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Moreover, according to some scholars' suggestions, a confederacy of [[Yashodharman]] and [[Narasimhagupta|Narasimhagupta Baladitya]] defeated and overthrew the Hunas in [[Malwa]] and eastern [[India]].{{sfn|Sinha|1974|p=[https://books.google.mu/books/about/Comprehensive_History_of_Bihar.html?id=2WlDAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y]89}}
Moreover, according to some scholars' suggestions, a confederacy of [[Yashodharman]] and [[Narasimhagupta|Narasimhagupta Baladitya]] defeated and overthrew the Hunas in [[Malwa]] and eastern [[India]].{{sfn|Sinha|1974|p=[https://books.google.mu/books/about/Comprehensive_History_of_Bihar.html?id=2WlDAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y]89}}
== List of conflicts ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:blue;" rowspan="1" |<span style="color: white">Conflict</span>
! style="background-color:blue;" rowspan="1" width=170px| <span style="color: white">Combatant 1</span>
! style="background-color:blue;" rowspan="1" width=170px| <span style="color: white">Combatant 2</span>
! style="background-color:blue;" rowspan="1" width=340px| <span style="color: white">Result</span>
|-
| The First Huna Invasion<br />(356–399 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Bactria]] and [[Gandhara]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
* [[Kidarites]] ([[Kushans]])
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
| '''Gupta victory'''{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=280}}
* The [[Hephthalites]] were successful in occupying [[Bactria]] and expelling the Kidarite (Kidara Kushans) from there.
* The [[Hepthalites]] invaded [[Gandhara]].
* Then [[Chandragupta II]] led a successful expedition against the [[Hepthalites]] (Hunas).
|-
| Chandragupta II's Huna Expedition<br />(356–399 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Gandhara]] and [[Bactria]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
* [[Kidarites]] ([[Kushans]])
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
| '''Gupta victory'''{{sfn|Sinha|1974|p=280}}{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=280}}{{sfn|Agrawal|1989|pp=240, 264}}
* Successful expedition by the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor against the [[Hephthalites]] ([[Hunas]]) across the seven mouths of the [[river Indus|Indus River]].
|-
| Kidara's conquest of Gandhara<br />(356 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Gandhara]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
* [[Kidarites]] ([[Kushans]])
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
| '''Gupta-Kidarite victory'''{{sfn|Sinha|1974|p=50}}
* With the help from the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor, [[Kidara I|Kidara]] eventually conquered [[Gandhara]] from the [[Hephthalites]].
|-
| [[Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh]]<br />(367 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Balkh]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''<br />
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* [[Sakas]]
* [[Kidarites]] ([[Kushans]])
* [[Sasanians]] (Parasikas)
| '''Gupta victory'''{{efn|"Buddha Prakash has proposed to equate the account of the north-western conquest of Raghu with the conquest of [[Bactrians]] ([[Valhikas]]) described in the [[Iron pillar of Delhi|Mehrauli pillar inscription]]. He concludes, {{quote|"Hence it follows that [[Chandragupta II]] led an expedition in [[Bactriana]] in order to remove the menace of the [[Sakas]], [[Kushans|Kushāņas]] and Pārasīkas root and branch."}} The [[Iron pillar of Delhi|Mehrauli pillar inscription]] simply says that Chandra conquered the [[Vahlikas|Vālhikas]]. Who were they? We have seen before that the [[Kushans|Kushāņas]] had moved out of [[Bactria]] c. A.D. 350 under the ever increasing pressure of the. [[Chionites]] and were in the [[Kabul]] valley about this time, and the [[Chionites]] or the [[Hunas|Hūņas]] had occupied [[Bactria]]. Assuming that [[Kalidasa|Kālidāsa's]] account of Raghu's campaign of conquest has a real historical background and that [[Chandragupta II|Chandragupta Vikramaditya]] adopted a land route for conquering the Pārasīkas, he must have come close to the south-eastern fringe of the [[Sassanian empire]], where according to [[Kalidasa|Kālidāsa]] he defeated the Parasikas. [[Kalidasa|Kālidāsa's]] mention of the bearded heads of the [[Persians|Persian]] warriors suggests their identification with the [[Sassanians]] who bore beards. After this victory [[Chandragupta II|Chandragupta]] proceeded further northwards. Passing by [[Kapisa|Kapiśā]] where his soldiers enjoyed the famous wine of this region, he pressed towards the river [[Oxus]], on the banks of which were the newly established settlements of the [[Hunas|Hūņas]]. Having subdued them with his might [[Chandragupta II]] seems to have brought his victorious march to a halt. He returned home from [[Bactria]] proper, crowned with glory and perhaps laden with riches."{{sfnp|Agrawal|1989|p=[https://books.google.mu/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&dq=oxus+valley+campaign+Gupta&pg=PA165&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=oxus%20valley%20campaign%20Gupta&f=false]165}}}}
* Chandragupta II's campaign of [[Balkh]] resulted in [[Chandragupta II]] conquering [[Balkh]].
