Pashtunwali: Difference between revisions

#'''[[Melmastia|Hospitality]]''' ({{langx|ps|مېلمستيا|melmastyā́}}) – Showing hospitality and respect to all visitors, regardless of race, religion, nationality or wealth, without any expectation of repayment. Pashtuns will go to great lengths to show their hospitality.<ref name="Banting" /><ref>{{cite book |first=Rob |last=Schultheis |title=Hunting Bin Laden: How Al-Qaeda Is Winning the War on Terror |year=2008 |location=New York |publisher=Skyhorse |page=[https://archive.org/details/huntingbinladenh00schu/page/14 14] |isbn=978-1-60239-244-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/huntingbinladenh00schu/page/14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Rizwan |last=Hussain |title=Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan |year=2005 |location=Aldershot |publisher=Ashgate |page=221 |isbn=0-7546-4434-0}}</ref>

#'''[[Nanawatai|Asylum]]''' ({{langx|ps|ننواتې|nənawā́te}}) – Protection given to a fugitive from his enemies, at all costs. Even those running from the law must be given refuge until the situation can be clarified.<ref name="Banting" /> Nənawā́te can also be used when the vanquished party in a dispute pleads for forgiveness in the house of the victors, a form of chivalrous surrender. In a notable example, US Navy officer [[Marcus Luttrell]], the sole survivor of a [[US Navy SEAL]] team ambushed by Taliban fighters, was aided by members of the Pashtun Sabray tribe. The tribal chief Mohammed Gulab gave the soldier refuge in his village, fending off attacking tribes until he was returned to nearby US forces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patrick |first1=Robinson |title=The Lion of Sabray: The Afghan Warrior Who Defied the Taliban and Saved the Life of Navy SEAL Marcus Luttrell |date=2015 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-5011-1798-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yousafzai |first1=Sami |last2=Moreau |first2=Ron |title=The Afghan Village That Saved Navy SEAL Marcus Luttrell |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-afghan-village-that-saved-navy-seal-marcus-luttrell |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>

#'''[[Justice]] and [[revenge]]''' ({{langx|ps|نياو او بدل|nyāw aw badál}}) – To seek justice or take revenge against a wrongdoer. No time limit restricts the revenge period. Even a mere taunt ({{langx|ps|پېغور|peghor}}) may count as a mortal insult.<ref name="Banting" /> [[Weregild|Monetary compensation]] can be an alternative to ''badal'', for example to expiate murder.

#'''Bravery''' ({{langx|ps|توره|túra}}). A Pashtun must defend his land, property, and family from intruders, killing them if provoked.<ref name="Banting" />

#'''Kindness''' ({{langx|ps|ښېګړه|x̌egřh}}). Pashtuns should act for the welfare of others.<ref name=":0" />

#'''Arbitration''' ({{langx|ps|جرګه|jergá}}). Disputes are to be resolved through the [[Jirga]].<ref name=":0" />

#'''Faith''' ({{langx|ps|ګروه|groh}}) Trust in [[Allah]].<ref name="Banting" /> The notion of trusting in the [[Creator deity|Creator]] generally equates to Islamic monotheism (''[[tawhid]]'').

#'''Respect''' ({{langx|ps|پت|pat}}) and '''pride''' ({{langx|ps|وياړ|wyāṛ}}). A Pashtun man's pride must be respected, and he must respect himself and others, especially strangers. Respect begins at home, among family members and relatives. A man without respect is unworthy of being a Pashtun.<ref name="Banting" /> In the poetry of [[Khushal Khattak]], “The loss of life and wealth should not matter, what matters is ''pat''."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Junaid|first=Muhammad|title=Poetics of Identity: On Entrepreneurial Selves of Afghan Migrants in Pakistan|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334431864|journal=Tamara: Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry|volume=9 |issue=1–2 |date=March–June 2011|pages=45|via=Research Gate}}</ref>

#'''Female honour''' ({{langx|ps|ناموس|nāmús}}). A Pashtun must defend the honor of women at all costs and must protect them from all harm and disrespect.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yousafzai, McCormick |first1=Malala, Patrick |title=I am Malala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIdwAwAAQBAJ&q=Killing+of+women+is+prohibited+by+the+Pashtun+code&pg=PT41|isbn=9781780622170 |date=2014-08-19 }}</ref>

#'''Honour''' ({{langx|ps|ننګ|nang}}). A Pashtun must defend the weak around him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yousafzai |first1=Malala |title=I am Malala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRUCBQAAQBAJ&q=crime+rate|isbn=9781474600293 |date=2014-11-13 }}</ref>

#'''Manhood or chivalry''' ({{langx|ps|مېړانه|meṛā́na}}).<ref>{{cite journal |title=International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology |date=12 June 2012 |ssrn=2083022 |last1=Naz |first1=Arab |last2=Khan |first2=Waseem |last3=Daraz |first3=Umar |last4=Hussain |first4=Mohammad |last5=Chaudhry |first5=Hafeez-ur-Rehamn }}</ref> A Pashtun must demonstrate courage. A [[turban]] is considered a symbol of chivalry.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

#'''Country''' ({{langx|ps|هېواد|hewā́d}}). A Pashtun is obliged to protect the land of the Pashtuns and the [[Pashtun culture|traditional customs]].<ref name="Cathell" />