of MBAs and Integrated Law. The university has around 28,000 students and a faculty of almost 1,500 teaching staff. Students are drawn from all states in India and several different countries, with most of its international students coming from Africa, West Asia and Southeast Asia. Admission into the university is entrance based.[48]

 
Straghey Hall, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

RankingsEdit

University and College rankings
General – India
Outlook India (Universities) (2020)[49]9
Engineering – India
India Today (2020)[50]32
Medical – India
India Today (2020)[51]19

Internationally, AMU was ranked 1001–1200 in the QS World University Rankings of 2023[52] and 271–280 in Asia.[53] It was ranked 801–1000 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2023,[54] 201–250 in Asia in 2022[55] and 251–300 among emerging economies.[56] AMU was also ranked 901–1000 in the Academic Ranking of World Universities of 2022.[57]

In India, AMU was ranked 18 overall by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2020[58] and tenth among universities.[59]

Among government engineering colleges, the Zakir Hussain College of Engineering and Technology, the engineering college of the university, was ranked 32 by India Today in 2020[50] and 35 by the National Institutional Ranking Framework among engineering colleges in 2020.[60]

The Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, the medical school of the university, has been ranked 19th by India Today in 2020.[51]

LibrariesEdit

Main article: Maulana Azad Library
 
Maulana Azad Library, AMU

The Maulana Azad Library is the primary library of the university, consisting of a central library and over 100 departmental and college libraries. It houses royal decrees of Mughal emperors such as Babur, Akbar and Shah Jahan.[61] The foundation of the library was laid in 1877 at the time of establishment of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College by Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton, then viceroy of India and it was named after him as Lytton Library. The present seven-storied building was inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime Minister of independent India, in 1960 and the library was named after Abul Kalam Azad, popularly known as Maulana Azad, the first education minister of the independent India.[61][62]

The social science cyber library was inaugurated by Pranab Mukherjee, then President of India, on 27 December 2013.[63] In 2015, it was accredited with the International Organization for Standardization certification.[64]

Student lifeEdit

TraditionsEdit

Sherwani is worn by male students of the university and is a traditional attire of the university. It is required to be worn during official programs[65] The university provides sherwanis at a subsidized price.[66] In early 2013, Zameer Uddin Shah, the then Vice Chancellor of the university, insisted that male students have to wear sherwani if they wanted to meet him.[67]

The AMU Tarana or anthem was composed by poet and university student Majaz.[68] It is an abridged version of Majaz's 1933 poem "Narz-e-Aligarh".[69] In 1955, Khan Ishtiaq Mohammad, a university student, composed the song and it was adopted as the official anthem of the university. The song is played during every function at the university along with the National Anthem.[70]

Students' UnionEdit

Main article: Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union

Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union (AMUSU) is the university-wide representative body for students at the university. It is an elected body.

Clubs and societiesEdit

The university has sports and cultural clubs functioning under its aegis. The Siddons Union Club is the debating club of the university.[71] It was established in the year 1884 and was named after Henry George Impey Siddons, the first principal of the MAO college.[72] It has hosted politicians, writers, Nobel laureates, players, and journalists, including the Dalai Lama, Mahatma Gandhi, Abul Kalam Azad, Jawahar Lal Nehru.[73] Sporting clubs include the Cricket Club, Aligarh Muslim University[74] and the Muslim University Riding Club.[75]

The Raleigh Literary Society of the university hosts competitive events, plays, and performances,[76][77] including performances of Shakespeare's plays.[78] The society is named after Shakespeare critic Sir Walter Raleigh, who had served as the English professor at the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College from 1885 to 1887.[78]

The Law Society of the university was founded in 1894 as a non-profit student organization. The society publishes law reviews and organizes events, both academic and social, from annual fest to freshers social and farewell party for final year students.[79][80]

AMU JournalEdit

 
Logo of AMU Journal

AMU Journal is an independent student and alumni-run educational community and media organization,[81][82] it was started in the year 2016 by a group of AMU Students to raise campus issues and to provide News and information about Happening Events inside the university but later it became an educational community. On 17 October 2021 AMU Journal website was re-launched by Public relations officer, Proctor and Deputy Proctor, Aligarh Muslim University in collaboration with the Training and Placement Office, AMU.[83]

Cultural festivalsEdit

Every year the various clubs of the university organize their own cultural festivals. Two notable fests are the University Film Club's Filmsaaz and the Literary Club's AMU Literary Festival.

