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{{Infobox military conflict | |||
| conflict = Franco-Prussian War | |||
| partof = the [[unification of Germany]] | |||
| image = {{Multiple image | |||
| perrow = 2/2/2 | |||
| total_width = 300 | |||
| border=infobox | |||
| image1=A v Werner - Kaiserproklamation am 18 Januar 1871 (3. Fassung 1885).jpg | |||
| image2=Johann Emil Hünten Heinrich XVII Prinz Reuß bei Mars-la-Tour 1870.jpg | |||
| image3=Siege of Paris.jpg | |||
| image4=Ernst Zimmer - Das Lauenburgische Jäger-Bataillon Nr. 9 bei Gravelotte.jpg | |||
| image5=Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Detaille Champigny Décembre 1870 (1879).jpg | |||
| image6=Braun, Adolphe (1811-1877) - Paris, 1871.jpg | |||
| footer=(clockwise from top right) {{flatlist| | |||
* ''[[Battle of Mars-la-Tour]], 16 August 1870'' | |||
* ''The [[Battle of Gravelotte|Lauenburg 9th Jäger Battalion at Gravelotte]]'' | |||
* ''Damaged building in [[Paris]], 1871'' | |||
* ''[[The Defense of Champigny]]'' | |||
* ''The [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|Siege of Paris]] in 1870'' | |||
* ''[[Proclamation of the German Empire (paintings)|The Proclamation of the German Empire]]''}} | |||
}} | |||
| caption = | |||
| date = 19 July 1870 – 28 January 1871<br>({{age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=19|year1=1870|month2=01|day2=28|year2=1871}}) | |||
| place = [[France]] and the [[Rhine Province]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] | |||
| territory = [[German Empire|German]] annexation of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] | |||
| result = [[German Empire|German]] victory | |||
*End of the [[Second French Empire]] | |||
*[[Unification of Germany]] and establishment of the [[German Empire]] | |||
| combatant1 = {{nowrap|'''Before 4 September 1870:'''<br>'''{{flag|Second French Empire}}'''<hr>'''After 4 September 1870:'''<br>'''{{flag|France|name=French Third Republic}}{{efn|Under the [[Government of National Defense]].}}'''}} | |||
* [[Army of the Vosges|Foreign volunteers]] | |||
| combatant2 = '''Before [[Unification of Germany|18 January 1871]]:'''<br>'''{{flag|North German Confederation}}''' | |||
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Prussia|1803}} | |||
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Saxony}} | |||
*{{flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]<ref>The northern parts and the Army of the Grand Duchy of Hesse were part of the North German Confederation G</ref> | |||
* and 19 smaller states | |||
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bavaria}}<br>{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Württemberg}}<br>{{flag|Baden|1871|name=Baden}}<br> | |||
----{{nowrap|'''After 18 January 1871:'''<br>'''{{flag|German Empire}}'''}} | |||
| commander1 = {{unbulleted list | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} '''[[Napoleon III]]'''{{Surrendered}}{{POW}} | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[François Achille Bazaine|François Bazaine]]{{Surrendered}} | |||
| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} [[Patrice de MacMahon|Patrice MacMahon]]{{Surrendered}}{{WIA}}}} | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Abel Douay]]{{KIA}} | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Charles Auguste Frossard|Charles Frossard]] | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[François Certain de Canrobert|François Certain Canrobert]] | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot]]{{POW}} | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Emmanuel Félix de Wimpffen|Félix Wimpffen]]{{surrendered}} | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Jean Auguste Margueritte]]{{DOW}} | |||
---- | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} '''[[Louis-Jules Trochu]]''' | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Léon Gambetta]] | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] | |||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Joseph Vinoy]]{{surrendered}} | |||
}} | |||
| commander2 = {{unbulleted list | |||
|{{flagicon|German Empire}} '''[[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]]''' | |||
|{{flagicon|German Empire}} '''[[Otto von Bismarck]]''' | |||
|{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder|Helmuth von Moltke]] | |||
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Crown Prince Friedrich]]}} | |||
|{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–1885)|Prince Friedrich Karl]] | |||
|{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz|Karl F. von Steinmetz]] | |||
|{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Albrecht von Roon]] | |||
}} | |||
| strength1 = '''Total deployment''': | |||
* 2,000,740{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=184}} | |||
'''Initial strength''': | |||
* 909,951 | |||
:* 492,585 active, including 300,000 reservists{{sfn|Howard|1991|p=39}}{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=184}} | |||
:* 417,366 ''[[Garde Mobile]]''{{sfn|Howard|1991|p=39}} | |||
'''Peak field army strength''': | |||
* 710,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=184}} | |||
| strength2 = '''Total deployment''': | |||
* 1,494,412{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=184}}{{efn|33,101 officers and 1,113,254 men were deployed into France. A further 348,057 officers and men were mobilized and stayed in Germany.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=184}}}} | |||
'''Initial strength''': | |||
* 938,424 | |||
:* 730,274 regulars and reservists{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=184}} | |||
:* 208,150 ''[[Landwehr]]''{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=184}} | |||
'''Peak field army strength''': | |||
* 949,337{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=184}} | |||
| casualties1 = '''756,285'''{{sfn|Nolte|1884|pp=526–527}}{{sfn|Heath|Cocolin|2020|pp=8}} | |||
