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[[File:Ares Argentina Montemartini.jpg|thumb|Ares, 2nd–3rd century AD, after a Greek bronze original by Alkamenes dated 420 BC,{{citation needed|reason=need [[WP:SCHOLARSHIP]] source for unqualified claim that the original was by Alcamenes; compare the careful description of the [[Ares Borghese]]|date=August 2023}} excavated in 1925 in Rome's [[Largo di Torre Argentina]]]] | [[File:Ares Argentina Montemartini.jpg|thumb|Ares, 2nd–3rd century AD, after a Greek bronze original by Alkamenes dated 420 BC,{{citation needed|reason=need [[WP:SCHOLARSHIP]] source for unqualified claim that the original was by Alcamenes; compare the careful description of the [[Ares Borghese]]|date=August 2023}} excavated in 1925 in Rome's [[Largo di Torre Argentina]]]] | ||
In mainland Greece and the [[Peloponnese]], only a few places are known to have had a formal temple and cult of Ares.<ref name="Burkert, p. 170">Burkert, [https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/170/mode/2up?view=theater p. 170].</ref>{{refn|group=n|Burkert lists temples at or near Troizen, Geronthrai and Halicarnassus. The Oxford Classical Dictionary adds Argos, Megalopolis, Therapne and Tegea in the Peloponnese, Athens and Erythrae, and Cretan sites Cnossus, Lato, Biannos and perhaps Olus.<ref name="OCD-Ares">{{cite book |last1=Graf |first1=Fritz |editor1-last=Hornblower & Spawforth |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=019866172X |page=152 |edition=Third |chapter=Ares}}</ref>}} [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] (2nd century AD) notes an altar to Ares at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]],<ref>Pausanias, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.15.6 5.15.6].</ref> and the moving of a [[Temple of Ares]] to the [[Ancient Agora of Athens|Athenian agora]] during the reign of [[Augustus]], essentially rededicating it (2 AD) as a [[Roman temple]] to the Augustan [[Mars Ultor]].<ref name="Burkert, p. 170"/> The [[Areopagus]] ("mount of Ares"), a natural rock outcrop in Athens, some distance from the Acropolis, was supposedly where Ares was tried and acquitted by the gods for his revenge-killing of [[Poseidon]]'s son, [[Halirrhothius]], who had raped Ares' daughter [[Alcippe (daughter of Ares)|Alcippe]]. Its name was used for the court that met there, mostly to investigate and try potential cases of treason.<ref>Berens, E.M.: Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome, page 113. Project Gutenberg, 2007.</ref> | In mainland Greece and the [[Peloponnese]], only a few places are known to have had a formal temple and cult of Ares.<ref name="Burkert, p. 170">Burkert, [https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/170/mode/2up?view=theater p. 170].</ref>{{refn|group=n|Burkert lists temples at or near Troizen, Geronthrai and Halicarnassus. The Oxford Classical Dictionary adds Argos, Megalopolis, Therapne and Tegea in the Peloponnese, Athens and Erythrae, and Cretan sites Cnossus, Lato, Biannos and perhaps Olus.<ref name="OCD-Ares">{{cite book |last1=Graf |first1=Fritz |editor1-last=Hornblower & Spawforth |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=019866172X |page=152 |edition=Third |chapter=Ares}}</ref>}} [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] (2nd century AD) notes an altar to Ares at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]],<ref>Pausanias, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.15.6 5.15.6].</ref> and the moving of a [[Temple of Ares]] to the [[Ancient Agora of Athens|Athenian agora]] during the reign of [[Augustus]], essentially rededicating it (2 AD) as a [[Roman temple]] to the Augustan [[Mars Ultor]].<ref name="Burkert, p. 170"/> The [[Areopagus]] ("mount of Ares"), a natural rock outcrop in Athens, some distance from the Acropolis, was supposedly where Ares was tried and acquitted by the gods for his revenge-killing of [[Poseidon]]'s son, [[Halirrhothius]], who had raped Ares' daughter [[Alcippe (daughter of Ares)|Alcippe]]. Its name was used for the court that met there, mostly to investigate and try potential cases of treason.<ref>Berens, E.M.: Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome, page 113. Project Gutenberg, 2007.</ref> | ||
Numismatist [[Martin Price (numismatist)|M. Jessop Price]] states that Ares "typified the traditional Spartan character", but had no important cult in Sparta;<ref>Cf. [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.19.7 3.19.7].</ref> and he never occurs on Spartan coins.<ref>Price, M. Jessop. "Greek Imperial Coins: Some Recent Acquisitions by the British Museum." The Numismatic Chronicle, vol. 11, 1971, p. 131. {{JSTOR|42664547}}. Accessed 4 Aug. 2021.</ref> Pausanias gives two examples of his cult, both of them conjointly with or "within" a warlike Aphrodite, on the Spartan acropolis.<ref>Budin, 2010. "Aphrodite Enoplion", pp. 86-116.</ref> Gonzalez observes, in his 2005 survey of Ares' cults in Asia Minor, that cults to Ares on the Greek mainland may have been more common than some sources assert.<ref>Gonzales, Matthew, "The Oracle and Cult of Ares in Asia Minor", ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'', 45, 2005, p. 282; "...Ares was not so neglected by the cities of mainland Greece as many would have us believe"</ref> Wars between Greek states were endemic; war and warriors provided Ares's tribute, and fed his insatiable appetite for battle.<ref>Millington, Alexander T., ''War and the Warrior: Functions of Ares in Literature and Cult'', University College, London, 2013, pp. 41-44, 230 ff [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1427880/1/Alexander_Thomas_Millington_Ares_-_Full_PhD_Thesis_(corrected).pdf]</ref> | |||
Ares' attributes are instruments of war: a helmet, shield, and sword or spear.<ref name=":2" /> [[Libanius]] "makes the apple sacred to Ares", but "offers no further comment", nor connections to any aetiological myth. Apples are one of Aphrodites' sacred or symbolic fruits. Littlewood follows [[Artemidorus]] claim that to dream of sour apples presages conflict, and lists Ares alongside [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] and the mythological "Apples of Discord".<ref>[[Libanius]], ''[[Progymnasmata]]'', ''Model Exercises in Greek Prose Composition and Rhetoric,'' Translated and with an Introduction and Notes by Craig A. Gibson, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kRi-If9IAOYC&pg=PA263] p. 263, particularly note 270: and Littlewood, A. R. "The Symbolism of the Apple in Greek and Roman Literature." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 72 (1968): pp. 161-162. https://doi.org/10.2307/311078.</ref> | |||