Old Boys' AssociationEdit

Old Boys' Association is the alumni network of the university. It was established in the year 1898 and has been statutory recognition under AMU, Act 1920.[84]

AMU CampusesEdit

Notable alumni and facultyEdit

Main articles: List of Aligarh Muslim University alumni, Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University, and List of Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University

Following is a list of alumni from the university.[85]

In popular cultureEdit

Further readingEdit

  • Ahmad, Aijaz (2015). Aligarh Muslim University: An Educational and Political History, 1920–47. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5085-3673-4.
  • Graff, Violette (11 August 1990). "Aligarh's Long Quest for 'Minority' Status: AMU (Amendment) Act, 1981". Economic and Political Weekly. 25 (32): 1771–1781. JSTOR 4396615.
  • Hasan, Mushirul; Qadri, Mohd. Afzal Husain (1 March 1985). "Nationalist and separatist trends in Aligarh, 1915–47". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 22 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1177/001946468502200101. S2CID 144414983.
  • Syed Mujtaba Ali Bangladeshi Writer
  • Minault, Gail; Lelyveld, David (1974). "The Campaign for a Muslim University, 1898–1920". Modern Asian Studies. 8 (2): 145–189. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00005448. JSTOR 311636.
  • Noorani, A. G. (13 May 2016). "History of Aligarh Muslim University". The Frontline. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  • Ahmed, Fakhar Uddin Ali (2010). Arabic studies in educational institutions of Assam since 1947 (Thesis). India: Gauhati University. pp. 208–211.