|-
| Battle of the Oxus<br />(399 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Oxus river|Oxus valley]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
| '''Gupta victory'''{{sfn|Agrawal|1989|pp=240, 264}}
* [[Chandragupta II]] with his [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] cavalry defeated the [[Hunas|Hephthalites]] and planted the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] flag on the banks of the [[Oxus]].
|-
| The Second Huna Invasion<br />(c. 450s–460s or c. 453–459 CE)
<u>Location:</u> Northwest frontiers and [[Northwest India]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* [[Sasanians]]
* [[Kidarites]] ([[Kushans]])
| '''Gupta victory'''{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=277}}
* [[Skandagupta]] repulsed the invading hordes of [[Kushans]], [[Hunas|Hephthalites]] and [[Sassanids]].
|-
| Battle of the Indus river<br />(c. 458)
<u>Location:</u> [[Indus]] river
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
| '''Gupta victory'''{{sfn|Fisher|Yarshater|1968|p=214}}<ref>{{harvnb|Jaques|2007|p=471}}</ref>
* [[Skandagupta]] checked the [[Hunas|Hephthalites']] progress.
|-
| [[First Hunnic War]]<br />(502–515 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Malwa]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
* [[Second Aulikara dynasty]]
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* [[Alchon Huns]]
| '''Gupta victory'''
* The [[Huna people|Huna]] king was vanquished by an Indian ruler of the [[Second Aulikara dynasty|Aulikara dynasty]].
|-
| Battle of Eran<br />(502 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Eran]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* [[Alchon Huns]]
| '''Hunnic Victory'''
* [[Toramana]] defeated and killed Matrvishnu who was the local governor and installed his brother Dhanyavishnu in [[Eran]].
|-
| Sack of Kausambhi<br />(497–500 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Kosambi|Kausambhi]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* [[Alchon Huns]]
| '''Hunnic Victory'''{{sfn|Bakker|2020|pp=484-534}}<ref name="Agnihotri2010">{{cite book |editor-first=V.K. |editor-last=Agnihotri |title=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=PA81 |edition=26 |year=2010 |publisher=Allied Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |page=81}}</ref><ref name="Sinha1977"/>{{rp|70}}{{sfn|Gupta|1989|p=175}}
* [[Alchon Huns]] sacked [[Kosambi|Kausambhi]] before they moved to occupy [[Malwa]].
|-
| Huna conquest of Malwa<br />(510 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Malwa]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''<br />
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* [[Alchon Huns]]
| '''Hunnic victory'''
* The [[Huna people|Huna]] king occupied and conquered [[Malwa]] from the [[Gupta Empire]].
|-
| Battle of Eran<br />(510 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Eran]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* [[Alchon Huns]]
| '''Hunnic Victory'''
* Emperor [[Bhanugupta]] fought a fierce battle against [[Toramana]] in which his general Goparaja was killed.
|-
| Battle of Daśapura<br />(515 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Malwa]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
* [[Aulikaras|Second Aulikara dynasty]]
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* [[Alchon Huns]]
| '''Gupta Victory'''
* The [[Aulikara|Second Aulikara dynasty]] king Prakaśadharman of Daśapura reports victory over the [[Toramana]].
|-
| [[Second Hunnic War]]<br />(520–528 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Malwa]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
* [[Second Aulikara dynasty]]
* [[Maukhari dynasty]]
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* [[Alchon Huns]]
| '''Gupta victory'''
* The [[Huna people|Huna]] king [[Mihirakula]] was defeated by [[Yashodharman]].
|-
| [[Battle of Sondani]]<br />(528 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Betwa river]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
* [[Aulikaras|Second Aulikara dynasty]]
* [[Maukharis|Maukhari dynasty]]
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* [[Alchon Huns]]
| '''Gupta victory'''
* A confederacy of [[India]]n rulers led by [[Yashodharman]] and possibly even supported by the Gupta emperor [[Narasimhagupta]], decisively defeated the Hunnic armies at [[Sondani|Battle of Sondani]] in 528 CE
|-
| Northwest campaign of [[Ishanavarman|Iśanavarman]] <br />(532 CE)
<u>Location:</u> [[Northwest India|North-western India]]
| '''[[Gupta Empire]]'''
* [[Maukharis|Maukhari dynasty]]
| '''[[Hephthalites]]'''
* Sulikas
| '''Gupta Victory'''{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=34}}
* [[Maukhari]] dynasty king [[Ishanavarman|Iśanavarman]] routed the Sulikas, who may have been the Hunnic adversaries or their allies.
