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{{Infobox military conflict | |||
| conflict = Battle of Bagru | |||
| date = 20–26 August 1748 | |||
| place = [[Bagru]] near [[Jaipur]], [[India]] | |||
| result = {{ubl|Madho Singh and allied victory<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmfxexeX3pIC&q=.Jaipur+Nama%0ATales+from+the+Pink+City%0ABy+Giles+Henry+Rupert+Tillotson | title=Jaipur Nama: Tales from the Pink City | isbn=978-0-14-400100-2 | last1=Tillotson | first1=Giles Henry Rupert | date=29 January 2024 | publisher=Penguin Books India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69726/page/n447/mode/1up?q=Bagru+ | title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol.2 | date=29 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=history+of+jaipur+pdf | title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 | isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 | last1=Sarkar | first1=Jadunath | date=29 January 1984 | publisher=Orient Blackswan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/marathas-and-panipat-pdfdrive.com/page/n78/mode/1up | title=Marathas and Panipat | date=13 June 2021 | publisher=Panjab University }}</ref>}} | |||
*[[Ishvari Singh]] sign peace with Marathas<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/marathas-and-panipat-pdfdrive.com/page/n78/mode/1up | title=Marathas and Panipat | date=13 June 2021 | publisher=Panjab University }}</ref> | |||
*[[Ishvari Singh]] agree to pay tribute to Marathas and Gives back Bundi to Ummeed Singh <ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/marathas-and-panipat-pdfdrive.com/page/n78/mode/1up | title=Marathas and Panipat | date=13 June 2021 | publisher=Panjab University }}</ref> | |||
*Marathas allow him to rule Jaipur gaining political victory over Madho Singh | |||
| combatant1 = [[File:Drapeau Jaipur.png|25px]] [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Jaipur]]<br/>'''Reinforced By'''<br/>[[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|25px]] [[Bharatpur State|Kingdom of Bharatpur]] | |||
| combatant2 = [[File:Drapeau Jaipur.png|25px]] Forces of Madho Singh<br/>'''Reinforced By'''<br/>[[File:Indore Flag.svg|25px]] [[Holkar|Holkar Clan]]<br/>[[File:Flag of Bundi.svg|25px]] [[Bundi State|Kingdom of Bundi]] | |||
| commander1 = [[File:Drapeau Jaipur.png|25px]] [[Ishvari Singh|Ishwari Singh]]<br/>[[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|25px]] [[Suraj Mal]] | |||
| commander2 = [[File:Drapeau Jaipur.png|25px]][[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]]<br/>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Gangadhar Tatya<br/>[[File:Flag of Bundi.svg|25px]] Ummed Singh | |||
| strength1 = | |||
| strength2 = | |||
| casualties1 = | |||
| casualties2 = | |||
}} | |||
The '''Battle of Bagru''' was a military engagement fought between multiple Indian kingdoms in 1748 near the town of [[Bagru]], [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. The battle was fought during a [[War of succession|succession crisis]] following the death of [[Jai Singh II]], which left Jaipur without effective leadership. In the battle, [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]] defeated [[Ishvari Singh|ishwari Singh]] in a 6-day engagement with help of Marathas and Kingdom of Bundi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=http://archive.org/details/marathas-and-panipat-pdfdrive.com |title=Marathas And Panipat |date=2021-06-13 |publisher=Panjab University, 1961}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire Vol. 1 |date=1964}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69726 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire Vol.2 |date=1934}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=history+of+jaipur+pdf |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 |date=1984 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tillotson |first=Giles Henry Rupert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmfxexeX3pIC&q=.Jaipur+Nama |title=Jaipur Nama: Tales from the Pink City |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-400100-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R.K. Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC |title=Studies In Indian History Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs Set Of 5 Vols. |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |others=unknown library |language=English}}</ref> | |||
== Background == | |||
[[File:Painting of Suraj Mal of Bharatpur State meeting with his liege Ishwari Singh of Jaipur State before the Battle of Bagru, from an illustrated 'Sujan Charitra' series, by Ramji, circa mid-to-late 18th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Suraj Mal of Bharatpur State meeting with his liege Ishwari Singh of Jaipur State before the Battle of Bagru, from an illustrated 'Sujan Charitra' series, by Ramji, circa mid-to-late 18th century]] | |||
Jai Singh II, [[Jaipur State|Maharajah of Jaipur]] and head of the powerful [[Kachhwaha]] caste, was a major geopolitical force in his lifetime.<ref>Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1994). ''A History of Jaipur 1503–1938''. Orient Longman. {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}.</ref> As a prominent figure within the [[Mughal Empire]], Jai allied himself with several other powerful rajas; he was particularly close to [[Suraj Mal]], [[Maharaja]]h of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], who considered Jai Singh to be like a father.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> When Jai Singh died on 21 September 1743, his 25-year-old son [[Ishvari Singh|Ishwari Singh]] replaced him as Maharajah. However, [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]], another of Jai Singh's sons from a different marriage, disagreed with his brother's accession to the throne and subsequent ruling of Jaipur; in 1747, he rose in revolt against his brother. Madho Singh's revolt was defeated at the [[Battle of Rajamahal]], but the claimant escaped and began to gather forces to assist him in ousting his brother.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> | |||
