Chandragupta Maurya: Difference between revisions

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 | religion     = [[Hinduism]]{{sfn|Sastri|1988|pp=163–164}}<ref name="India1960">{{citation|last1=Majumdar|first1=R. C.|author-link1=R. C. Majumdar|last2=Raychauduhuri|first2=H. C.|author-link2=H. C. Raychaudhuri|last3=Datta|first3=Kalikinkar|title=An Advanced History of India  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyIWMwEACAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Macmillan & Company Ltd; New York: St Martin's Press|location=London|quote=If the Jaina tradition is to be believed, Chandragupta was converted to the religion of Mahavira. He is said to have abdicated his throne and passed his last days at Sravana Belgola in Mysore. Greek evidence, however, suggests that the first Maurya did not give up the performance of sacrificial rites and was far from following the Jaina creed of ''Ahimsa'' or non-injury to animals. He took delight in hunting, a practice that was continued by his son and alluded to by his grandson in his eighth Rock Edict. It is, however, possible that in his last days he showed some predilection for Jainism ...}}</ref>
 <br /> [[Jainism]]<ref name="India1960" />
-}}चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य कुशवाहा साम्राज्य{{Maurya}}
+}}
-'''सम्राट अशोक कुशवाहा द्वारा प्रवर्तित कुल ३३ अभिलेख प्राप्त हुए हैं जिन्हें अशोक ने स्तंभों, चट्टानों और गुफ़ाओं की दीवारों में अपने २६९ ईसापूर्व से २३१ ईसापूर्व चलने वाले शासनकाल में खुदवाए। ये आधुनिक बंगलादेश, भारत, अफ़्ग़ानिस्तान, पाकिस्तान और नेपाल में जगह-जगह पर मिलते हैं और बौद्ध धर्म के अस्तित्व के सबसे प्राचीन प्रमाणों में से हैं।'''
+{{Maurya}}
+'''Chandragupta Maurya'''{{efn|{{Ubl | [[Pali|Pāli]]:चन्दगुत्त मोरीय | [[Sanskrit]]: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य | {{lang-grc|Σανδράκοπτος}} {{transl|grc|Sandrákoptos}} {{lang|grc|Σανδράκοττος}} {{transl|grc|Sandrákottos}} {{lang|grc|Ανδροκόττος}} {{transl|grc|Androkóttos}}}}}} (350-295 BCE) was the first emperor of the [[Mauryan Empire]] in [[Ancient India]]. He extensively expanded the [[Kingdom of Magadha]] and founded the Maurya dynasty.<ref name=chakrabarti-maurya-dynasty>{{citation|last=Chakrabarty|first=Dilip K.|author-link=Dilip K. Chakrabarti|title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties |location=New Delhi, Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=29|year=2010|isbn= 978-0-19-908832-4|quote=We are assuming that the basic historical-geographical configuration of the Magadhan power was achieved before the beginning of the Maurya dynasty, whose founder Chandragupta Maurya simply added to it the stretch from the Indus valley to the southern foot of the Hindukush, giving the Mauryan India a strong foothold in the Oxus to the Indus interaction zone of Indian history. The evidence is in some cases, as in the cases of [[Gujarat]], [[Bengal]], and [[Assam]], shadowy, but if Chandragupta had undertaken expeditions in these directions, there would have been echoes of these expeditions in the literary traditions.}}</ref> He reigned from 320 BCE to 298 BCE.<ref name=fisher-env-history>{{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael|title=An Environmental History of India, From the Earliest Times to the Twenty-First-Century|location=Cambridge and New York|series=New Approaches in Asian History Series|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2018|page=71|isbn=9781107111622|quote=Chandragupta (r. 320 – c. 298 BCE) led a rebellion that seized power in Magadha and founded the Maurya Dynasty. He located his capital Pataliputra (today’s Patna) at an especially strategic trading and defensive location, on the south bank of the Ganges where the Son River joined it. The actual origins of the Maurya family remain uncertain, but consensus holds that Chandragupta was low-born. One popular account asserts he was the previous king’s son by a low-ranked queen or concubine and overthrew his royal half-brothers. }}</ref> The [[Magadhan kingdom]] under the Mauryas expanded to become an [[Mauryan empire|empire]] that reached its peak under the reign of his grandson, [[Ashoka|Asoka]], from 268 BCE to 231 BCE.<ref name=bose-jalal>{{citation|last1=Bose|first1=Sugata|author1-link=Sugata Bose|last2=Jalal|first2=Ayesha|author2-link=Ayesha Jalal|title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=|page=39|quote=The political history of the centuries following the rise of Buddhism and Jainism saw the emergence and consolidation of powerful regional states in northern India.  Among the strongest of these was the kingdom of Magadha, with its capital at Pataliputra (near the modern city of Patna).  The [[Magadha|Magadhan kingdom]] expanded under the Maurya dynasty in the fourth and fifth centuries BCE to become an empire embracing almost the whole of the subcontinent.  Chandragupta Maurya founded the dynasty in 322 BCE, just a few years after Alexander the Great's brief foray into northwestern India.  The Maurya empire reached its apogee under the reign of Ashoka (268&ndash;231 BCE)}}</ref> The nature of the political formation that existed in Chandragupta's time is not certain.<ref name=burton-stein-maurya>{{citation|last1=Stein|first1=Burton|author1-link=Burton Stein|last2=Arnold|first2=David|author2-link=David Arnold (historian)|title=A History of India|page=16|edition=2|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6|quote=Around 270 bce, the first Indian documentary records, issued by the Buddhist king Ashoka, were added to the Greek source. Though Ashoka’s inscriptions were deciphered in the nineteenth century, we still cannot be sure about the political formation that existed under this Mauryan king, much less under the kingdom’s founder, Ashoka’s grandfather Chandragupta, who was possibly a contemporary of Alexander. Evidence in the form of a Sanskrit treatise called the Arthashastra – depicting a centralized, tyrannical, spy-ridden and compul sively controlling regime – probably does not pertain to Mauryan times. If its political world was not pure theory, it could only have been achieved within a small city-state, not a realm as vast as that defined by the distribution of Ashoka’s inscriptions, over some 1500 miles from Afghanistan to southern India.}}</ref>
+Chandragupta Maurya was an important figure in the [[history of India]], who laid the foundations of the first state that united most of India. Chandragupta, under the tutelage of [[Chanakya]], created a new empire based on the principles of statecraft, built a large army, and continued expanding the boundaries of his empire until ultimately renouncing it for an ascetic life in his final years.
 Prior to his consolidation of power, [[Alexander the Great]] had invaded the North-West Indian subcontinent before abandoning his campaign in 324 BCE due to a mutiny caused by the prospect of facing another large empire, presumably the [[Nanda Empire]]. Chandragupta defeated and conquered both the Nanda Empire and the Greek satraps that were appointed or formed from Alexander's Empire in [[South Asia]]. He set out to [[Conquest of the Nanda Empire|conquer the Nanda Empire]] centered in [[Pataliputra]], [[Magadha]]. Afterwards, Chandragupta expanded and secured his western border, where he was confronted by [[Seleucus I Nicator]] in the [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]]. After two years of war, Chandragupta was considered to have gained the upper hand in the conflict and annexed satrapies up to the [[Hindu Kush]]. Instead of prolonging the war, both parties settled on a marriage treaty between Chandragupta and [[Seleucus I Nicator]]'s daughter Helena.