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''Paramparā'' ([[Sanskrit]]: परम्परा, ''paramparā'') literally means ''an uninterrupted row or series, order, succession, continuation, mediation, tradition''.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31959 |author=Monier Monier-Williams |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1899 |ol=6534982M |page=587(column a) }}</ref> In the traditional residential form of education, the shishya remains with his or her guru as a family member and gets the education as a true learner.<ref>[[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] ''Srimad Bhagavatam'' 7.12.1, The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1976, {{ISBN|0-912776-87-0}}</ref> | ''Paramparā'' ([[Sanskrit]]: परम्परा, ''paramparā'') literally means ''an uninterrupted row or series, order, succession, continuation, mediation, tradition''.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31959 |author=Monier Monier-Williams |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1899 |ol=6534982M |page=587(column a) }}</ref> In the traditional residential form of education, the shishya remains with his or her guru as a family member and gets the education as a true learner.<ref>[[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] ''Srimad Bhagavatam'' 7.12.1, The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1976, {{ISBN|0-912776-87-0}}</ref> | ||
==Historical background== | |||
In the early oral traditions of the [[Upanishads]], the ''guru–shishya'' relationship had evolved into a fundamental component of Hinduism. The term "Upanishad" derives from the Sanskrit words ''"upa"'' (near), ''"ni"'' (down) and ''"ṣad"'' (to sit) — so it means "sitting down near" a spiritual teacher to receive instruction. The relationship between [[Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]] in the [[Bhagavad Gita]] portion of the [[Mahabharata]], and between [[Rama]] and [[Hanuman]] in the [[Ramayana]], are examples. In the Upanishads, gurus and disciples appear in a variety of settings (e.g. a husband answering questions about immortality; a teenage boy being taught by [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], Hinduism's Lord of Death). Sometimes the sages are women, and the instructions may be sought by kings. | |||
In the [[Vedas]], the knowledge of [[Brahman]] (''brahmavidya'') is communicated from guru to ''shishya'' by [[oral lore]]. | |||