Just over a year after his first invasion had failed, Madho Singh again invaded Jaipur. Unlike his previous invasion, Malhar Rao personally led the complete might of his army during his second invasion. He also built up a strong alliance of powers who opposed his brother; Malhar Rao, a rival to the late Jai Singh, joined Madho Singh's efforts to overthrow his brother, feeling he could benefit from Jaipur's weakness. Ummed Singh, the vanquished Raja of Bundi also joined, as he was eager to win back his kingdom. Madho Singh's army also contained a large host of Maratha, Afghan and tribal mercenaries, soldiers from the [[Maratha]] Holkar clan, [[Hada Chauhan|Hada]] Rajputs from Bundi and several Kachhwaha nobles who defected. This alliance marched against Jaipur in August 1748. Malhar Rao took the lead and captured several strategic Forts and towns of the Jaipur Kingdom.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> | |||
In Jaipur city, Ishwari Singh amassed his forces for battle; Ishwari Singh, unlike his father and brother, initially had no allies and was badly outnumbered by Madho Singh's coalition. In desperation, Ishwari asked Suraj Mal - a longtime ally of his late father - for aid, and Surajmal readily accepted, personally leading his army of 10,000 men to Jaipur city.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> Though still heavily outnumbered, the two defenders hoped to attack Madho Singh's army before all of his forces had consolidated.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> | |||
== Battle == | |||
According to contemporary source Peshwa Daftar,the two armies engaged each-other around the town of Bagru on 20 August 1748. The fighting lasted for 6 days; for much of the battle, a rainstorm blanketed the area.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> The first day resulted in heavy losses for both armies before the rain halted the fighting. On the second day, Suraj personally led his forces in a fierce counterattack that routed the Maratha contingent of Modho's army;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalguesthousebharatpur.com/royalfarm/about-bharatpur/|title=About Bharatpur|website=Royal Farm House|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref> however, the Marathas were able to spike many Jaipur cannons before they were forced back.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> While the two armies fought at Bagru, 5000 men from Malhar's army captured a Jaipur supply convoy and blocked the road between Bagru and Jaipur city. With their supplies and line of retreat cut off, Ishwari and Suraj retreated into Bagru's fort, ending the maratha cut the noses and hands of 6000 people.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Gupta 2008" /> | |||
Having lost the battle, Ishwari chose to sue for peace. Rather than negotiate with the enemy army as a whole, he offered terms to each individual commander. He bribed an ally of the Holkars to arrange for the Holkar forces to withdraw, and agreed to give his brother control over five [[pargana]]s.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> He bribed the Maratha soldiers (and allowed them to keep the wealth they had looted), and agreed to surrender the town of [[Bundi]] to Ummed Singh.<ref name="Gupta 2008">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLQeSBLpUwsC|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLQeSBLpUwsC/page/n196 189]|quote=Battle of Raona.|title=Dalit Literature: Our Response|last1=Gupta|first1=R. K.|last2=Bakshi|first2=S. R.|date=2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176258418|language=en}}</ref> In return for his concessions, Ishwari was allowed to return to Jaipur city and continue his rule.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> | |||
== Aftermath == | |||
While Suraj Mal's actions during the battle at Bagru won him praise for his martial skill, the defeat humiliated Ishwari.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> The Jaipur raj descended into a state of paranoia, resulting in him arresting and executing a number of his officials. He attempted to regain his lost prestige by helping the nearby [[Kingdom of Marwar]] against the invading [[Mughal army]], he won a minor victory at the [[Battle of Raona]] against the Mughal general Salabat Khan, but was soon bogged down in a stalemate and forced to withdraw. He also failed to pay Holkar his dues from his defeat at Bagru.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> When he failed to repay these debts, Holkar invaded Jaipur with a large army. Ishwari Singh locked himself in his room for many days and refused to come out. The ministers of Jaipur urged Ishwari Singh to give them orders, but faced with his enemies approaching his capital, Ishwari committed suicide on 12 December 1750, resulting in Madho Singh becoming the Maharajah of Jaipur.<ref name="Gupta 2008" /> | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}} | |||
[[Category:Conflicts in 1748|Bagru]] | |||
[[Category:History of Jaipur]] | |||
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]] | |||
[[Category:1748 in India]] | |||
[[Category:Battles involving the Jats]] | |||
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]] | |||