|-
|}
== Aftermath ==
=== Collapse of Huna power ===
[[File:The defeat of the Ephalites, or White Huns A.D. 528.jpg|thumb|The defeat of the [[Alchon Huns|Huna emperor]] [[Mihirakula]] by King [[Yashodharman]] at [[Sondani]] in 528 CE (early 20th century illustration).]]
The [[Alchon huns]], following their loss to [[Yashodharman|Yaśodharman]] at [[Sondani]], withdrew to the mountainous country, the fortified town of Sakala ([[Sialkot]]), the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] foothills in northern [[Pakistan]] between the [[Jhelum]] river, [[Chenab]] river, and [[Ravi River]], and the region from which [[Toramana]] had launched his conquests.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=99}}
=== Rise of Shaivism ===
All of the royal families of these successor states including the [[Alchon Hun|Alchon]] [[Mihirakula]] had embraced [[Shaivism|Saivism]], which had equally profound effects. [[Vaisnavism]] had been rendered obsolete by the fall of the Empire, particularly in its former lands. A theological innovation that specifically aided in this growth was Saivism's ability to provide access to both humdrum rewards and superformance power, in addition to this political component. This was accomplished by human agent lineages personifying god. This provided the [[Shaiva|Śaiva]] officials with a unique advantage over their [[Vaishnava|Vaisnava]] counterparts. This is a unique factor, while Vaisnavism's diminished political standing following the collapse of the [[Gupta Empire]]. [[Shaivism|Saivism]] particularly gained traction in the regions of former [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] territories. Although [[Vaishnavism|Vaisnavism]] flourished in the regions of [[Kashmir]] and [[Southern India]].{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=99}}
=== Gupta-Aulikara War ===
[[File:Sri Yashodharman.jpg|thumb|upright=1.18|The name [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|14px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad sho.jpg|16px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|10px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|14px]] ''Śrī Yaśodharmma'' ("Lord Yashodharman") in [[Gupta script]] in Line 4 of the [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]].<ref name="EG">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |pages=150–158 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n387}}</ref>]]
Vajra, who succeeded Baladitya II, did not surpass his predecessor's accomplishments. Despite his construction of an additional monastery at [[Nalanda]] and his depiction as a devout [[Buddhist]] by [[China|Chinese]] sources, he proved incapable of resisting the formidable [[Yashodharman|Yaśodharman]] of [[Malwa]]. However, the rapid expansion of [[Malavas|Malava]] power was soon curtailed, likely through the influence of emerging feudatory royal houses rather than direct [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] intervention.{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=354}}
Evidence from the [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]] stone inscription suggests that either Isvaravarman or his successor, presumably Isanavarman, successfully repelled a threat originating from 'the city of [[Dhara (city)|Dhar]]'. This conflict, occurring in the second quarter of the sixth century, likely corresponds to the invasion led by [[Yasodharman]]. The [[Maukhari]] kings played a significant role in opposing the [[Malavas|Malava]] adventurer, receiving support from these feudatories.{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=354}}
Through alliances with such feudatories, Kumāragupta III, the son of Narasimhagupta II, and Vishnugupta Chandraditya, the son and successor of Kumāragupta III, were able to retain control of the imperial throne until the middle of the sixth century AD. These alliances were crucial for the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta dynasty's]] survival amidst political instability and external threats.{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=354}}
{{Location map+
|India
|float      = right
|width      = 220
|caption    = The 532 AD [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]] mentions victorious campaigns against northern kings (probably referring to the victory against the [[Alchon Huns]] at [[Sondani]]), and against "mighty kings of the east", including a campaign across the [[Vindhya range]].
