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→Regionalisation Phase (c. 400–250 BCE): Added content
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The influence of Achaemenid culture is associated with Macrophase 2a2, spanning from 500 to 400 BCE. This acculturation, evident from around 500 to 450 BCE, began with "the local production of tulip bowls at Barikot [which] implies that processes of emulation and social aspiration were already underway among the Swat elite during the early part of [the 5th century BCE]" within the Classic period of the Persian Empire. During this phase in Barikot, archaeologists discovered luxury pottery characteristic of the Achaemenids, alongside the emergence of non-luxury Indic pottery and various local glass artifacts. | The influence of Achaemenid culture is associated with Macrophase 2a2, spanning from 500 to 400 BCE. This acculturation, evident from around 500 to 450 BCE, began with "the local production of tulip bowls at Barikot [which] implies that processes of emulation and social aspiration were already underway among the Swat elite during the early part of [the 5th century BCE]" within the Classic period of the Persian Empire. During this phase in Barikot, archaeologists discovered luxury pottery characteristic of the Achaemenids, alongside the emergence of non-luxury Indic pottery and various local glass artifacts. | ||
== Regionalisation Phase (c. 400–250 BCE) == | == Regionalisation Phase (c. 400–250 BCE) == | ||
Greek and Latin texts, such as those by Curtius Rufus, indicate that by around 350 BCE, Swat and Gandhara were no longer under Achaemenid control. During this period, a tribe known as the Assakenoi emerged as rulers of the region, forming alliances with other Indian tribes. Archaeologists from the Italian Mission suggest that this phase marked the complete decline of Achaemenid ceramic styles, although household Indic vessels continued to be used in Barikot. This time frame corresponds to archaeological Macrophase 2b, which lasted from approximately 400 to 250 BCE. Notably, the Macedonian siege of Barikot (Bazira) took place during this period, specifically in the autumn of 327 BCE. Additionally, within Macrophase 2b, a Mauryan coin was discovered in trench BKG 11, which was radiocarbon dated to between 349 and 282 BCE, with a 95.4% probability model indicating a date of 315 ± 34 BCE. | |||
== Mauryan and Greco-Bactrian Kingdoms Linking Phase (c. 250–200 BCE) == | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||