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Afghan–Sikh Wars: Difference between revisions
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| date = '''First Phase''': November 1751 – May 1765<br> '''Second Phase''': December 1766 – 1799<br> '''Third Phase''': 1800 – 1839 | | date = '''First Phase''': November 1751 – May 1765<br> '''Second Phase''': December 1766 – 1799<br> '''Third Phase''': 1800 – 1839 | ||
| place = [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Kashmir]], [[Haryana]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]] | | place = [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Kashmir]], [[Haryana]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]] | ||
| result = '''First Phase''': Afghans driven from country; [[Lahore]] taken by Sikhs{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=303}}<br>'''Second Phase''': Afghan campaign cut short, return home{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}}<br> '''Third Phase''': [[Kashmir]] annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]] in 1819 after the [[Battle of Shopian]]<ref>Zaidi, S. H. "The Intractable Kashmir Issue: Search for a Rational Solution." Pakistan Horizon 56, no. 2 (2003): 53–85. Accessed January 15, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41394023. pp. 82 </ref><br> | | result = '''First Phase''': Afghans driven from country; [[Lahore]] taken by Sikhs{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=303}}<br>'''Second Phase''': Afghan campaign cut short, return home{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}}<br> '''Third Phase''': [[Kashmir]] annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]] in 1819 after the [[Battle of Shopian]]<ref>Zaidi, S. H. "The Intractable Kashmir Issue: Search for a Rational Solution." Pakistan Horizon 56, no. 2 (2003): 53–85. Accessed January 15, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41394023. pp. 82</ref><br> | ||
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Herat.svg}} [[Durrani Empire]] (1751–1823)<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg}} [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] (1823–1837)<br> {{flagicon image|}} [[Afghan]] tribesmen (1751–1837) | | combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Herat.svg}} [[Durrani Empire]] (1751–1823)<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg}} [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] (1823–1837)<br> {{flagicon image|}} [[Afghan]] tribesmen (1751–1837) | ||
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Sikh Akali flag.jpg}} [[Khalsa]] (1751–1837)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}} [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]] (1748–1765)<br> {{flagicon image|Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg}} [[Misl|Misldar Army]] (1765–1800)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Empire flag.jpg}} [[Sikh Empire]] (1800–1839)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Regular Infantry standard.png}} [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] (1799–1837) | | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Sikh Akali flag.jpg}} [[Khalsa]] (1751–1837)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}} [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]] (1748–1765)<br> {{flagicon image|Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg}} [[Misl|Misldar Army]] (1765–1800)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Empire flag.jpg}} [[Sikh Empire]] (1800–1839)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Regular Infantry standard.png}} [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] (1799–1837) | ||
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== Background == | == Background == | ||
The [[Sikh Confederacy]] had effectively achieved independence from the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the [[Chhota Ghallughara]]. The Afsharid Persian emperor [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]] (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after [[Nader Shah]]'s death in 1747, the [[Durrani Empire]] (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and [[Pakistan]]) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikh alliance. | The [[Sikh Confederacy]] had effectively achieved independence from the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1716, and did not afhanis do all of that expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the [[Chhota Ghallughara]]. The Afsharid Persian emperor [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]] (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after [[Nader Shah]]'s death in 1747, the [[Durrani Empire]] (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and [[Pakistan]]) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikh alliance. | ||
==First Phase== | ==First Phase== | ||
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Azim Khan's retreat has never been explained fully, some say he believed his brother had returned to recapture Peshawar at the behest of the [[Sikhs]], others attribute his retreat to cowardice or fear of being cut off by the ferocious Sikh attack. He did not recover from the shock of the defeat and died shortly after the battle.<ref name="Campbell"/> | Azim Khan's retreat has never been explained fully, some say he believed his brother had returned to recapture Peshawar at the behest of the [[Sikhs]], others attribute his retreat to cowardice or fear of being cut off by the ferocious Sikh attack. He did not recover from the shock of the defeat and died shortly after the battle.<ref name="Campbell"/> | ||
Ranjit Singh's victory was to mark the highpoint of his campaigns, his empire now stretched from the Khyber Pass to the west, to the north Kashmir and to the south [[Multan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=M' Gregor|first=W.L.|title=History of the Sikhs|year=1846|location=London|pages=193}}</ref | Ranjit Singh's victory was to mark the highpoint of his campaigns, his empire now stretched from the Khyber Pass to the west, to the north Kashmir and to the south [[Multan]].<ref name="Campbell"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=M' Gregor|first=W.L.|title=History of the Sikhs|year=1846|location=London|pages=193}}</ref><ref name="lafont">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|author=Lafont, Jean Marie|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|year=2002}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="singh">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4CBAAAQBAJ|title=Empire of the Sikhs|author=Singh, Patwant|publisher=Peter Owen Publishers|isbn=9780720613711|year=2008}}</ref> | <ref name="singh">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4CBAAAQBAJ|title=Empire of the Sikhs|author=Singh, Patwant|publisher=Peter Owen Publishers|isbn=9780720613711|year=2008}}</ref> | ||
===Battle of Jamrud=== | ===Battle of Jamrud=== | ||
{{main|Battle of Jamrud}}The [[Battle of Jamrud]] was the fifth and foremost battle within the third Afghan–Sikh war. The Afghans | {{main|Battle of Jamrud}}The [[Battle of Jamrud]] was the fifth and foremost battle within the third Afghan–Sikh war. The result of the battle is disputed amongst historians. Some contend the failure of the Afghans to take the fort and the city of [[Peshawar]] or town of [[Jamrud]] as a victory for the Sikhs. On the other hand, some state that the killing of [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] resulted in an Afghan victory. James Norris, Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M International University, states that the battle's outcome was inconclusive. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||