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List of popes: Difference between revisions
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A considerable number of these popes have been canonized as saints, with 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes recognized as such, while others are undergoing the process of sainthood. Among the first 31 popes, 28 met their end as martyrs. | A considerable number of these popes have been canonized as saints, with 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes recognized as such, while others are undergoing the process of sainthood. Among the first 31 popes, 28 met their end as martyrs. | ||
== Chronological list == | |||
=== 1st century === | |||
The timeline of the early popes is a subject of significant debate. The earliest recorded lists of popes did not emerge until the late 2nd century, by which time the monarchical episcopate had already taken shape in Rome. These initial lists incorporated conflicting traditions, leading to disputes even regarding the succession of the first popes. The first indisputable dates recorded are AD 222 and 235, marking the elections of Urban I and Liberius, respectively. The years attributed to the first 30 popes are based on the research of Richard Adelbert Lipsius, which frequently presents a discrepancy of three years compared to the traditional dates established by Eusebius of Caesarea. These dates are also referenced in the Catholic Encyclopedia. | |||
{{pope list begin portraitless|title=Popes of the 1st century}} | |||
{{pope list item portraitless | |||
| 1 | |||
| 30 – {{circa}} 64<br>{{small|({{circa}} 34 years)}} | |||
| '''St [[Saint Peter|Peter]]'''<br>{{small|'''PETRVS'''}} | |||
| [[Bethsaida]], [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]], [[Roman Empire]]{{refn|group=birth|name=Bethsaida|No longer inhabited; located in the present-day [[Golan Heights]]}} | |||
| | |||
| Born as Shimon, son of Yonah, a Jew from [[Judaea]]. A ''[[Peregrinus (Roman)|peregrinus]]'', free provincial subject of the [[Roman Empire]] who was not a [[Roman citizen]]. Feast day ([[Feast of Saints Peter and Paul]]) 29 June. [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]] of Jesus. According to Catholic tradition, he received the keys of the [[Kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]] ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] {{bibleref2-nb|Matthew|16:18–19}}). The Catholic Church recognizes him as the first bishop of Rome appointed by Jesus and therefore the first pope. Also revered as saint in [[Eastern Christianity]], with a feast day of 29 June.<ref name=EncChrPope>{{cite book |editor1-last = Fahlbusch |editor1-first = Erwin |display-editors=etal |translator-last = Bromiley |translator-first = Geoffrey William |title=Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon |trans-title=The encyclopedia of Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC |access-date=7 September 2011 |volume=4 |year=2005 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5 |pages=272–282 |chapter=Pope, Papacy |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA272}}</ref> [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Vatican City is named after him. | |||
}} | |||
{{pope list item portraitless | |||
| 2 | |||
| {{circa}} 64 – {{circa}} 76 (?)<br>{{small|(11–12 years)}} | |||
| '''St [[Pope Linus|Linus]]'''<br>{{small|'''LINVS'''}} | |||
| [[Volterra]]e, [[Roman Italy|Italia]], Roman Empire{{refn|group=birth|name=Volterra|Now Volterra, [[Italy]]}} | |||
| | |||
| First Roman pope. [[Roman citizen]], born in [[Roman Italy|Italia]], the [[homeland]] of the [[ancient Romans]].{{refn|group=birth|name=Italia|Roman citizenship was given to the rest of the Italians by the end of the [[Social War (91–87 BC)|Social War]] in 87 BC.}}<ref>Against Heresies 3:3.3</ref> Feast day 23 September. Also revered as a saint in [[Eastern Christianity]], with a feast day of 7 June. Possibly mentioned in the [[New Testament]] ([[Second Epistle to Timothy]] {{bibleref2-nb|2 Timothy|4:21}}).<ref name="kirsch">{{cite book |last=Kirsch |first=Johann Peter|author-link=Johann Peter Kirsch|chapter-url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09272b.htm |year=1910 |chapter=Pope St. Linus |title=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] |volume=9 |location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company|access-date=8 October 2022|archive-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509174936/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09272b.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
{{pope list item portraitless | |||
| 3 | |||
| {{circa}} 76 – {{circa}} 88 (?)<br>{{small|(12 years)}} | |||
| '''St [[Pope Anacletus|Anacletus]]'''<br>{{small|'''ANACLETVS'''}} | |||
| [[Athens|Athenae]], [[Achaea (Roman province)|Achaea]], Roman Empire{{refn|group=birth|name=Athens|Now Athens, [[Greece]]}} | |||
| | |||
| First Greek pope. A ''[[Peregrinus (Roman)|peregrinus]]'', free provincial subject of the [[Roman Empire]] who was not a [[Roman citizen]]. Feast day 26 April. Once erroneously split into '''Cletus''' and '''Anacletus'''.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04012c.htm The fourth pope] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508081856/http://newadvent.org/cathen/04012c.htm |date=8 May 2012 }} Discussed in the article on Clement I</ref> Also revered as a saint in [[Eastern Christianity]], with the same feast day. | |||
}} | |||
{{pope list item portraitless | |||
| 4 | |||
| {{circa}} 88 – {{circa}} 97 (?)<br>{{small|(9 years)}} | |||
| '''St [[Clement of Rome|Clement I]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS'''}} | |||
| [[History of Rome#Ancient Rome|Roma]], Italia, Roman Empire{{refn|group=birth|name=Rome|Now Rome, [[Italy]]}} | |||
| | |||
| [[Roman citizen]], born in the capital of the [[Roman Empire]]. Feast day 23 November. The earliest [[Apostolic Fathers|Apostolic Father]]; issued [[1 Clement]], which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy. Also revered as a saint in [[Eastern Christianity]], with a feast day of 25 November. Possibly mentioned in the [[New Testament]] ([[Epistle to the Philippians]] {{bibleref2-nb| Philippians|4:3}}).<ref>{{cite book |author=Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA363 |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280290-3 |page=363|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125134433/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA363#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> He was martyred by being tied to an anchor and being thrown into the sea. | |||
}} | |||
{{pope list item portraitless | |||
| 5 | |||
| {{circa}} 97 – {{circa}} 105 (?)<br>{{small|(7–8 years)}} | |||
| '''St [[Pope Evaristus|Evaristus]]'''<br>{{small|'''EVARISTVS'''}} | |||
| [[Bethlehem]], [[Roman Judea|Iudaea]], Roman Empire{{refn|group=birth|name=Bethlehem|Now Bethlehem, [[Palestine]]}} | |||
| | |||
| Hellenized Jew. A ''[[Peregrinus (Roman)|peregrinus]]'', free provincial subject of the [[Roman Empire]] who was not a [[Roman citizen]]. Feast day of 26 October. Said to have divided Rome into parishes, assigning a priest to each. | |||
}} | |||
{{pope list end}} | |||
=== 2nd century === | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||