|nodiv      = 1
|mini      = 1
|relief=yes
|places    =
{{location map~ |India |lat=25|N |long=81|E |label=Campaign through the [[Vindhya range]]|position=right |label_size=70|mark=Arrow-060(000).svg|marksize=25 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=24.07|N |long=75.08|E |label=[[Sondani inscription|Sondani]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=Red Star.gif|marksize=20}}
}}
The [[Gupta Empire]] faced significant challenges during [[Yashodharman]]'s conquests, as he expanded his victorious campaigns across [[North India]]. Despite initial successes, [[Yashodharman|Yasodharman's]] ability to consolidate his conquests was limited, resulting in a short-lived reign reminiscent of a meteoric rise and fall. The circumstances surrounding his downfall remain unclear, but it is likely that the disintegration of the [[Gupta Empire]], triggered by his victories, contributed to his demise.<ref name="A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA,VOL.3,PART1 : DASGUPTA, K.K.,ED. Internet Archive">{{Cite book |last=DASGUPTA |first=K. K. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12720 |title=A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA,VOL.3,PART1 |date=1960 |publisher=PEOPLES OF PUBLISHING HOUSE |page=96}}</ref>
The emergence of powers like the [[Maukharis]] and [[Later Gupta dynasty|Later Guptas]] during this period suggests a shifting political landscape influenced by [[Yashodharman]]'s actions. It is possible that the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] Emperor orchestrated [[Yashodharman]]'s defeat by rallying these forces against him. Alternatively, [[Yashodharman]] may have succumbed to the chaos he instigated to dismantle the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref name="A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA,VOL.3,PART1 : DASGUPTA, K.K.,ED. Internet Archive" />
=== Disintegration of the Gupta Empire ===
The [[Gupta Empire]], a beacon of stability and prosperity in ancient [[India]], faced a tumultuous period following the demise of [[Budhagupta]], its illustrious ruler. This era was characterized by internal discord, exacerbated by external threats, which precipitated the empire's gradual decline. Succession disputes emerged as a primary catalyst for the empire's instability, leading to fragmentation and partition. The absence of a clear line of succession plunged the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta realm]] into uncertainty, opening the door to rival claimants vying for power.<ref>{{Cite book |editor=R. C. Majumdar |url=http://archive.org/details/classicalage03bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 03, The Classical Age |date=1970 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource |page=33-34}}</ref>
Among these contenders were Narasimhagupta, [[Budhagupta]]'s brother, and his successors. Narasimhagupta, known by the honorific title Baladitya, assumed the throne amidst a backdrop of political turmoil and uncertainty. However, his ascendancy was not without challenge, as other claimants, such as Vainyagupta and Bhanugupta, also sought to assert their authority. Vainyagupta's rule, centered in [[Bengal]], and Bhanugupta's reign, commemorated in an inscription at [[Eran]], added further complexity to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] political landscape. The inscription detailing [[Bhanugupta]]'s exploits suggests [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] efforts to resist external threats, particularly the incursions of [[Huna people|Huna]] chief [[Toramana]].<ref name="History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 03, The Classical Age : R. C. Majumdar, General Editor Internet Archive">{{Cite book |editor=R. C. Majumdar |url=http://archive.org/details/classicalage03bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 03, The Classical Age |date=1970 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource |page=34}}</ref>
Narasimhagupta's reign witnessed both triumph and tragedy. His notable victory over [[Huna people|Huna]] chief Mihirakula demonstrated [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] military prowess, yet internal discord continued to erode the empire's stability. As rival factions vied for supremacy, the [[Gupta Empire]] entered a period of decline marked by territorial loss and political fragmentation. These tumultuous events marked a pivotal chapter in [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] history, signaling the empire's eventual demise and the end of an era of unparalleled prosperity and cultural flourishing in ancient [[India]].<ref name="History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 03, The Classical Age : R. C. Majumdar, General Editor Internet Archive" />
== Legacy ==
=== Hunnic impact on India ===
It can be seen that the most noticeable shift has been the development of independent, regional states in [[Northern India]] following the fall of the [[Gupta Empire]]. Not only the rise of the [[Aulikara]] kingdom of Daśapura and the [[Maukhari]] kingdom of [[Kanyakubja]] occurred after disintegration of [[Gupta Empire]], but it is also possible to include the [[Maitrakas]] of [[Valabhi]], the [[Vardhanas]] of Sthaneśvara, and the [[Kalachuris]] of [[Mahismati]]. This new constellation was constantly changing since their independence had to be repeatedly reaffirmed; the fall of the Daśapura Kingdom is one example of this.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=98}}
The power of the [[Huna people|Huna]] in [[northwest India]] endured as long as it received support from its formidable ally across the [[Hindu Kush]]. However, when the [[Hephthalites]] faced intense pressure from the resurgent [[Sasanian Empire]] led by [[Khosrow I]] in the 530s, and the natural dynamics of the [[Huns|Hunnic Peoples]] on both sides of the [[Hindu Kush]] were disrupted, the [[India]]n [[Hunas]], notably the [[Alchon Huns|Alkhan]] led by [[Mihirakula]], lost their capacity to recover from defeats. This underscores the interconnectedness of the history of the [[Hunas]] in [[India]] with the political landscape to the north of the [[Hindu Kush]].{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=98}}