* 138,871 dead{{sfn|Nolte|1884|p=527}}{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=187}}{{efn|of which 41,000 killed in action, 36,000 died of wounds and 45,000 died from disease{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=187}}}}{{sfn|Heath|Cocolin|2020|pp=8}} | |||
* 143,000 wounded | |||
* 474,414 captured or interned{{sfn|German General Staff|1884|p=247}}{{sfn|Heath|Cocolin|2020|pp=8}}{{sfn|Bodart|1916|p=148}}{{efn|At least 370,000 captured{{sfn|Bodart|1916|p=148}}}} | |||
| casualties2 = '''144,642'''{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=187}} | |||
* 44,700 dead{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=187}}{{efn|of which 17,585 killed in action, 10,721 died of wounds, 12,147 died from disease, 290 died in accidents, 29 committed suicide and 4,009 were missing and presumed dead{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=187}}}} | |||
* 89,732 wounded | |||
* 10,129 missing or captured | |||
| casualties3 = ~250,000 civilians dead, including 162,000 Germans in a smallpox epidemic spread by French POWs{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=187}} | |||
| notes = {{longitem|style=white-space|{{unbulleted list|{{sup|a}} Until 4 September 1870.|{{sup|b}} From 4 September 1870.|{{sup|c}} From [[Proclamation of the German Empire|18 January 1871]].}} }} | |||
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Franco–Prussian War}} | |||
}} | |||
The '''Franco-Prussian War''' or '''Franco-German War''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|Guerre franco-allemande de 1870}}, {{langx|de|Deutsch-Französischer Krieg}}, {{IPA|de|dɔʏtʃ fʁanˌtsøːzɪʃɐ ˈkʁiːk|pron|De-Deutsch-Französischer Krieg.ogg}}}} often referred to in France as the '''War of 1870''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|Guerre de 1870}}}} was a conflict between the [[Second French Empire]] and the [[North German Confederation]] led by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 January 1871, the conflict was caused primarily by France's determination to reassert its dominant position in continental Europe, which appeared in question following the decisive [[Austro-Prussian War|Prussian victory over Austria in 1866]].<ref>Éric Anceau, "Aux origines de la Guerre de 1870", in ''France-Allemagne(s) 1870–1871. La guerre, la Commune, les mémoires'', (under the direction of Mathilde Benoistel, Sylvie Le Ray-Burimi, Christophe Pommier) Gallimard-Musée de l'Armée, 2017, pp. 49–50.</ref> According to some historians, Prussian chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] deliberately provoked the French into declaring war on Prussia in order to induce four independent southern German states—[[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]] and [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]]—to join the [[North German Confederation]]. Other historians contend that Bismarck exploited the circumstances as they unfolded. All agree that Bismarck recognized the potential for new German alliances, given the situation as a whole.{{sfn|Ramm|1967|pp=308–313}}{{efn|Ramm highlights three difficulties with the argument that Bismarck planned or provoked a French attack.{{sfn|Ramm|1967|pp=308–313}}}} | |||
France mobilised its army on 15 July 1870, leading the North German Confederation to respond with its own mobilisation later that day. On 16 July 1870, the [[Corps législatif|French parliament]] voted to declare war on Prussia; France invaded German territory on 2 August. The German coalition mobilised its troops much more effectively than the French and invaded northeastern France on 4 August. German forces were superior in numbers, training, and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railways and artillery. | |||
A series of hard-fought Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the [[Siege of Metz (1870)|Siege of Metz]] and the [[Battle of Sedan]], resulted in the capture of the French Emperor [[Napoleon III]] and the decisive defeat of the army of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]]; a [[Government of National Defense]] was formed in Paris on 4 September and continued the war for another five months. German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France, then [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|besieged Paris]] for over four months before it fell on 28 January 1871, effectively ending the war. | |||
In the final days of the war, with German victory all but assured, the German states proclaimed their union as the [[German Empire]] under the Prussian king [[Wilhelm I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]] and Chancellor Bismarck. With the notable exceptions of [[Austria]] and [[German-speaking Switzerland|German Switzerland]], the vast majority of German-speakers were united under a [[nation-state]] for the first time. Following an armistice with France, the [[Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)|Treaty of Frankfurt]] was signed on 10 May 1871, giving Germany billions of francs in [[War reparations|war indemnity]], as well as most of [[Alsace]] and parts of [[Lorraine]], which became the Imperial Territory of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] ({{lang|de|Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen}}). | |||
The war had a lasting impact on Europe. By hastening [[Unification of Germany|German unification]], the war significantly altered the balance of power on the continent, with the new German state supplanting France as the dominant European land power. Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades, developing a reputation for ''[[Realpolitik]]'' that raised Germany's global stature and influence. In France, it brought a final end to imperial rule and began the first lasting republican government. Resentment over the French government's handling of the war and its aftermath triggered the [[Paris Commune]], a revolutionary uprising which seized and held power for two months before its suppression; the event would influence the politics and policies of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. | |||