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ "Details of Expenditure - Classification for Budget Estimates 2019-20" (PDF). Aligarh Muslim University.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "NIRF India – Aligarh Muslim University" (PDF). 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Raychaudhuri, Sreerup (2021). "3. Reformers and educators". The Roots and Development of Particle Physics in India. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 19–52. ISBN 978-3-030-80305-6.
  4. ↑ Devine, Mary Elizabeth; Summerfield, Carol (1998). "Aligarh Muslim University". International Dictionary of University Histories. Chicago: Routledge. pp. 18–20. ISBN 1884964230.
  5. ↑ Muhammad Moj (2015). The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies. Anthem Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-1-78308-388-6. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cementing Ethics with Modernism: An Appraisal of Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan's Writings. Gyan Publishing House. 2010. ISBN 9788121210478. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  7. ↑ "Syed Ahmad Khan and Aligarh Movement". Jagranjosh.com. 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "AMU History". Aligarh Muslim University. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  9. ↑ "AMU Celebrates Its Links With BHU on Sir Syed's Bi-centenary". www.news18.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  10. ↑ "History of Aligarh Muslim University". Frontline. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  11. ↑ "Nizam gave funding for temples, and Hindu educational institutions". missiontelangana. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  12. ↑ "Nizam gave funding for temples, Hindu educational institutions". siasat. 10 September 2010.
  13. ↑ "Nothing is more disgraceful for a nation than to throw into the oblivion its historical heritage and the works of its ancestors". 12 April 2016.
  14. ↑ Express Tribune. "S. Azeez Basha And Anr vs Union Of India on 20 October, 1967". Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  15. ↑ Express Tribune (2 November 2013). "To sir with love: Aga Khan III – a tireless advocate for female education". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  16. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University". Amu.ac.in. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  17. ↑ "History of Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, Faculty of Unani Medicine, AMU". Aligarh Muslim University. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  18. ↑ "Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College". Aligarh Muslim University. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  19. ↑ "Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology". Aligarh Muslim University. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  20. ↑ Mushirul Hasan, "Nationalist and Separatist Trends in Aligarh, 1915–47," Indian Economic and Social History Review, (January 1985) 22#1 pp. 1–33
  21. ↑ "Flashback: Aligarh University – a glorius legacy". Dawn. 6 August 2011.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Khan, Showkat Nayeem (22 May 2015). "The Other Sheikh Abdullah". The Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  23. ↑ "History of Women's College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh". Aligarh Muslim University. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  24. ↑ Alvi, Albeena (13 June 2019). "Mumtaz Jahan Haider: The First Principal Of Women's College Aligarh". Feminism in India. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  25. ↑ "Seventh Schedule (Article 246) List 1 - Union List" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  26. ↑ "Constituent Assembly of India - Volume IX". 30 August 1949. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "AMU issue referred to Constitution Bench". The Hindu. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Minority Status to Aligarh Muslim University to be Decided by Supreme Court's 7-judge Bench". News18. 12 February 2019. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  29. ↑ "AMU row: Centre to withdraw UPAs appeal, push for non-minority status". indiatoday.intoday.in. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  30. ↑ Rautray, Samanwaya (4 April 2016). "Modi government seeks more time from SC to file application in Aligarh Muslim University case". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  31. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University :: Home". www.amu.ac.in. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  32. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University || Hostel". www.amu.ac.in. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  33. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University || Halls". www.amu.ac.in. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  34. ↑ "North Zone Intervarsity Tournament begins at AMU". India Education Diary. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  35. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University || Sir Syed Academy". www.amu.ac.in. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  36. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University || Musa Dakri Museum". www.amu.ac.in. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  37. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University time capsule update". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  38. ↑ "AMU VC urged to name centenary gate after Sardar Patel or Ambedkar or Ashfaqullah Khan". The Times of India. 25 September 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  39. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University || Registrar Section". Amu.ac.in. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  40. ↑ "AMU court elects Chancellor, Pro Chancellor and Treasurer". The Times of India. 2 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  41. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University || Department Page". Aligarh Muslim University. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  42. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University - Faculties". www.amu.ac.in. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  43. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University - Colleges". www.amu.ac.in. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  44. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University – Faculties". Amu.ac.in. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  45. ↑ Mustafa, Faizan (23 November 2017). "UGC's audit report on AMU demonstrates its ignorance of law". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  46. ↑ Ganapatye, Shruti (3 November 2018). "Aligarh Muslim University renews idea for campus in state". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  47. ↑ "Special Brochure for AMU Murshidabad and Malappuram Centres" (PDF). Aligarh Muslim University -. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
  48. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University". Times Higher Education (THE). 17 September 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  49. ↑ "Top 75 Universities In India In 2020". The Outlook. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Best ENGINEERING Colleges 2020: List of Top ENGINEERING Colleges 2020 in India". indiatoday.in. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Best MEDICAL Colleges 2020: List of Top MEDICAL Colleges 2020 in India". www.indiatoday.in. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  52. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rankings_QS_W_2023
  53. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rankings_QS_A_2023
  54. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rankings_THE_W_2023
  55. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rankings_THES_A_2022
  56. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rankings_THES_E_2022
  57. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rankings_ARWU_W_2022
  58. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rankings_NIRF_O_2021
  59. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rankings_NIRF_U_2021
  60. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rankings_NIRF_E_2021
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "AMU at 5th spot on India Today Universities Rankings 2012". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  62. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University || M.A. Library". Amu.ac.in. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  63. ↑ "President of India inaugurates XXXVII Indian Social Science Congress". Batori.in. batori. 27 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  64. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University 'cyberary' gets ISO certification". Business Standard India. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  65. ↑ "Is Lt Gen Zameeruddin Shah reviving 'Sherwani Culture' in AMU?". TwoCircles.net. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  66. ↑ "For AMU students, wearing sherwani no issue". archive.indianexpress.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  67. ↑ Bhalla, Sahil (11 November 2014). "This isn't the first time the Aligarh Muslim University VC has said something outrageous". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  68. ↑ "AMU Tarana or Anthem" (PDF). Aligarh Muslim University.
  69. ↑ "Read full nazm by Asrarul Haq Majaz". Rekhta. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  70. ↑ Agha, Eram (17 October 2015). "Majaz's Tarana gets a remix". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  71. ↑ "The Siddons Union Club". 20 February 2019.
  72. ↑ Agha, Eram (24 October 2014). "AMU: A students' union with no party allegiance". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  73. ↑ "Hall of free speech at centre of portrait row". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  74. ↑ Guha, Ramachandra (2014). A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport (New and Updated ed.). Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 9789351186939. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  75. ↑ "Galloping to glory". The Hindu. 26 February 2011. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  76. ↑ Siddiqui, Mohammad Asim (8 December 2016). "Political Adaptations: Raleigh Literary Society's "Waiting for Godot" and "Hayadavana"". The Theatre Times. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  77. ↑ "Raleigh Literary Society of AMU organises a series of competitions". Aapka Times. 25 February 2017. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
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External linksEdit

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