In contrast to its [[Iran]]ian counterpart, the [[Gupta Empire]] did not experience a revival. Over the fifty years under consideration, the most notable change was the emergence of autonomous regional states in [[Northern India]] following the dissolution of the [[Gupta Empire]]. Examples include the [[Aulikara]] kingdom of Daśapura and the [[Maukhari]] kingdom of [[Kanyakubja]], among others. This period witnessed a constant state of flux as the independence of these states had to be reaffirmed repeatedly. The disappearance of the Daśapura Kingdom serves as a poignant example of this instability.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=98}}
As a consequence of this regional division, major political and commercial centers of the fallen empire experienced decline. Cities such as Kauśambı, [[Ujjain]], Vidiśa, and [[Mathura]] lost their prominence, eclipsed by new urban centers like Daśapura, [[Kanyakubja]], Sthaneśvara, [[Valabhi]], and Śripura. This shift in urban centrality reflects the evolving political and economic landscape of [[Northern India]] during this period.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=98}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 472: Line 667:
==Reference==
==Reference==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |first=Ashvini |last=Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC |date=1989 |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Allen|first=John |title=Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties |publisher=Bombay|date=1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214}}
* {{cite book |last=Bakker | first=Hans T. |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |publisher=Brill|year=2014 | isbn=978-90-04-27714-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |language=en |page=92}}
* {{cite book |last=Balasubramaniam |first= R. |title=Story of the Delhi Iron Pillar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FruHOlKlbJAC |year=2005 |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=978-81-7596-278-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Dandekar |first=Ramchandra Narayan |date=1941 |title=A History of the Guptas |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76629 |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |series=Poona Oriental |issue=76}}
* {{cite book |last=Prakash|first=Buddha |title=Studies in Indian History and Civilization |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqI5AQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinha|first=Bindeshwari Prasad |author-link = Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha |title=Comprehensive History of Bihar, Volume 1, Issue 2 |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute |date=1974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WlDAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sharma|first1=R. K. |last2= Misra | first2= O. P. |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC}}
* {{harvc |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=Boris Abramovich |last3=Zamir Safi |first3=M. H. |c=Eastern Kushans, Kidarines in Gandhara ans Kashmir, and Later Hephthalites |year=1996 |pages=163–184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA163 |in=Litvinsky}}
* {{cite book |author=Prasanna Rao Bandela |title=Coin Splendour: A Journey Into the Past |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7017-427-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mUg2BBJr7kC}}
* {{cite book |first=Tony|last= Jaques |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ss5drgEACAAJ |publisher=Miegunyiah Press |year=2007|isbn= 978-0-522-85336-0 }}
* {{cite book |first=Karl J. |last=Schmidt |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Fleet |first=J.&nbsp;F. |author-link=John Faithfull Fleet |year=1888 |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum |volume=3 |publisher=Government of India, Central Publications Branch |location=Calcutta}}
*{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |date=1967 |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967/mode/2up |title=A History Of The Imperial Guptas |others=foreword by R.C. Majundar |publisher=Central Book Depot |location=Allahabad |language=en}} {{open access}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Litvinsky |editor-first=Boris Abramovich |year=1996 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 |place=Paris |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC}}
* {{cite book |author=G. Allen & Unwin |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZYwAAAAMAAJ |year=1951}}
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* {{cite book |author=Nandargikar, Gopal Raghunath |title=Raghuvamsa Of Kalidasa. With The Commentary Of Mallinatha |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. |year=1982 |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Raghuvamsa-Kalidasa-Commentary-Mallinatha-Nandargikar-Gopal/30959799154/bd}}
* {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |date=1978 |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |location=Delhi |publisher=Concept Publishing |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/ }}
* {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC |year=1989 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-251-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Daniel T. Potts |title=Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-933079-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8c3QAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |first1=William Bayne |last1=Fisher|first2=Ehsan|last2=Yarshater |title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, Issue 1|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-521-20092-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC}}
* {{cite book |author=Michael Maas |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-316-06085-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA284}}
[[Category:Gupta Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving India]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Khurai]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:5th century in India]]
[[Category: Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Gupta Empire]]
Mr.Sanemi
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