Vṛddhi (also rendered vr̥ddhi)[1] is a technical term in morphophonology given to the strongest grade in the vowel gradation system of Sanskrit and of Proto-Indo-European. The term is derived from Sanskrit वृद्धि vṛddhi, sa, Template:Lit. 'growth',[lower-alpha 1] from Template:Proto.[lower-alpha 2]
Origins[edit | edit source]
Vṛddhi itself has its origins in proto-vṛddhi, a process in the early stage of the Proto-Indo-European language originally for forming possessive derivatives of ablauting noun stems, with the meaning "of, belonging to, descended from".[3] To form a vṛddhi-derivative, one takes the zero-grade of the ablauting stem (i.e. removes the vowel), inserts the vowel *e in a position which does not necessarily match that of the original vowel, and appends an accented thematic vowel (or accents any existing final thematic vowel). For example:[1][4]
PIE *dyew- "sky" (cf. Latin diēs, Sanskrit [[wikt:द्यु|Template:IAST2]] "day"; Hittite Template:Tlit "god") → zero grade *diw- → proto-vṛddhi derivative *deyw-ó-s "god, sky god", lit. "skyling" (cf. Sanskrit [[wikt:देव#Sanskrit|Template:IAST2]], Latin deus, etc.)
However, in a later stage of the language this appears to have extended to non-ablauting noun stems that already contained *e, which would contract with the inserted vowel to form a lengthened *ē:[1][4]
PIE *swéḱur-o- "father-in-law" (cf. Latin socer, Sanskrit [[wikt:श्वशुर#Sanskrit|Template:IAST2]]) → proto-vṛddhi derivative *swēḱur-ó-s "brother-in-law", lit. "male descendent of one's father in law" (cf. Sanskrit [[wikt:श्वाशुर#Sanskrit|Template:IAST2]], Old High German Lua error in Module:Language at line 197: Name for the language code "goh" could not be retrieved with mw.language.fetchLanguageName, so it should be added to Module:Language/data. "brother-in-law")
The above example also displays the stressing of the thematic vowel when it already exists. It is this later version of proto-vṛddhi which is displayed in Sanskrit's lengthened vṛddhi grade.[1]
Vṛddhi in Sanskrit[edit | edit source]
The general phenomenon of vowel gradation, including vṛddhi formation, has been extensively studied and documented as part of Sanskrit's vigorous grammatical tradition, most importantly in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of the grammarian Pāṇini.[5]
For example:[6]
- Template:IAST2 "carried" (zero grade)
- Template:IAST2 "burden" (first grade, full grade, or guṇa)
- Template:IAST2 "to be carried" (second grade, lengthened grade, or vṛddhi)
The full pattern of vowel gradation can be observed as follows:[7]
| Zero grade | ← 1st grade → | 2nd grade | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open | ∅ | a | ā |
| Palatal | i/ī y i/ī |
e[lower-alpha 3] ay ya |
ai[lower-alpha 4] āy yā |
| Labial | u/ū v u/ū |
o[lower-alpha 5] av va |
au[lower-alpha 6] āv vā |
| Retroflex | ṛ r ṛ |
ar ar ra |
ār ār rā |
| Dental | ḷ | al | āl |
Vṛddhi in Indo-European[edit | edit source]
In modern Indo-European linguistics it is used in Pāṇini's sense and applied to the Indo-European languages in general. The feature is considered to have been inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language.
- *bʰr̥-[lower-alpha 7] (zero grade of the reconstructed verb meaning "to carry")[8]
- *bʰer- (full grade)
- *bʰēr- (vṛddhi, lengthened grade)
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ in Sanskrit, a -tí-nomen actionis formed from the verbal root Template:IAST2 'to grow'
- ↑ *werdʰ- 'to grow' entry at Indo-European etymological database of The Tower of Babel project.[2]
- ↑ originally 'ai'
- ↑ originally 'āi'
- ↑ originally 'au'
- ↑ originally 'āu'
- ↑ The asterisk * indicates that a form is not directly attested, but has been reconstructed on the basis of other linguistic material.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ringe (2017:15)
- ↑ "*werdʰ- to grow". The Tower of Babel project.
- ↑ Clackson, §3.3.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fortson (2004:116f)
- ↑ Burrow, §2.1.
- ↑ Meier-Brügger, Fritz & Mayrhofer (2003, L 413)
- ↑ Bucknell, tb. 5.
- ↑ Rix (2001:76f)
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Bucknell, Roderick S (2000). Sanskrit Manual. ISBN 81-208-1188-7.[place missing][publisher missing]
- Burrow, T (2001). The Sanskrit Language (2001 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1767-2.[place missing]
- Clackson, James (2007). Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36609-3. OCLC 123113761.
- Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (2010). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8895-1. OCLC 276406248.
- Meier-Brügger, Michael; Fritz, Matthias; Mayrhofer, Manfred (2003). Indo-European Linguistics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017433-2.
- Rix, H (2001). Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (2 ed.). L. Reichert. ISBN 3-89500-219-4.[place missing]